APWH Unit 2 Test

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire?

A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750?

African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above?

African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?

Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete's depiction of the events in the passage?

An account by an Inca who was also present

Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?

Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century?

Both incorporated forced labor.

Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted?

Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry.

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century?

Diseases caused pandemics.

Based on Bayly's argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?

Enlightenment concepts of natural rights

"Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied." Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, "Letter to the Government Authorities," 1878 The author's argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by

Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract

"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power." King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals

Letters written by Franciscan friars Pictorial records of the Mexica Statues produced by local artists in New Spain Histories written in Spanish and Nahuatl A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics?

How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians

Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century?

Increases in global interactions

The establishment of Dutch economic and political influence in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 was most directly a result of which of the following?

Joint-stock trading companies

"Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815 Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

Mercantilism

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph?

Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief?

Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage?

Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that

Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy?

Silver

In the context of the period 1450-1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image?

States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800?

Sugarcane

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices?

Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?

The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage?

The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?

The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

"Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason." Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?

The application of Enlightenment ideas

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century?

The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians

"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word 'emancipation' enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone." Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899 Based on the letter, Kartini's views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements?

The early feminist movement

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?

The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?

The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ?

The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history?

The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?

The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following?

The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century?

The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons?

To display power and legitimize their rule

Which of the following aspects of Map 2 can best be used to support the claim that a truly global trading system developed during the period from 1450 to 1750 ?

Trade routes extending east and west from Eurasia toward the Americas

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that

in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

"Sir, many of our people, keenly desirous of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and they kidnap even nobles and the sons of nobles, and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the Whites who are in our Kingdoms." © Basil Davidson, trans., [ital] The African Past[roman] (Curtis Brown, Ltd., 1964) The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located

on the western coast of Africa

The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the

opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of

sugar

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was

the demand for weapons among African elites

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market