APUSH: Unit 7 (Period 7)

Wartime Conferences (Yalta & Potsdam 1945))

*1945* - *Yalta*: Russia (*Joseph Stalin*) agreed to *declare war on Japan* after the surrender of Germany and in return, *Franklin D. Roosevelt* and *Winston Churchill* (Britain) promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the *Russo-Japanese War* - *Potsdam*: The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held in *July 1945*. *Harry S. Truman*, *Winston Churchill*, and *Joseph Stalin* discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the *Cold War*

Great Depression (1929-1939)

- (*1929-1939*): The economic crisis and period of *low business activity* in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the *stock-market crash in October 1929*, and continuing through most of the 1930s - One of the darkest moments in World History.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

- (*1933*): This act forbade *commercial banks* from engaging in excessive speculation, added *$1 billion in gold* to the economy, and established the *Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation* (FDIC)

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1933)

- (*1933*): This entity *provided insurance* to personal banking accounts up to *$5,000* - Assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today

Progressive Era Amendments (16-19)

- *16th Amendment*: Gave Congress the power to tax individuals on their personal income (Income Tax) - *17th Amendment*: Gave the people a more direct voice in government by allowing them to elect Senators to represent their states (Direct Election of Senators) - *18th Amendment*: Made the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol illegal in the US. Caused a rise in organized crime (Alcohol Prohibition) - *19th Amendment*: Allowed women the right to vote (Women's Suffrage)

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

- *1890*: A book written by *Jacob Riis* that shocked middle-class Americans - Described the slums in *New York*

Spanish-American War (1898)

- *1898*: War fought between the *U.S. and Spain* in Cuba and the Philippines - It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in *Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines*

The Jungle (1906)

- *1906*: A novel by *Upton Sinclair* that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago, leading to the *Meat Inspection Act of 1906*

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

- *1907*: An agreement between *Japan and the United States* where Japan agreed to *limit immigration*, and *President Theodore Roosevelt* agreed to discuss with the *San Francisco School Board* that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped - The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

- *1911*: An industrial disaster in NYC that caused the death of 146 garment workers who died from the *fire* or jumped to their deaths - The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth the *International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union*, which fought for safer conditions

Black Tuesday (1929)

- *1929*: Stock market crashed - Partially triggered by the *British*, who raised their interest rates in an effort to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments. The British needed money, and they were unable to trade with the United States due to the high tariffs - October 29, 1929, millions of stocks were *sold in a panic*. By the end of 1929, two months after the initial crash, stockholders had lost $40 billion - As a result of the crash, millions lost their jobs and thousands of banks closed. The United States was the hardest industrialized nation to be hit. - This crash led to the Great Depression.

Good Neighbor Policy (1930s to Cold War)

- *1930s*: *Withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations* (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite the Western Hemisphere - By *Franklin D. Roosevelt* - The U.S. would use its *economic might* to influence the countries and not interfere directly in the countries' internal affairs

Bank Holiday (1933)

- *1933*: *President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed all American banks for 4 days* (Congress meets to discuss legislation) - Creates a great sense of relief for the public

Lend-Lease Plans (1941)

- *1941* bill that llowed America to *lease arms* to the democracies of the world that needed them - When the war was over, the guns and tanks would be *returned* - Opponents of the bill, like *Senator Taft*, criticized it, saying that the arms would be destroyed and unable to be returned after the war - It was pitched as a program that would allow the democracies to win the war and keep it away from America - The bill marked the *abandonment of any pretense of neutrality* - *Adolf Hitler* saw the bill as an *unofficial declaration of war*

William McKinley

- *25th President*, *1897-1901*, *Republican* from Ohio - This Republican candidate defeated *William Jennings Bryan* in the *1896 presidential election* - As a supporter of *big business*, he pushed for *high protective tariffs* - Under his leadership, the U.S. became an *imperial world power* - He was assassinated by an anarchist in *1901* - Klondike Gold Rush, Gold Standard Act, Annexation of Hawaii, Spanish-American War, Open Door Policy, Boxer Rebellion, Philippine-American War

Theodore Roosevelt

- *26th President*, *1901-1909*, *Republican/Progressive* from New York - Youngest man ever to take on the presidency - Never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Became a champion of *cautious, moderate change*. He believed that reform was a vehicle less fro remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for the government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results - Square Deal, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food & Drug Act, Panic of 1907, Henry Ford & Model T, Anthracite Coal Strike, Niagara Movement & W.E.B. Dubois, Big Stick Policy, Roosevelt Corollary, Panama Revolution

