ARCH 626 Exam 1

What are SIP's? What their advantages and disadvantages?

(Structural Insulated Panels) A load bearing high insulating structural sandwich of OSB skins and EPS foam bonded with a continuous film of durable and water-proof urethane adhesive. Sandwich principle creates a structure where the loads are carried by the OSB and spread over the entire surface of the wall on both sides. Walls replace dimension lumber framing. The roof panels can be structural on their own or in conjunction with roof trusses, or beams for longer spans.

Gluelams: What are their features and advantages?

--Glue-laminated wood: produces large wood structural members by joining smaller strips of wood together with glue. -Can get dramatic shapes that you wouldn't be able to do with other dimensional lumbers. -Advantages: 1. size 2. shape 3. quality

Surface Divider Joints

-Abutment joints: where old and new meet -Control joints: deliberately created lines of weakness to help control where cracking occurs -Expansion joints: open seams that can close and open to allow for expansion and contraction

Load Bearing Masonry Structures

-Arches -Vaults -Domes

Platform Framing

-Better structural performance and fire safety -build foundations and floor frame, then walls, and then build another floor and build those walls on top of that.

What are the parts of pre-tensioned precast concrete?

-Cables are cast into the concrete building components. Reinforced Concrete Beam and Girders.

What are Gabions and how can they be used?

-Cages filled with rocks that allows water to flow through the rock and drain properly. Can be used as screen walls or as retaining walls.

Concrete floors and steel decking commonly used with steel frames: What are the factors that determine its span and load capabilities?

-Cast-in place concrete floors placed on steel decking. Concrete decks can span different distances depending on: the gauge of the steel, depth of the decking profile, the reinforcing used in the slap, and the depth of the concrete

Soil Type

-Coarse grained: sand and gravel -fine grained: silts and clays -highly organic: peat and top soil (non structural--no bearing capacity)

Heavy Timber Framing Types

-Crucks -Braced Frame -Bents

Bracing Techniques

-Diagonal: creates stable triangular configurations within the otherwise naturally unstable rectilinear geometry of the frame. Can rely on shear connections. -Eccentric: the ends of diagonal braces are offset from each other where they connect to horizontal members. Can rely on shear connections. -Moment: has neither diagonal bracing or shear walls. Relies on stronger and stiffer moment connections between beams and columns to provide lateral stability. -Shear walls: very stiff walls made of steel, concrete, or reinforced concrete masonry. Relies on shear connections.

Types of settlement

-Differential settlement: when different parts of the building settle at different rates. This can lead to large cracks and create building failure. Most likely to occur where soil types, building loads, or structural systems vary among different parts of a single building. -uniform settlement: settlement occus at the same rate across the entire structure

Lamella Truss

-Early 20th Century Innovation from Germany -Structural Web of Diamond like structures that spread the weight of the load evenly through the pieces.

Light Gauge Steel Framing accessories

-End clips: used to secure rafters -Web Stiffeners -Foundation Clips -Bracing -Hangers -Channel

Concrete Process

-Evaporation -curing -hydration -28 days

Types of wall insulation

-Exterior insulation of masonry: applied to the outside of the wall -In-wall insulation of masonry: applied in cavities in the wall -Interior insulation of masonry: applied to the inside of the wall

How do Grade beams work and why might they be used?

-Grade beams gather the deep foundation piles, caissons, or spread footings. -they then support the wall above. -think of them as concrete bridges that are spanning between the foundation points and supporting the building above. Span from footing to footing.

Bolts

-High-strength bolts: heat treated during manufacturing to develop greater strenght. -lower strength carbon steel bolts: used in the fastening of minor framing elements or temporary connections.

Steel Terminology

-Hot Rolled Steel: melted and cooled to be made into different parts. Used for structural work. -Cold Rolled Steel: used for finish work.

Post-Tensioned Cast in Place Concrete

-How does it work? anchoring plates are set at the edges of the slab. High strength steel strands (tendons) are run in steel or plastic ducts. Concrete is poured. -Disadvantages: cannot later cut holes into slabs without having proper knowledge for fear of cutting the cables and undermining the structure.

