APUSH Vocab Readings 13.4-13.7

Ngo Dihn Diem

Cause: Battle of Dien Bien Phu splitting Vietnam in half over communism and capitalism The leader of a pro-Western government in south Vietnam that refused to hold unification elections out of fear that the communists would take power of all of Vietnam Effect: increased tension with North Vietnam, which led to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution when the US became more involved BC: example of Cold War influence on other countries

Affirmative Action

Cause: Civil Rights Act of 1964 banning racial discrimination and helping gender equality; LBJ's commitment to improving civil rights for minorities A program launched by an LBJ executive order that was designed to change historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education by requiring all federal contractors to actively work against discrimination Effect: helped redistribute jobs and student slots towards minorities and females BC: example of executive action on civil rights, example of LBJ's commitment to civil rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Cause: Freedom Summer; voter suppression laws and tactics by white supremacists such as the KKK terrorizing blacks for decades in the South; seeking to build on the Civil Rights Act of 1964; efforts of MLK and other civil rights activists A law that prohibited ballot-denying tactics such as literacy tests and intimidation, seeking to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal Effect: shift from the Great Migration, as African Americans began to migrate into the South; eruption of the Watts Riot in protest by white racists BC: example of LBJ's commitment to civil rights

Operation Rolling Thunder

Cause: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving President LBJ the authority to use more force against North Vietnam The codename for an American bombing campaign against North Vietnam in the Vietnam War in the late 1960s Effect: South Vietnam essentially became a spectator in their own war, as the US became so heavily involved in the conflict; backlash from US citizens and the rest of the world who saw the bombing of an underdeveloped country as unjust and too extreme; prompted the Tet Offensive as a response; competition arose within the Democratic party against LBJ in the Democratic National Convention of 1968 BC: example of LBJ expanding executive power

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Cause: Immigration Act of 1924 establishing a quota system A law that abolished the quota system and established admissions criteria based mainly on immigrants' skills and family ties with U.S. citizens Effect: radically transformed America's demographic profile, as Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East replaced Western Europe as the nation's main sources of immigrants BC: change in immigration policies over time

1964 Civil Rights Act

Cause: March on Washington; LBJ's commitment to continuing JFK's policies as his legacy A federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the government's power to fight segregation in schools Effect: conservatives included a gender clause in the writing of the law trying to keep it from being passed, but it didn't matter, and this clause helped enforce gender equality; influenced affirmative action BC: example of legislative action on civil rights, example of LBJ's commitment to civil rights

Engel v. Vitale

Cause: New York authorizing a short, voluntary prayer for recitation at the start of each school day in public schools A Supreme Court case over whether or not the reading of a nondenominational prayer at the start of the school day violates the "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment Effect: the court, under the liberal chief justice Earl Warren, ruled that the state cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if participation is not required and the prayer is not tied to a specific religion BC: example of liberal rulings by the Supreme Court under Earl Warren

War Powers Act

Cause: Nixon and LBJ's expansion of presidential war-making powers during the Vietnam War A law passed by Congress over Nixon's veto that required the president to report to congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict Effect: exemplified "New Isolationism" BC: change from extreme executive power during the Vietnam War

Kent-State Shooting

Cause: Nixon announcing that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia The massacre of four college students/protesters by National Guardsmen in 1970 at Kent State University in Ohio Effect: escalated antiwar protests across the country, especially at schools BC: example of domestic unrest and antiwar movement

Silent Majority

Cause: Nixon's conservatism and inability to appease the antiwar protesters who even criticized the Nixon Doctrine A term used by the Nixon administration to describe generally content, law-abiding, middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions Effect: made a distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights activists and counterculturalists; enabled Nixon to win reelection in 1972 BC: example of conservatism in America

Tet Offensive

Cause: North Vietnamese hostility in response to the brutality of Operation Rolling Thunder A series of surprise attacks instigated by North Vietnam, in which North Vietnam suffered heavy losses but achieved a political victory by further dampening the US' enthusiasm for the war Effect: helped a new Democratic candidate emerge to challenge the widely criticized LBJ in the Democratic National Convention of 1968 BC: example of domestic unrest in response to the Vietnam War

Pentagon Papers

Cause: US provoking North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin A secret U.S. government report that came out in 1971, documenting the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations Effect: further fueled antiwar discontent BC: example of growing distrust in government

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Cause: US provoking North Vietnam into firing torpedoes at two American Ships in the Bay of Tonkin A join resolution passed by Congress that gave President LBJ to use "all necessary measures" to strike back against North Vietnam Effect: led to rapid and large-scale US military involvement in Vietnam in the form of Operation Rolling Thunder; the US' provocation was revealed later in the Pentagon Papers BC: example of LBJ expanding executive power

Nixon-Doctrine

Cause: Vietnamization; LBJ's mismanagement of the Vietnam War President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam, which stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars Effect: received backlash from antiwar protesters, but appealed to the silent majority, who were calm middle-class Americans who supported the Vietnam War and America's institutions BC: example of Nixon increasing executive power

