ARCH 250 Final Exam
Le Corbusier
"Architecture is the masterly, correct, and magnificent play of masses brought together in light," -said as he was endorsing the design of buildings based on the esthetics of the machine
Richard Morris Hunt
-1846 became the first American to attend the Ecole des Beaux Arts and so absorbed its system of education -returned to New York in 1855: established a thriving practice and briefly ran an Ecole modeled atelier where american students could come for architectural training -Vanderbilt family cottage, their chateauesque country mansion at Asheville, and base of the statue of liberty
Frank Lloyd Wright: personal Oak Park home
-started construction in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park in 1889 -modest two story building with a Serliana in the shingle covered gable and turned to the street.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Fallingwater, Pennsylvania
-Edgar Kaufmann's House -stream runs under the house and the stratified stone walls apear to grow from the landscape as they support cantilevered balconies -cantilevered the house out over the waterfall -took major natural features of the site -most famous house not built for royalty or the U.S. president
Charles Voysey: The Orchard
-Hertfordshire, England
Charles Voysey: Broadleys
-Lake Windermere, Crumbria, England
Adolf Loos: Moller House
-Loos's raumplan turned the experience of the house into a spatio-temporal labyrinth, making it difficult to form a mental image of the whole
What was the first architecture program in the United States?
-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Frank Lloyd Wright: House and Studio
-Oak Park, Chicago -architectural laboratory experimenting with design concepts that contain the seeds of his architectural philosophy -here he raised six children with his wife Catherine Tobin
Le Corbusier: Housing at Pessac
-Pessac -ingersoll cement gun
Frank Lloyd Wright: William H. Winslow house
-River Forest, Illinois -inspired from Sullivan -symmetrical and it displays Sullivanesque ornament -organized around a central fireplace and dominated by horizontal lines. -hipped roof overhangs the second floor at the level of the window heads -gives the impression that the building hugs the ground
Frank Lloyd Wright: Frederick Robie house, Chicago
-Robie requested a house where he could have privacy from the street and separation from the noise of his small children playing -most celebrated Prairie House -on two small corner lots -three story design with the garage, playroom and service function on the first floor, the living and dining areas on the second and bedrooms on third -low wall in front of the house shielded the house from passerbyers
Charles Voysey: Greyfriars
-Surrey, England
architects post WWI views?
-architecture could and should become an instrument of this transformation -power of rational thought, and ultimately in its handmaidens, economy and functionality, and that rational designs could best be produced through mechanization yielding efficient somehow machine-made buildings
Le Corbusier: Citrohan House
-attempt to design a modest dwelling that would be as affordable as the Citroen automobiles then being manufactured in France -built of reinforced concrete and raised off the ground on piers or pilotis, with a garage and service storage roos on the lowest level -second floor: in the tradition of the piano nobile, living room, dining room, and kitchen -third floor: master bedroom overlooking the two story livig room and children's room
Le Corbusier
-born in the Swiss watch making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds -received formal art instructions in the local arts and crafts school -his teacher Charles L' Eplattenier encouraged him to consider more ambitious goals than a job in the watch industry -Auguste Perret taught him of reinforced concrete, and from Behrens he learned about designing for industry -proposed mass produced housing type that reduced components to a minimum: floor, slabs, regularly spaced piers for veritcal support, and stairs to connect the floors
William Morris
-british craftsman, designer, writer, typographer, and socialist -one of the pricipal founders of the british arts and crafts movement -best known as designer of wallpaper and patterned fabrics, a writer of poetry and fiction and a pioneer of the socialist movement in Britain -anti industrial and anti historicist
Thonet bentwood furniture
-building public, Loos restricted himself to standard to this furniture -affordable price, simple design, mass production
Richard Morris Hunt: The Breakers at Newport, Rhode Island
-built for the Vanderbilt family - a "cottage"
Frank Lloyd Wright: Unity Temple, Oak Park
-built for the unitarian universalist congregation of Oak Park -corner of 2 particularly busy thoroughfares, so Wright turned the building inward to avoid street noise -worship space called the auditorium -unity house was for classrooms and a kitchen that are connected by a common vestibule -exterior is constructed entirely of poured in place concrete
Frank Lloyd Wright: Ward Willits House, Highland Park, Illinois
-center is solidly anchored by a great hearth, and the rooms project out aggressively into space, covered by long, low, hovering roof -landscape from the central chimney mass -horizontal lines dominate the exterior accentuated by the overhanging eaves -exterior stucco banded by continuous horizontal strips of dark wood -victorian style -living spaces flow smoothly from one area to another
