APWHM exam sg
Encomienda system
Grants from European Spanish Governors to control the labor services of colonized peoples
monarchy (parliamentary and absolute)
Political system in which one individual holds supreme power and passes that power on to his or her next of kin - Absolute Monarchy: "Divine right of Kings" (France) When one single person maintains all power. Patriarchal Monarchy : (England) High political figure like a king, but doesn't have absolute rule. To pass a law/tax/etc., it must be passed through both the king and the parliament. (Conflicts between crown and parliament)
Song China
The Chinese dynasty that took over the mandate of heaven for three centuries (starting in 976 CE); it ruled an era of many economic and political successes, but eventually lost northern China to nomadic tribes
Yuan China
The Chinese dynasty that was established by the Mongols after the defeat of the Song; was strong from 1280 to 1368 with its capital at Dadu, modern-day Beijing.
Ibn Battuta
The Muslim traveler who exemplified the reach of Dar-al-Islam; and also one of the greatest travelers of all time.
Ogodei Khan-
Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death.
Tibet
on the lofty Tibetan Plateau on the northern side of the Himalayas, is an autonomous region of China. It's nicknamed the "Roof of the World" for its towering peaks. It shares Mt. Everest with Nepal. Its capital, Lhasa, is the site of hilltop Potala Palace, once the Dalai Lama's winter home, and Jokhang Temple, Tibet's spiritual heart, revered for its golden statue of the young Buddha.
John Calvin
religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society
Potosi
silver mine in Peru controlled by the Spaniards
Abbasid Caliphate
"Golden age" of learning, Capital in Baghdad, had Persian influence
Ivan IV
(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Peter I
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan
Pugachev Rebellion
1773-75 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762.
Daimyo
A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
Zheng He
A Ming naval commander from 1405 to 1433 who led seven massive naval expeditions to impress other people showing Ming might, and to establish tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean ports, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa.
Delhi Sultanate
A Turkish Muslim regime in northern India that brought political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity through its tolerance for cultural diversity.
Mali
A West African Empire, founded by the legendary king Sundiata in the early 13th century; facilitated thriving commerce along routes linking the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, and beyond.
Taj Mahal
A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. Blended architectural styles of India and the Muslim world
Cahokia
A commercial city on the Mississippi for regional and long-distance trade of commodities and manufactured goods; it was marked by massive artificial hills like earth pyramids that were used to honor spiritual forces. Traded salt, shells, skins, and pottery, textiles, and jewelry
Mansa Musa
A devout Muslim and Hajii who made Mali more Islamic through religious schools and mosques until the decline in the late 1400s.
Khmer/Angkor
A people who created the most powerful empire in Southwest Asia between the 10th and 13th centuries in what is modern-day Cambodia.
Mongol Empire
A unified empire created by the Mongols that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the eastern Mediterranean and the southern steppes of Eurasia.
Temujin/Chinggis (Genghis) Khan-
An astute political strategist and brilliant military commander; ruler of Mongols from 1206 to 1227; responsible for the Mongol expansion
The Kangxi Emperor
Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire (Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia- Tibet)
St. Petersburg
City that Peter the Great made capital in order to try to modernize Russia.
Janissaries
Corps of infantry soldiers conscripted as children under the devshirme system of the Ottoman Empire and brought up with intense loyalty to the Ottoman state and its sultan. The sultan used these forces to clip local autonomy and to serve as his local personal bodyguards
Griots
Counselors and other officials serving the royal family in African Kingships. They were also responsible for the preservation and transmission of oral histories and repositories of knowledge
Romanov Empire
Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. Mercantilism assumed that colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled the colony
factories (e.g., El Mina)
Elmina Castle, built by the Portuguese in 1482, was a base for trading slaves, gold, and ivory.
Philosophes
Enlightenment thinkers who applied scientific reasoning to human interaction and society as opposed to nature
Sikhism
Islamic-inspired religion that calls on its followers to renounce the caste system and to treat all believers as equal before God.
Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)
Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in the 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched a series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.
Spanish Empire (in the Americas)
Like the Portuguese, the Spaniards sought to discover new trade routes to exploit Asian goods (trade was driven by the demand for Chinese goods). But after exploring oceans, the Spaniards discovered a lucrative resource that acted as an investment. After discovering the Americas, the Spaniard intentions shifted towards colonization and mercantilism rather than discovering trade routes. Establishing their rule in mesoamerica, Spain made silver its main export to gain favor with the Chinese, and adapted native political systems like the encomienda and mita system to deal with conquered peoples. Due to both Spain's and Portugal's intrusion of the Americas, social hierarchies were formed (by Europeans: so they favored whites over natives), cultural changes like demographic collapses and indegenous culture destructions were imposed. Key people- Francisso Pizarro-Hernan Cortez
Shintoism
Literally "the way of the gods"; Japan's official religion, which promoted the state and the emperor's divinity
Northwest Passage
Long-sought marine passageway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America
Turks (Mamluk, Seljuk, Ottoman)
Military men who ruled Egypt as an independent regime from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517; The Ottomans were a Turkish warrior band that transformed themselves into a vast, multicultural, bureaucratic empire that lasted from the early fourteenth century through the early 20th century and encompassed Anatolia, the Arab world, and large swaths of southern and eastern Europe.
Shah Jahan
Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)
Tamerlane
Mongol-Turkic leader that took over most of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 14th century. Set the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires
Columbian Exchange
Movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Columbus's voyages
Creoles
Persons of full-blooded European descent who were born in the Spanish American colonies
Reformation (Protestant and Catholic)
Religious movement initiated by sixteenth-century monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed his new view of Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic church, and called themselves "protestants"
Jesuit order
Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation; the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus, were active in politics, education, and missionary work
Batu
Ruler of the Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.