Woodrow Wilson

- *28th President*, *1913-1921*, *Democrat* from Virginia - He was elected to the presidency as a *Minority President.* He was raised in a very religious family and was widely known for his political sermons. He was an aggressive leader and believed that Congress could not function properly without good leadership provided by the President. His progressive program was known as *New Freedom* and his foreign policy program was *Moral Diplomacy*. He was *President during World War I* - 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th Amendment. Clayton Antitrust Act, Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Espionage Act of 1917, Sedition Act of 1918, Schenk v.s. United States, Federal Reserve Act, League of Women Votes, First Red Scare, WWI, Fourteen Points

Warren G. Harding

- *29th President*, *1921-1923*, *Republican* from Ohio - He was unable to detect corruption in his own staff. He was a very soft guy in that he hated to say "no," hurting peoples' feelings - He hated the *League of Nations* and at first, he refused to support the League's world health program - Scandals such as the *Ohio Gang* affected his presidency - He died during his presidency of pneumonia and thrombosis - 'A Return to Normalcy', Teapot Dome Scandal, Fordney-McCumber Tariff, Emergency Quota Act, Universal Negro Improvement Association (Marcus Garvey), Great Migration, Washington Naval Conference

Calvin Coolidge

- *30th President*, *1923-1929*, *Republican* from Vermont - Isolationism continued on in his second term - Was known for being quiet and cautious - H took over after *Warren G. Harding*'s death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor - His laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929 - "The Business of America is Business", Revenue Act of 1924, National Origins Act, Scopes Monkey Trial, Great Migration, Kellogg-Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover

- *31st President*, *1929-1933*, *Republican* from Iowa - *"The Great Humanitarian"*; he was a Quaker - Supported *isolationism, individualism, free enterprise, and small government*. He was a good leader and inspired loyalty - Was originally a professional mining engineer and author - Promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric *"economic modernization"* - Great Depression, Bonus Army, Stock Market Crash of 1929, Smoot-Hawley Tariff, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Great Migration, Stimson Doctrine

Franklin Roosevelt

- *32nd President*, *1933-1945*, *Democrat* from New York - Came from a wealthy family, but the rich hated him because of his ideas and actions (taxed them and helped the needy) - Attacked the Republican Old Deal and supported a *New Deal* for the "forgotten man" - Only President to serve more than 2 terms - Great Depression, WWII, New Deal, Court-Packing Plan, Hatch Act, RRR's, Alphabet Soup, Social Security, Roosevelt Recession, Dust Bowl, 21st Amendment, Japanese Internment Camps, Great Migration

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

- *Black artistic movement in New York City* in the *1920s*, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow - Leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes

Dust Bowl (Early 1930s)

- *Early 1930s*: Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding *dust storms*; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York - It ruined farms and left many farmers without crops and money

Muckrakers

- *Journalists* who attempted to *find corruption or wrongdoing in industries* and *expose* it to the public

Court-Packing Plan (1937)

- *President Franklin D. Roosevelt*'s proposal in *1937* to "reform" the *Supreme Court* by appointing an additional justice for every justice *over the age of 70* - Following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs - Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no

New Deal (1933-1937)

- *President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor* of the modern welfare state (*1933-1937*) - Programs to combat economic depression (*Great Depression*); enacted a number of social insurance measures and *used government spending* to stimulate the economy - Increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life

National Parks (and Conservation)

- *President Roosevelt* added the ________ ____ System,* protecting public land from exploitation/development* -1st ________ ____ was Yellowstone in Wyoming. Land was added to _____ & new ones were created

Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904)

- *President Theodore Roosevelt*'s *1904* extension of the *Monroe Doctrine*, stating that the United States has the right to *protect its economic interests in South And Central America* by using military force - The U.S. gets to play the role of "police" in the Americas [against European powers]

Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918)

- 2 laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in *World War I* - *1917*: Passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to *twenty years* on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection - *1918*: Made it a crime to *criticize the government* or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment

UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association)

- A *black nationalist* organization founded in *1914* by the Jamaican-born *Marcus Garvey* in order to promote *resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland"* and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States

UAW (United Auto Workers)

- A *labor union*, representing workers - Founded in order to represent workers in the *automobile manufacturing industry*

Birth of a Nation (1915)

- A dramatic silent film from *1915* about the South during and after the *Civil War* - It was directed by *D. W. Griffith* - The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered *highly controversial* for its portrayal of African-Americans, and it instigated a *KKK rebirth*

Booker T. Washington

- A former slave. *Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival*, rather than leading a grand uprising - Believed that *building a strong economic base* was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights - He also stated in his famous *"Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895* that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on the economic gain to achieve political equality in the future - Served as an important role model for later leaders of the civil rights movement