Le Corbusier: Notre-Dame-du Haut, France
-chapel built of brick covered with stucco -south wall contains random window openings -main entrance lies between this wall and the tower with secondary entry in the two smaller towers -metal frame made to look like massive masonry -interior provides seats for only 50 people, there is standing room for more
Auguste Perret: 25 bis Rue Franklin, Paris
-clever design replaced the conventional Parisian interior light-well with a U-shaped plan that increased the percentage of daylight-lit exterior walls -cast ornament into the buildings concrete skin
Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, New York
-considered to be one of the greatest buildings of the twentieth century even though art lovers have a limited viewing distance and must negotiate the constant slope of the spiraling ramp
Joseph Olbrich: The Secession Building, Vienna
-covered dome with a laurel motif symbolic of Apollo -served as meeting and exhibition space for the secession
Frank Furness
-design eventually reflected the writings of John Ruskin and Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc -son of Unitarian minister and abolitionist who was expected to attend Harvard -went to work as a draftsman for Philadelphia architect John Fraser -moved to New York and entered Hunts atelier
Le Corbusier: Villa Savoye, Poissy
-designed as a weekend house for art loving family -curving ground floor wall was determined by the turning radius of the motorcar -the driveway extends under the house -climb the sculpture stairs or ascend the ramp which links all three levels -living room gives an unobstructed view of the clearing in which the house sits and onto the forested hill -horizontal ribbon of windows at second floor
Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Hill House interior
-designed to have both regimented orthogonals and Art Nouveau curves -all interiors are handcrafted in the arts and crafts tradition -dark woodwork -barrel vaulted ceiling
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
-director of the Department of Architecture in the graduate school of design at Harvard -he failed in germany b/c Nazism would not allow modern architecture -designed IIT's new campus and design many of its buildings -influenced the architectural education of a whole generation of students -curriculum he laid down stressed clarity rationality intellectual order and discipline and progressed from the study of wood to stone brick concrete and finally steel
Augustus Pugin
-english architect -writings influential -gothic was a principal not a style -he advocated a direct return to the spiritual values and architectural forms of middle ages
Le Corbusier: The Dom-ino House, Drawing
-first innovative project -separated structure from enclosure -very free plan with its flexible distribution of walls and the free facade which could take on any desired configuration
Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer: Fagus Factory,
-first major project -still considered a landmark in the history of modern architecture -most celebrated portion: embedded three story block running along the south side of the main building -subtle and apparently simple structure -housing the packaging and shipping departments -influenced by Behrens's turbine factory
Frank Lloyd Wright: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
-floated foundation instead of digging further to bedrock -cantilevered concrete slab -organized around the courtyard and pool
Adolf Loos
-fourth major figure working in Austria -takes simplicity to form future -approach to relationship between: ornament and structure= eliminate ornament -writes articles "ornament and crime" comparing ornament with graffiti -ornament on a building is like a tattooed man
Francois Hennebique
-french engineer who patented the Monolithic Reinforced concrete construction system -employed slender vertical posts, thin lateral beams on brackets, and floor slabs
Ecole des Beaux Arts, France
-general philosophy did not change -challenging qualification examination that included diverse subjects from drawing to history
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
-gifted designer whose architectural career was brief -worked in Glasgow developing unique style -similar to Art Nouveau -influenced by Scottish baronial architecture and decoration of Celtic art -Glasgow School of art was his first and only commission -concerned with furniture, light fixtures, and details such as window hardware
School of Art, Library interior
-heavy timber columns -dark finishes -Mackintosh designed reading tables and light fixtures
The Prairie Houses
-houses in suburban lot areas -fenestration in strips -low hipped roof -emphasis on the fireplace and horizontality -irregular distortion to the rear of the rear of a formal facade that conveniently accommodates awkward ingredients such as service elements -cruciform plan commonly used -elimination the room as a box and the house as another
Ecole des Beaux Arts curriculum
-student (eleve) entered a studio (atelier) where he worked under the supervision of a patron -attended a variety of Ecole lectures and was examined on those involving technical knowledge -had to enter design competitions (cours d' emulation) in the form of either an esquisse (sketch problem) or a project rendu (fully rendered project) -for this project student would receive precis (program) describing the essential elements -then entered a en loge (cubical) and worked alone for twelve hours to produce a proposal -then his project is complete
Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Hill House, Helensburgh
-influenced Scottish vernacular -expressive chimney -dominant roof -pebble dashed stucco exterior -downstairs: library and cloakroom near the entrance, for the easy conducting of business, followed by drawings and dining rooms and a servants wing -upstairs: bedrooms, nursery, servants quarters,
Otto Wagner: Postal Savings Bank interior, Vienna
-light brought in through glass-vaulted ceiling -some of the light passes through glass-brick floor panels to illuminate the rooms below -two files of columns create a basilican plan -teller's counters in the "aisles" and with cylindrical aluminum air-supply standards around the perimeter
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Crown Hall
-located on IIT campus -demonstrates his mastery of detailing in steel, glass, and brick -steel skeleton is completely exposed including plate girders that rise above the roof
School of Art, Glasgow: Charles Rennie Mackintosh
-main facade on Renfrew street -huge windows gathering northern light -central entry includes motifs drawn from Glasgow's medieval vernacular
Le Corbusier: Parliament Building, Chandigarh
-manipulates sunlight -poured in place concrete structure is sculpted along one side and cut away sunscreen-fashion along other -goals were in part environmental but also sought to celebrate the state by associating it with the sun
Otto Wagner: Postal Savings Bank, Vienna
-marble veneer attached by means of aluminum capped bolts creates the pattern of Wagner's facade.
Le Corbusier: plan of Chandigarh
-master plan illustrates Corbusier's preference for large buildings set wide apart within a garden like landscape -asked by India government to work on design
Le Corbusier: Ste. Marie-de-la-Tourette
-modern reworking of the medieval monastic program -simple rectangular solid with sculptural subsidy chapels in the crypt -remaining monastic quarters are arranged in three wings -all construction is in concrete
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Seagram Building, New York
-most celebrated skyscraper -high-rise structure was required by building codes to have all of its steel structure covered with fireproofing -steel frame on the outside is therefore structurally redundant
Otto Wagner
-neo-classical student who was promoted to the post of professor of architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1894 -secession movement was formed by students he eventually joined -most notable design= 36 stations for the Vienna subway system -designs employ characteristic stylized ornament in cast and wrought iron
Frank Lloyd Wright
-no american architect name was more widely known -considered Louis Sullivan to be his mentor -went to the Chicago school and found employment in the in the architectural office of Joseph Lyman Silsbee -it was the newly developing Chicago suburbs for the rising middle class like Oak Park that Wright would use as his first architectural laboratory -his early years of independent practice were characterized by explorations of many styles of domestic architecture: colonial, tudor, georgian, shingle, and queen anne
Josef Hoffmann
-principal founder of Weiner Werkstatt -studied and taught in Vienna -worked in Wagner's office -early work shows influence of Wagner and Olbrich -"I am particularly interested in the square as such"
John Ruskin
-prolific critic of art and society -disliked classical works in buildings and art -regarded as the originator of the arts and crafts ideals -associated high moral values with certain historical styles importance of ornament: distinguishes architecture from construction -he spoke out against the industrialist division of labor and the degradation of the operative into a machine
Gustaz Platz
-published Die Baukunst der neuesten Zeit or The Architecture of the New Age
Otto Wagner: Apartment Houses
-shops below and apartment above -applied ceramic title decoration
Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum interior
-shows Wright's fascination with geometric ordering -circular geometries dominated
Walter Gropius
-son of an architect -received an academic architectural education at universities in Berlin and Munich before entering Peter Behren's office -Fellow employee Adolf Meyer
Josef Hoffman: Stocklet House
-suggests new direction in his architectural design -change due in part to influence of Mackintosh -in for rather than ornament -geometrical, block like, structured composition -walls are faced with marble, mosaic by Gustav Klimt, tree of life
Lino Bo Bardi: Sao Paulo Museum of Art
-the largest free span -74 meeter free span -unreal project using visualization to learn about distant and historical locales
Frank Furness: Centennial Bank, Philadelphia
-three main components to this building: chamfered rear mass, lower front porch, and tall entry pavilion -was his take on what an American building should be in an era of headlong national expansion and industrialization
Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer: model factory
-to demonstrate the possible architectural expression of a hypothetical manufacturing plant with an attached office block -rear of office was a glass curtain wall, which extended around the sides and around the circular stair towers -separating the office and manufacturing plant was a large open courtyard
What led to the opening of the Oak Park suburb?