Hulegu
Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad.
Christopher Columbus
Spanish (Italian) explorer that discovered the Americas and opened the gateway for European exploration and colonization of the Americas
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who caused the downfall of the Aztec Empire and territorialized large portions of what is now modern-day Mexico
Ming China
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China
Ismail
Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor
Renaissance (Southern and Northern)
Term meaning "rebirth" used by historians to characterize the cultural flourishing of European nations between 1430 and 1550, which emphasized a break from the church-centered medieval world and a new concept of human-kind as the center of the world
Ming China
The Chinese dynasty after the Mongol Yuan dynasty, that reinstituted and reinforced Han Chinese ceremonies and ideals including rule by an ethnically Han bureaucracy.
Tokugawa Japan
The Edo period or Tokugawa period is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional daimyō.
Qing China
The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the people's republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.
Suleiman I
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
Humanism
The renaissance aspiration to develop a greater understanding of the human experience than the Christian scriptures offered by reaching back into ancient Greek and Roman texts.
Istanbul
This city was originally Constantinople before the Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire, then it became the third capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The Turks redesigned Istanbul and added Ottoman cultural aspects such as mosques, schools, and public baths.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty in which the pope decreed that the non-European world would be divided into spheres of trade and missionary responsibility between Spain and Portugal
Mita
Tribute system used by the Inca Dynasty where defeated populations would work in the army, as builders, or as slaves, to repay their losses.
Safavid Empire
Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
Indian Ocean slave trade
Under an Elsevier user license. open archive. From the eighth century onward, the Indian Ocean was the scene of extensive trade of sub-Saharan African slaves via sea routes controlled by Muslim Arab and Swahili traders.
Vodun
Voodoo
Bartolome de las Casas
a 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer
Tsar
a Russian word derived from the Latin Caesar to refer to the Russian ruler of Kiev, and eventually to all rulers of Russia. Also given as czar
Francisco Pizarro
a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru
Ottoman Empire
a Turkish warrior band that transformed itself into a vast, multicultural, bureaucratic empire that lasted from the early fourteenth century through the early twentieth century and encompassed Anatolia, the Arab world, and large swaths of Southern and Eastern Europe.
Asiento System
a contract granted by the Spanish crown to an individual or company allowing the holder exclusive rights in the slave trade with Spain's American colonies; it constituted the principal legal means of supplying slaves to Spanish America.
Cash Crops
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Cossacks
a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking Orthodox Christian people, who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi military communities, originating in the Pontic steppe.
Shogun
a hereditary commander in chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867.
triangular trade
a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another. -Used to refer to the trade in the 18th and 19th centuries that involved shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves, these slaves being shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities which were in turn shipped back to Britain
White Lotus Rebellion
a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China.
Scientific Revolution
a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
Gumbo
a soup popular in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and is the official state cuisine. Gumbo consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the Cajun/Creole "holy trinity"
Creole (language)
a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a fairly brief period of time: often, a pidgin evolved into a full-fledged language
Songhai Empire
a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was one of the largest states in African history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its leading ethnic group and ruling elite, the Songhai.
Ivan III
also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. Ivan served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462.
Xinjiang
an autonomous territory in northwest China, is a vast region of deserts and mountains. It's home to many ethnic minority groups, including the Turkic Uyghur people. The ancient Silk Road trade route linking China and the Middle East passed through Xinjiang, a legacy that can be seen in the traditional open-air bazaars of its oasis cities, Hotan and Kashgar.
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. (free enterprise)
Mehmed II
commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.
Din
i-illah- "House of Worship" in which the Mughal emperor Akbar engaged in a religious debate with Hindu, Muslim, Jain, Parsi, and Christian theologians
Enlightenment
intellectual movement in eighteenth-century Europe, which extended the methods of the natural sciences, especially physics, to society, stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority
Akbar
known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government
Portuguese Empire (in the Americas, Africa, and Asia)
led the first efforts to find gold, silver, and new sea routes to Asia. Eventually, their intentions were shifted towards mercantilism rather than discovering new routes to avoid taxation from the Ottomans (It's important to know that their goal was not to control territory, but to exploit Asian trading systems with cannons). The Portuguese main export was sugar (Cash Crop), and they controlled what is now modern-day Brazil. Key sailors and navigators-Prince Henry the Navigator- Bartholomew Diaz- Vasco de Gama
Indentured Servitude
men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic Christian states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.
Mughal Empire
one of Islam's greatest regimes. Established in 1526, it was a vigorous, centralized state whose political authority encompassed most of modern-day India. During the sixteenth century, it had a population of between 100 and 150 million.
Abolitionism
or the ____________ movement, was the movement to end slavery. This term can be used both formally and informally. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and set slaves free
Martin Luther
sixteenth-century monk who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed his new view of Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic church, and called themselves "protestants"
Abbas I
the 5th Safavid Shah of Iran, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of Persian history and the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.
Sociedad de Castas
the classification of people in relation to the color of their skin
Peace of Westphalia
the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.
Babur
the founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively
African Diaspora
the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to different regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbean
Middle Passage
the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies (Atlantic Ocean)
Zheng He
was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family and later adopted the surname Zheng conferred by Emperor Yongle. The Chinese decided to discontinue foreign explorations because of their firm belief in outside influence = bad. This decision undoubtedly changed the course of history because Zheng He's ships were close to 3 times the size of Christopher Colombus'
Matteo Ricci
was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. He created the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, a 1602 map of the world written in Chinese characters. He is considered a Servant of God by the Catholic Church.
