APUSH Unit 7 Review

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Studies similar to Riis' were most effective in prompting action by the federal government during the

1960s

American participation in the Second World War had which of the following major effects on the home front?

A movement of women into factory work

"The Department of Justice will pursue the attack of these 'Reds' upon the Government of the United States with vigilance, and no alien, advocating the overthrow of existing law and order in this country, shall escape arrest and prompt deportation." The declaration above was made by

A. Mitchell Palmer

W. E. B. Du Bois differed in philosophy from Booker T. Washington in that Du Bois believed

African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality

Graph; African American Migration from the South. Which of the following most directly contributed to the trend in African American migration shown on the graph between 1900 and 1929 ?

An effort to escape violence and limited opportunity in the South

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 Based on the excerpt, Beveridge would have most likely opposed which of the following?

Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence

During the 1930s Black voters overwhelmingly switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party because

Black Americans benefited from some New Deal economic policies

"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . . . The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful." President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925 Members of which of the following groups would have been most likely to agree with the perspective expressed by Coolidge in the excerpt?

Business executives

Which of the following best characterizes the stance of the writers associated with the literary flowering of the 1920s, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald?

Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism

The Open Door policy in China called for which of the following?

Equal commercial access by all nations to the existing spheres of influence in China

Map; Women Suffrage. Which of the following generalizations can be supported by the information provided in the map above?

Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equality for women.

Graph; Population of Chicago Illinois United States Census Bureau. Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to have contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?

Immigrants from eastern and southern Asia

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 The federal government most enhanced its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following later periods?

In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the United States

Which of the following was most responsible for the change shown between 1938 and 1942 on the chart above?

Industrial mobilization related to the Second World War

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

Industrialization

Which of the following statements about the Tennessee Valley Authority is correct?

It built dams that made rural electrification possible.

Which of the following ways best explains how the United States attempted to influence the outside world following the conclusion of the First World War?

It used trade and investment in order to maintain international connections.

Which of the following best explains the factor that prompted United States involvement in military actions during the Second World War?

Japan conducted a surprise attack on a United States military base

Photo; Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?

Job opportunities in industry

Graph; Population of Chicago Illinois United States Census Bureau. Agitation which delays our war industries is "made in Germany". Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the ideas expressed in the image?

Managers and owners of business enterprises

"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . . . The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful." President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925 In the excerpt, Coolidge was reacting most directly against

Progressive efforts to regulate the economy

The bracero program encouraged

Mexican workers to come to the United States as temporary laborers from the 1940s to the 1960s

"Housewifery. This old-fashioned word is used here to include the methods and processes connected with the actual work of the house. . . . This department of household management is a combination of sanitation and the economics of labor. . . . "Order in work and division of labor.—This depends so largely upon the number of workers, and upon the equipment of the house that no plan can be made for all. The question must be differently answered for the woman who has a helper one day a week, or with one or two, or with a large staff of workers. . . . "'Domestic service' is too large a social and economic problem to discuss at length here. Miss Jane Addams calls it 'belated industry,' meaning that in domestic work we are far behind the productive industries of commerce in organization. We are trying experiments in putting work out, and having helpers come in, and in time we may bring order out of chaos when employers and employees are all properly trained and have the right relation to each other." Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts, 1914 The ideas expressed in the excerpt were most likely aimed at which of the following groups?

Middle-class families

Governmental policies enacted during the New Deal most strongly demonstrate a continuity with which of the following earlier developments?

Progressive reformers demanded stricter regulation of the economy.

"Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines. "We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions. ". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor." Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901 Which of the following best explains a conclusion about United States foreign policy in the early 1900s supported by the point of view expressed in the excerpt?

Political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion.

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect the ideals of which of the following?

Progressivism

Which of the following was a common experience on the United States home front during the Second World War?

Rationing of basic consumer goods

Photo; Agitation which delays our war industries is "made in Germany". After the war, propaganda such as that employed by the image was used to help justify which of the following policies?

Red Scare prosecutions

Graph; Immigration to the US by decade. The trend depicted in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following developments after 1920 ?

Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following?

Social injustice and rising economic inequality

Around 1920, the number of children aged 10 to 15 in the industrial workforce began to decline for which of the following reasons?

States began to require children to attend school until a certain age and to limit the ages at which they could be employed.

In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans EXCEPT:

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) endorsed the Back-to-Africa movement.

Map; 1948, Presidential Election. Based on the map above, which of the following is the most accurate statement about the 1948 presidential election?

The New Deal coalition that had elected Franklin D. Roosevelt four times had begun to weaken by 1948.

What was the main reason for the major decrease in the number of Europeans immigrating to the United States in the 1920s?

The United States passed the National Origins Act.

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?

The United States victory in the Spanish-American War

"For Summer Sport. . . . "Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air. "Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away. "Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ." Advertisement for radios, published in 1923 The excerpt best reflects which of the following changes to United States society compared to previous periods?

The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time

"The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores...but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have had the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer...the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous." Senator Joseph McCarthy, speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950 The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with which of the following?

The attacks on radicals and immigrants following the First World War

"We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia. "To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge. "We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government." "Petition of the National Security League," 1923 Which of the following contexts most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?

The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy

Graph; African American Migration from the South. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the African American migration shown on the graph between 1900 and 1929 ?

The cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The expansion of participatory democracy in the Progressive Era

The impact of the Great Depression on agriculture in the United States continued which of the following trends?