Black Panther Party

Cause: Watts Riot shifting the civil rights movement to be more violent An organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California in 1966to protect black rights Effect: represented a growing dissatisfaction with the nonviolent wing of the civil rights movement as the doctrine of Black Power began to emerge BC: change from nonviolent protests such as sit-ins, Freedom Riders, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the March on Washington

Griswold v. Connecticut

Cause: a Connecticut law banning the use of contraceptives; influence of the Sexual Revolution A Supreme Court case over whether or not the Constitution protects the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on a couple's ability to be counseled in the use of contraceptives Effect: the court, under the liberal chief justice Earl Warren, ruled that this law was indeed illegal due to "a right of privacy", thus paving the way for decisions protecting women's abortion rights such as the infamous Roe v. Wade case BC: example of liberal rulings by the Supreme Court under Earl Warren

Watts Riot

Cause: an act of police brutality being committed against a black man just five days after LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965; redlining causing the segregation of neighborhoods there A vicious uprising in Watts, a predominantly black neighborhood in LA, that left 34 people dead and over 1000 injured Effect: went against MLK's policy of nonviolence, shifting the civil rights movement toward a more militant, aggressive style of protest led by activists such as Malcom X BC: change from nonviolent protests such as sit-ins, Freedom Riders, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the March on Washington

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Cause: communist resistance in Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh A military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Vietnam nationalists, thus ending France's colonial involvement in Indochina Effect: split Vietnam into a comunist government in the north and a pro-Western government under Ngo Dihn Diem in the south, which sparked the Vietnam War BC: example of Cold War influence on other countries

Democratic National Convention of 1968

Cause: contempt for how LBJ was handling the Vietnam War, especially due to Operation Rolling Thunder and the Tet Offensive An event where incumbent president Lyndon B Johnson was fiercely challenged (although not defeated) by Eugene McCarthy due to disagreements about the Vietnam War Effect: LBJ froze American troop levels in Vietnam, scaled back the bombing, and declared he would not run for reelection in 1968, thus starting peace negotiations and paving the way for Nixon being elected BC: example of domestic unrest and antiwar movement

Sexual Revolution

Cause: counterculture and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 A movement that emphasized that sex should be celebrated as a normal part of life and not repressed by family, religion, and the state (or by authority in general) and also included the beginnings of gay rights movements Effect: influenced the ruling of Griswold v. Connecticut BC: continuity with Margaret Sanger, example of second wave feminism

Students for a Democratic Society

Cause: counterculture of the 1960s; free speech movement causing students to become more active A political organization founded in 1961 that became an iconic representation of the New Left, appearing at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s Effect: grew more violent as the decade went on, leading to an increase in violent riots and drug addicts BC: change from conformity culture

Black Power

Cause: disagreement with MLK's pacifism and desire for integration; increased violence by blacks exemplified by the Watts Riot and Black Panther Party; influence of Marcus Garvey, the Harlem Renaissance, and the NAACP A doctrine of militancy and black separatism that rose in prominence after 1965 Effect: promoted pride in African heritage/culture and a militant position in defense of their rights BC: change from nonviolent protests such as sit-ins, Freedom Riders, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the March on Washington

Great Society

Cause: high poverty levels in the US, especially among the black population; the New Deal influencing LBJ's ideas/policies President Lyndon B. Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda, which aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in Americans society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty Effect: started the War on Poverty program, which expanded Social security by creating Medicare and Medicaid for the elderly and the poor; Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 BC: continuity of liberal policies by presidents (New Deal-Fair Deal-Great Society)

Counterculture

Cause: population boost of the baby boomers, protest against racism and the Vietnam War, and the prosperity of postwar America A social upheaval of mostly white, middle-class young Americans who challenged the conformity culture of the 1950s Effect: sexual revolution; hippies BC: change from conformity culture during the 1950s

Vietnamization

Cause: public uproar over Vietnam caused by LBJ's mismanagement of the bloody conflict A military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969, which reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese Effect: contributed to the development of the Nixon Doctrine BC: example of Nixon increasing executive power

Free Speech Movement

Cause: rebellious spirit of the baby boom generation An organized protest that broke out at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964 when students objected to an administrative ban on the use of campus space for political debate Effect: helped contribute to the rise of counterculture BC: example of student protests

Stonewall Rebellion

Cause: sexual revolution and the beginning of the fight for gay rights An uprising in support of equal rights for gay people that was sparked by an assaults by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York Effect: led to a rise in activism and militancy within the gay community BC: change from conformity culture

Miranda Warnings

Cause: the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona in 1966 that declared that accused people have the right to remain silent, consult an attorney, and enjoy other protections A statement of an arrested person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest Effect: helped prevent abusive police tactics such as forced confessions and self-implication BC: example of liberal rulings by the Supreme Court under Earl Warren

My Lai Massacre

Cause: unpredictable, violent conditions of the Vietnam War A military assault on a Vietnamese village in 1968 in which American soldiers murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children Effect: caused outrage and reduced American support for the war BC: example of brutality of the Vietnam War; example of growing distrust of government

Freedom Summer

Cause: voter suppression laws and tactics by white supremacists such as the KKK terrorizing blacks for decades in the South A voter registration drive in Mississippi led by a coalition of civil rights groups Effect: creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party; impacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 BC: example of grassroots activism on civil rights