APUSH Unit 7
New Freedom
'New Freedom' characterized by Woodrow Wilson's approach to foreign relations. Unlike Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy and Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, Wilson's foreign relations denounced imperialism and economic meddling, and focused instead on spreading democracy throughout the world.
Red Scare
After World War I and the Russian Revolution public reaction turned against all things 'radical'. Fears of revolution caused people to react negatively to labor strikes and race riots. The government began 'witch hunts' aimed at identifying radicals and Communists. The Palmer Raids were conducted to deport suspected Communists. The Red Scare ended by 1920. It would resurface again after WWII
ABC Powers
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile were collectively known as the ABC Powers. In 1914, their intervention in the Tampico Incident was instrumental in avoiding war between the US and Mexico
Women's Suffrage
Beginning in the 19th century, women made some strides towards equality with men as they gained more financial independence. However, it was not until women like Alice Paul started taking control of the suffrage movement that women received a Constitutional Amendment giving them the right to vote. The 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920.
Big Stick Diplomacy
Big Stick Diplomacy refers to the foreign relations and diplomatic policies of President Theodore Roosevelt. He summed up his aggressive stance toward international affairs with the phrase 'speak softly and carry a big stick'
What is meant by the term 'ceaseless agitation'?
Ceaseless agitation was the idea pushed forward by W.E.B DuBois that urged the Black population to openly speak out against oppression. It was in direct opposition to Booker T Washington's belief that Black people needed to accommodate White people in order to build economic advances for themselves
What impact did the Harlem Renaissance have on Black culture?
During the Great Migration, black people moved to the North and settled in major cities. This led to more power and politically and, also, a rebirth of Black culture. Black writers such as Claude McKay and Langston Hughes celebrated Black Culture and expressed their outrage towards society.
What did the Teapot Dome scandal come to represent to the public?
Exposed after Warren G. Harding's death in office in 1923, the scandal involved Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert B Fall, who had secretly leased government oil reserved to two businessmen in exchange for a $400,000 payment. The Teapot Dome Scandal raised awareness and came to represent government corruption to the public
Jazz Age
F Scott Fitzgerald named the period after WWI and before the Great Depression the Jazz Age. Young people were exhibiting looser social morals when it came to sexuality. They experimented with new forms of recreation, including to listening to jazz music and dancing new dances such as the Charleston. This created much shock and consternation among traditionalists.
What is the significance of the Roosevelt Corallary in terms of Latin American relations throughout the 20th century?
In 1904, Roosevelt declared in his State of the Union address that the US, not Europe, should dominate the affairs of Latin America. Although the US had no expansionist intentions, any 'brutal wrongdoing' by a Latin American nation would justify US intervention as a global police power. This Roosevelt Corollary has dominated Latin American policies ever since.
NAACP
In 1909, a group led by WEB DuBois formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP called for an end to racial discrimination, attacked Jim Crow laws, and fought to overturn the 1896 Supreme Court decision in Plessy v Ferguson. the NAACP continues to advocate integration and equal treatment for Black Americans
What effect did the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire have on Progressive Era legislation?
In 1911 when the Triangle Shirtwaist Company erupted in fire because of inadequate ventilation and building codes, 146 people were killed. Their deaths resulted from a lack of exits. Because of the attention drawn to this fire, Congress passed legislation to protect workers, including the creation of stricter building codes and factory inspections.
Federal Reserve Act
In 1913, Woodrow Wilson pushed through one of his most notable legislative successes, The Federal Reserve Act. This reorganized American banking system by creating a network of 12 Federal Reserve banks authorized to distribute currency
What effect did the Zimmerman Telegram have on the US and its decision to enter WWI?
In 1917, British intelligence intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram, sent from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico. It urged Mexico to enter the war against the US in exchange for a German pledge to help restore Mexico's former territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Germany's aggressive war plans pushed the US into WWI
Al Smith
In 1928, Alfred Smith, nicknamed the 'Happy Warrior' was a popular New York governor and the Democratic presidential nominee. However, he resoundingly lost the election to Hoover. The main factors that resulted in his defeat were that he was the son of Irish immigrants, wished to repeal prohibition, was associated with the corrupt Tammany Hall, and was the first Catholic to run for president.
Nation Origin's Act (1924)
In the 1920s, the National Origins Act restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the United States who were of the national origin in 1890. This law severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely.
J. Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover was named the head of the General Intelligence Division of the Justice Department to fight against 'radicals' during the Red Scare after WWI. He aggressively investigated suspected subversives during the Cold War. Director of the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972, his impact strengthened the FBI.
Examine the immediate impact and long-range effect of the Monroe Doctrine in America and abroad
James Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 and proclaimed that the US would not tolerate any future colonial efforts in the western hemisphere. At the time, the US lacked the military strength to enforce its decree, and European nations paid little attention to statement. However, the Monroe Doctrine would become a guiding principle for future American foreign policy
Jane Addams
Jane Addams was one of the leading reformers who attacked the problems of slum living at the beginning o the 20th century. She and Ellen Starr created Hull House in Chicago as a place where children could go to kindergarten or a nursery while their mothers worked. They provided recreation and programs to residents offering opportunities they might not have had before.