-transportation -steam-powered cable car: into Chicago -electric street car
Phillip Webb & William Morris: Red House
-truth of materials -values of simplicity and directness -honesty of materials and forms -Bexleyheath, London
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan: James Charnley House, Chicago
-two story structure on a narrow city lot in Chicago
Lina Bo Bardi: Glass House
-unusual glass house built for herself and her husband -located in the outskirts of Sao Paolo -recently renovated -houses the institute Lina Bo and Pietro Marie Bardi
Joseph Olbrich
-wagners talented pupil -leading architect of the Viennese Secession, influenced in part by the work of Mackintosh -invited by grand duke of Hesse, Ernst Ludwig invited him to join his artists colony at damstadt -worked at Darmstadt, erecting numerous houses, studio buildings, entrance gates, and a wedding tower to commemorate the dukes's marriage
Marion Mahoney
-worked in the office of Wright -second women to receive an architectural degree from MIT -delineator, which means she spent much of her time producing presentation quality renderings -her superb renderings are most notable for being displayed in their entry in the international design competition for Canberra, Australia
Three most important architectural figures associated with the Secession movement were?
1. Otto Wagner 2. Joseph Marie Olbrich 3. Josef Hoffman
modernists adopted what two equations?
1. form follows function 2. ornament and crime
Two American forms of urban development that was demonstrated in the building boom that followed the great Chicago fire of 1871?
1. high-rise downtown 2. low-rise garden suburb
Le Corbusier: five points of architecture
1. the supports elevating the mass off the ground 2. the free plan, the interior wall independent of the support system can be arranged in a free plan 3. the free facade the corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane 4. the long horizontal sliding window 5. the flat roof or roof garden, restoring, supposedl the area of ground covered by the house
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan: Auditorium Building
Chicago, Illinois
Le Corbusier: Atelier Ozenfant
House and studio, Paris
Charles Edouard Jeanneret: Villa Favre-Jacot
La Chaux-de-Fonds -fireproof reinforced concrete -structural framing -double glazing
Who said "form follows function"
Lois Sullivan
Adolf Loos: Muller House
Loos' multi-level spatial design -wall between the two rooms is perforated without destroying their volumetric integrity
The first half of the nineteenth century was there any institution in the United States teaching architecture?
No
Le Corbusier: Maison La Roche-Jeanneret
Paris
Frank Lloyd Wright: Dana House
Springfield, Illinois -integration; incorporation of furnishing making them all one with the building
Adolf Loos: Steiner House
Vienna
Frank Lloyd Wright: Larkin Building, Buffalo New York
contained offices for a company that sold packaged soap and coupons printed on the labels
where did american architects learn before MIT?
either worked in an architecture office or studied abroad
Arts and Crafts Movement
it was intended to be an alternative to the factory system
architectural historian Henry Russell Hitchcock and his protege Philip Johnson
organized with the museum director Alfred Barr, Jr. produced a thin volume entitled The International Style: Architecture Since 1922. -announced that modernism was a new style and dubbed it "international" since it had already been transplanted from Europe to America
Adolf Loos: Chicago Tribune Building
proposed to solve the problem of incompatible dimensions by making the entire shaft of the skyscraper into a Doric column
Vienna, Austria
two successive movements/groups 1. the Vienna Secession: 1897 2. Weiner Werkstatt: 1903