National Origins Act (of 1924)

- A government legislation that cut down the percent of the *Emergency Quota Act* from *3% to 2%*, and it changed the census used from the *1910* one to that of the *1890* one - It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S., and it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals

Bonus Army (1932)

- A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy (bonus that had been passed in (1924*) - *1932*: They marched to Washington D.C. and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots - They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but *President Herbert Hoover* had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover

Ohio Gang

- A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of *President Warren G. Harding* - Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves - They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

- A high tariff enacted in *1930* during the *Great Depression* - By taxing *imported goods*, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered *retaliatory tariffs* in other countries, which further *hindered global trade* and led to greater economic contraction.

Cash and Carry (1937)

- A policy that stated that if a country at war wanted to *purchase non-militaristic goods* from the U.S., it had to pick them up in its own ships and pay for them in *cash* - Adopted in *1937*

Huey Long

- A politician from Louisiana, he was *President Franklin D. Roosevelt*'s biggest threat - Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals; seized almost dictatorial control of the state government - Believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.

William Jennings Bryan

- A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the *Democratic Party* - Did not support the *Gold Standard*, railroads, or banks - Supporter of populist democracy; populist leader - Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting. - 41st Secretary of State under *President Woodrow Wilson* - Prosecuted *John Scopes* for teaching evolution in a Tennessee school - *Cross of Gold Speech*

Square Deal

- A program by *President Theodore Roosevelt* that consisted of 3 parts: *1. Control of the corporations* *2. Consumer protection* *3. Conservation of natural resources*

"Cross of Gold" Speech (1896)

- A speech delivered by *William Jennings Bryan* at the *Democratic National Convention in Chicago* that occurred in *1896* - Bryan supported *bimetallism*, or free silver, which he believed would bring the nation prosperity - He vehemently opposed the gold standard, and famously said, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" - The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination - The nation since 1873 was bitterly divided on the monetary standard.

Socialism

- A system in which *society*, usually in the form of the government, *owns and controls the means of production* (by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations)

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

- A union of skilled laborers formed by *Samuel Gompers* in *1866* - Quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members - Merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in *1955* to form ___-CIO

Immigration Act (of 1921) (Emergency Quota Act)

- Act: newcomers from *Europe* were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at *3%* of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in *1910*

Scopes Trial (1925)

- Also known as the State of Tennessee v.s. John Thomas Scopes (*1925*) - A highly publicized trial where *John Thomas Scopes* violated a Tennessee state law by *teaching evolution in high school* -Scopes was prosecuted by *William Jennings Bryan* and defended by *Clarence Darrow* - Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later - Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time

21st Amendment (1933)

- Amendment that repealed the *18th Amendment*; state and local *prohibition* are no longer required by law

20th Amendment (1933)

- Amendment that shortened the period from election to inauguration by *6 weeks* (President starts in January)

Eugene Debs

- An American union leader and leader of the *Pullman Strike of 1894* - Several times the candidate of the *Socialist Party of America* for President of the United States - Eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933)

- An act that gave relief to the *farmers*, making available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages - Protected farmers from price drops by providing *crop subsidies* to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion - The *administration* attempted to *reduce crop surpluses*, which led to lower crop prices - Established standard *"parity prices"* for basic commodities. The agency also paid farmers to not farm (to reduce their crop harvests) - The second act (part 2 of this) in *1934* continued conservation payments; if farmers obeyed acreage restrictions on specific commodities, they would be eligible for payments

W.E.B. Dubois

- Black intellectual who challenged *Booker T. Washington's* ideas on combating Jim Crow - He called for the black community to *demand immediate equality* and was a founding member of the *National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)*

Japanese Internment

- Carried out through *Executive Order 9066*, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and put them into internment camps - Motivated (somewhat) by racism and fear of spies

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933)

- Designed to construct *dams on the Tennessee River* (*!933*) - In addition to providing employment and long-term recovery, these projects would give the government information on exactly how much money was required to *produce and distribute electricity* - This would be a metric that the government could use to assess the rates charged by private companies. - Turned a poverty-stricken area into one of the most flourishing regions in the United States

(The) Progressive Era (1890-1920)

- Era from *1890 to 1920* - Early *20th-century* reform movement, seeking to return *control of the government to the people*, to *restore economic opportunities*, and to correct injustices in American life - Progressive reformers shared the following goals: (1) Protecting social welfare (2) Promoting moral improvement (3) Creating economic reform (4) Fostering efficiency.