What role did muckrakers play in the Progressive Era?
Labeled by Theodore Roosevelt, 'Muckrakers' were journalists who exposed problems and injustice. An informed public allowed support for reforms to grow. It is argued that without muckrakers, progressivism might not have moved as far forward or achieved the results it did.
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey, a powerful black leader during the 1920s founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated a mass migration of Black Americans to Africa. His radical movement won a substantial following. Garvey was convicted of fraud in 1923 and was deported to Jamaica in 1927. The UNIA collapsed without his leadership
Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft's foreign policy was called 'Dollar Diplomacy'. Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the US economy and promote stability abroad.
What was the significance of the Sacco-Vanzetti case?
Sacco and Vanzetti, anarchists and Italian immigrants, were charged with an April 1920 murder in Massachusetts. They were sentenced to death despite the fact that the case was circumstantial and poorly argued. The case was significant for its demonstration of nativist and conservative forces in America, as well as of the liberal forces beginning to align against them.
Prohibition
The 18th Amendment, ratified on January 16, 1919, prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages. The period of 'prohibition' was one of a growth in crime, especially related to the illegal transport and sale of alcohol. The Amendment was sporadically enforced, violated by many, and repealed in 1933 with the passing of the 21st Amendment
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The Federal Communications Commission began in 1934 and is responsible for the regulation of communications in the US. It began as the regulatory body of radio but as mass communication expanded so did its authority.
Lost Generation
The Lost Generation describes a small but prominent circle of writers, poets, and intellectuals during the 1920s. These artists, including Ernest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, and Ezra Pound, grew disillusioned with America's postwar culture, finding it overly materialistic and spiritually void. Many of them moved to Europe. Their writings often expressed their disgust with America's materialism and superficiality.
How does the National Origins Act represent the epitome of anti-immigrant sentiments in the 1920s?
The National Origins Act restricted immigration from any one nation to 2% of the number of people already in the US of that national origin in 1890. This act severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely. It was a manifestation of the rampant nativism.
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is an artificial waterway that stretches across Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was championed by Theodore Roosevelt and built between 1904 and 1914. many people died of malaria while building the canal. Until 1999, when Panama gained control of the canal, the US had the ability to regulate all ship movement through the canal
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era lasted from 19001-1917. It was marked by numerous reform movements in the political, economic, and social spheres. President Roosevelt was one of the leading politicians of the Progressive Era. National organizations like the NAACP, writers and muckrakers like Ida M Tarbell and Upton Sinclair, and reformers like Jane Addams led the charge for social reform.
Why did the Scopes Monkey Trial hurt the anti-evolution cause throughout the US when the anti-evolution forces led by William Jennings Bryan won their case?
The Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925 concerned a Tennessee statute of prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools. While Bryan successfully won the trial against the pro evolution side led by lawyer Clarence Darrow, the highly publicized trial made a fool out of Bryan. This substantially weakened the anti-evolution cause.
Selective Service Act of 1917
The Selective Service Act instituted conscription to build up US military forces after it was realized that the military was not able to effectively fight in WWI without many more soldiers. Passed in May 1917, the act required all men aged 21-30 to register for military duty.
Social Gospel
The Social Gospel movement, at its peak around 1910, was spurred by clergy such as Washington Gladden who argued that workers should be treated equally with and by employers. It espoused the 'law of brotherhood' which manifested itself in working towards the rights of workers to organize labor unions, to demand less working hours, and to require factory inspections.
What impact did the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles have on the League of Nations?
The brainchild of Woodrow Wilson, the League of Nations was a collective security body meant to provide a forum for the resolution of conflict and to prevent future world wars. The League's covenant was written into the Treaty of Versailles. The US Senate, however, voted against joining the League, leaving it a weak international force.
Analyze the effectiveness of Roosevelt's programs in fulfilling his belief that every American was entitled to a 'Square Deal'
Theodore Roosevelt began a period of reform known as the Progressive Era. Some of his reform initiatives included trust busting, conversations, and legislation to help protect the public. For example, he helped pass the Pure Food and Drug Act. Through these 'Square Deal' programs, Roosevelt made real strides toward helping people get fair treatment by the government and corporations
Bull Moose Party
Theodore Roosevelt broke with the Republicans after losing the nomination for president to Taft. His Bull Moose Party took its name from Roosevelt's statement that he felt 'as strong as a bull moose'. The party was progressive in nature, favored conservationism, regulation of big business, women's suffrage, and worker's rights.
Examine the role Theodore Roosevelt played in this area of conservation.
Theodore Roosevelt was a staunch supporter of conservationism. He set aside land for national forest reserves and reclaimed arid land through the Newlands Act of 1902. Roosevelt also set up the National Conservation Commission. His conservation efforts are considered to be a significant part of his legacy.