The farm labor force diminished in size as the economy industrialized.

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools—intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 Which of the following best describes the relationship of ideas such as those in the excerpt to the broader Progressive reform movement of the era?

The ideas in the excerpt challenged the racial stereotypes held by many White Progressive reformers.

Patterns of migration in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s were most similar to which of the following earlier patterns of migration?

The immigration of Europeans to Northern cities in the United States during the Gilded Age

"A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem. "The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures. "Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . . "News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors." Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938 The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments by the 1920s?

The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 Beveridge's ideas in the excerpt best support which of the following positions commonly expressed at the time?

The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given.

Many anti-imperialists opposed the annexation of the Philippines in 1898 because they believed that

United States colonialism in the Philippines was incompatible with the American belief in self-determination

The assembly-line production of Henry Ford's Model T automobile resulted in which of the following by the end of the 1920's?

Widespread purchase of automobiles by average American families

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, the time will come when the world will not be able to support life, and then we shall have no need of conservation of health, strength, or vital force because we must have the things to support life or everything else is useless.... [D]o not forget that the conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 Based on the excerpt, Marion Crocker was most likely

a Progressive Era reformer

During the 1930's, the Great Depression led to

a mass internal migration of Americans looking for work

When war broke out in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson established a policy that called for

acknowledgment of American neutral rights on the high seas

In the 1930s the Great Depression resulted in

an increase in the number of transient people searching for work

All of the following have been cited as reasons for the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 EXCEPT the need to

block a planned Japanese invasion of the United States

All of the following concerns were addressed during the "Hundred Days" of the New Deal EXCEPT

court restructuring

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 Beveridge's speech was written in the context of

debates in the aftermath of war with Spain

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 The "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of

economic depression

The American home front in the Second World War is best described as

economically invigorated by military spending

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by

efforts of middle-class reformers

During Woodrow Wilson's administration, the federal government attempted to counteract the economic influence of big business by

establishing the Federal Trade Commission

African American migration to the urban North during the First World War was due primarily to

expanded job opportunities in Northern factories

"Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it. "I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . . "It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . . "The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes." Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917 A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it

expressed opposition to war with Germany

The LEAST prosperous group in the 1920s consisted of

farmers in the Midwest and the South

The purpose of the immigration restriction acts passed in the 1920s was to

favor northern and western European immigration

The Palmer raids of 1919 to 1920 were most closely related to the

fear of communism and radicalism

The purpose of the Liberty Loan Campaign illustrated in the drawing above was to

finance American involvement in the First World War

The flappers of the 1920's challenged traditional American attitudes about women by supporting

greater freedom in manner of dress and moral behavior

Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives is a study of

immigrant urban poverty and despair in 1890's

One major effect of the Second World War was increased opportunities for women in

industrial employment

Jacob Riis is best known for his work in the 1890s as a

journalist and photographer who publicized the wretched conditions in which many immigrants lived

One of the principal reasons the "noble experiment" of Prohibition failed was that it led to an enormous increase in

law enforcement challenges

Conservative Republican opponents of the Treaty of Versailles argued that the League of Nations would

limit United States sovereignty

The 1920s photograph above illustrates a production process that led to

lower prices and greater availability for mass-produced consumer goods

The Open Door policy of the early twentieth century called for

open access to China for American investment and commercial interests

An underlying cause of the Great Depression, which began in 1929, was

overproduction in the manufacturing and farm sectors

The Palmer Raids of 1919 were conducted against

suspected communists and anarchists

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, the time will come when the world will not be able to support life, and then we shall have no need of conservation of health, strength, or vital force because we must have the things to support life or everything else is useless.... [D]o not forget that the conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 People who shared Crocker's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by

promoting federal legislation to protect the environment

The United States devised the Open Door policy in 1899 in order to

protect United States economic interests in China

During the 1920s, both the Sacco and Vanzetti case and the rise of the new Ku Klux Klan reflected

public fear and resentment of southern and eastern European immigrants

Jacob Riis's principal involvement in the reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was his effort to

publicize poor housing and sanitation in urban tenements

The Great Depression-era photograph above was taken with the goal of

publicizing the plight of migrant farmworkers and their families

The purpose of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was to

raise farm prices by limiting agricultural production

Wilson's Fourteen Points incorporated all of the following EXCEPT

recognition of Allied economic and territorial agreements made during the war

The New Deal attempted to revive the farm economy during the 1930's by

reducing the amount of land under cultivation

"Article X says that every member of the League, and that means every great fighting power in the world, ... solemnly engages to respect and preserve ... the territorial integrity and existing political independence of the other members of the League. If you do that, you have absolutely stopped ambitious and aggressive war." Woodrow Wilson's statement above was made in justification of his

refusal to accept the "reservations" proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge in the Senate debate over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

During the Great Depression, "Hoovervilles" were

shantytowns of unemployed and homeless people

An important result of the 1936 presidential campaign was the

shift of African American voters from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party

The United States home front during the First World War was marked by an increase in all of the following EXCEPT

support of individual liberties by the Supreme Court

All of the following contributed to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment legislating Prohibition in 1919 EXCEPT

the high death toll from alcohol-related automobile accidents

The Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. United States upheld the constitutionality of

the internment of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity

The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in

the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines

Woodrow Wilson hardened Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles by his refusal to compromise on the issue of

the unconditional adherence of the United States to the charter of the League of Nations

American writers of the 1920's have often been called the "lost generation" because they

were disillusioned with the course of American life