Red Scare (1920s)

- Erupted in the *early 1920's* - The American public was *scared that communism would come into the US.* - *Left-winged supporters were suspected* - This fear of communism helped businessmen *stop labor strikes*

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

- Founded in *1909* to *abolish segregation and discrimination*, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans - Got Supreme Court to *declare grandfather clause unconstitutional* - *W.E.B. Dubois* was a founding member

Marcus Garvey

- Founded the *"Back to Africa Movement"*, which encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America - Was also the head of the *Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)*, urging black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Nazi Germany

- Germany under control/dictatorship of *Adolf Hitler*, who was the leader of *National Socialist German Workers' Party* (Nazi Party)

Lost Generation

- Group of writers in the *1920s* who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral value - They often chose to flee to Europe

WPA (Works Progress Administration, 1935)

- Had the objective of *providing employment* for useful projects (i.e. the construction of buildings, roads, etc.) (*1935*) - Taxpayers criticized the agency for paying people to do *"useless" jobs* such as painting murals

Yellow Journalism

- Journalism that *exploits, distorts, or exaggerates news to create sensations and attract readers* - Popularized in the *late 19th century* by *Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst* - One of the causes of the *Spanish-American War* - This was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the *sinking of the Maine*) to anger American public towards Spain

(Wilson's) 14 Points (Treaty of Versailles, 1918)

- Message declared by *Woodrow Wilson* (*1918*) that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and it called for post-war peace in Europe - The message gave Wilson the position of moral leadership of the Allies 1) *Open diplomacy:* A proposal to abolish secret treaties pleased liberals of all countries. 2) *Freedom of the seas* appealed to the Germans, as well as to Americans who distrusted British sea power. 3) *A removal of economic barriers* among nations was comforting to Germany, which feared postwar vengeance. 4) *Reduction of armament* burdens was gratifying to taxpayers. 5) *An adjustment of colonial claim*s in the interests of both native people and the colonizers was reassuring to the anti-imperialists 6) *Conquered territories in Russia* being evacuated will secure support from other nations 7) *Preservation of Belgian sovereignty* is agreed upon with the nations 8) *Restoration of French territory* will secure peace after the wrong Prussia had done 9) *Redrawing the Italian frontiers* would be official 10) *Division of Austria-Hungary* will safeguard the people and establish autonomous development 11) *Redrawing of Balkan boundaries* will guarantee political and economic Balkan independence 12) *Limitations on Turkey* will assure an independent sovereignty and a free passage 13) *Establishment of an independent Poland* will give it sovereignty and access to the sea 14) *Association of Nations* foreshadowed the *League of Nations* - an international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security

Peal Harbor (1941)

- On *"Black Sunday"*, *December 7, 1941*, Japanese bombers attacked *Pearl Harbor*, killing 2,348 people - Most of America's battleships were significantly damaged, but its 3 Pacific-fleet aircraft carriers were spared because they were out of the harbor - Caused the U.S. to *declare war on Japan*, and later Germany & Italy (who had declared war on the U.S.)

Suffragettes

- People who campaigned for *women's right to vote* in the *late 1800's and early 1900's*

Bull-Moose Party (1912)

- The Republicans were badly split in the *1912 election*, so *Roosevelt* broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or ____ _____ Party because he was "fit as a ____ _____...") - His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee *Woodrow Wilson*, but he gained more third-party votes than ever before - Fought for government control of social welfare, trusts (bad ones), female suffrage, regulate big business, and no monopolies

Panama Canal (1903)

- The United States built this waterway under *President Theodore Roosevelt* to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa - It cost *$375 million* to build - Columbians would not let Americans build the waterway, but then with the assistance of the United States, a *Panamanian Revolution* occurred - The new ruling people of the new country Panama allowed the United States to purchase the strip of land for *$10 million* - The U.S. also paid *$40 million* to the French ______ _____ Company to acquire the project

Great Migration (1916-1970)

- The movement of *African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest* (*1916-1970*) - Causes for migration included *decreasing cotton prices*, the *lack of immigrant workers in the North*, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK - Migration led to *higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks*

CIO (Confederation of Industrial Organizations)

- The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the *Wagner Act* and the *National Labor Relations Board* - led by *John Lewis*, originally began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As their popularity grew, they became known for the revolutionary idea of the *"sit down strike"*, their efforts led to the passage of the *Fair Labor Standard Act* and the organization continued to thrive under the *New Deal*

Volstead Act (1919)

- This act specified that *"no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act"* - However, it did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933)

- This program employed about 3 million men in *government camps* (*1933*) - Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage

Henry Ford

- United States manufacturer of *automobiles* who pioneered mass production (*1863-1947*) - Hint: Think of a certain car company