Different parts of arches

-Keystone: locks in the arch at the top -Voussoir: stones that create the arch as it transports the loads -Impost: transfers load from bottom of arch to the wall -Spring Line: bottom of the arch -Rise and Span

Anatomy of a tree? Ho do these features of wood impact the appearance and way it is used?

-Medullary Rays/Pith Rays: cross cracking that keeps the sap moving perpendicular to the growth rings. -Annual Rings/Growth Rings: created by changes in the speed of growth as the seasons change. Some are narrow, some are wide. Trees that grow fast, will have wider rings. -Sapwood: the part of the tree where sap still flows. -Heartwood: the older, harder, darker part of the tree where sap no longer grows.

Different cases call for different connections

-Nailing plates -Structural Connectors -Joist hangers

Fastening wood

-Nails: sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or mechanical gun. They're the favored means of fastening because they are inexpensive, require no predrilling of holes under most conditions, and can be installed extremely rapidly. -Screws: spiral threaded fasteners installed by turning action whereby the threads draw the screw tightly into the material being fastened. While screws cost more, they can be inserted with greater precision, have greater clamping force, have greater holding power, and can be backed out and reinserted for adjustments. -Lags: used for heavier structural connections. They have square and hexagonal heads and are driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver. -Bolts: used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing and in wood light framing for fastening ledgers, beams, or other heavy applications. A wrench is used to turn the nut, tightening the bolt into place. A washer is inserted under the head and nut to distribute the clamping force to a greater area.

Painting

-Pigment: color -Filler: carries the color -Binders: bind the fillers and pigment together and bind it to the material being painted. -Primer paint: bonds to the surface -Finish coat paint: protects from abuse, sun, etc. -can they be done with a single paint? many paints now combine the qualities of the finish coat and primer to both protect and bond the paint to the surface. -what are you trying to accomplish with a paint? bond to the surface, have the correct color and gloss, and be able to withstand the sun and moisture that it will be subjected to.

Penetration Tests

-Pin or Tube hammered into the ground -done in a number of places throughout the site

Platform Framing: Wind Bracing

-Roof sheathing -Wall Sheathing -Braced Wall Panel -Wind Bracing

How is lumber milled?

-Rough Carpentry and Plain sawing: cutting across the growth rings -Finish Carpentry and Quatersawing: wood cut radially to annual rings at an angle of 45 and 90 degrees

Light Gauge Steel Fastening

-Self Tapping Screws: drills its own hole, then treads into the hole. -C-shaped structural members: various depth, width, and gauge of steel -U-shaped runner channels: channels that C-members slide into that create the = of plates and rim boards or rafters.

Test Boring

-Shallow tests done by hand -Deep tests done by drilling rig

Cast in Place Concrete Structures--Design Factors

-Shape of structural bay -Span of structure -Loads -what finishes and appearance is acceptable? -shear loads -sound transmission

Steel Formwork -Small Scale

-Steel wedges -Form times -Clamps -Tie Bars -Anchor Bolts

Movement Joints

-Structure/Enclosure joints -Surface divider joints -Building separation joints

Test Pits

-Trenches dug at the job site that allow visual inspection of the soil strata and direct collection of undisturbed samples.

Braced Frames

-Vertical columns, horizontal beams, and diagonal beams needed for bracing.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of straw bale construction?

-Very insulated walls. Very important for walls to be able to breath and dry so it doesn't create condensation and molding.

Building Separation Joints

-Volume Change Joints: joints at changes in volume -Settlement Joints: separate sections with different foundation conditions -Seismic Separation Joints: breaks a big complex building into a bunch of small ones

How is water pressure relieved differently at the foundation in wet and dry locations

-Wet locations: drainage mat or equivalent so water can flow down and out and not just depend on gravel. -Dry locations: Spray on asphalt or equivalent with gravel against footings and taken away in a drainage pipe. -pay attention to the slope and grading of the site.

Excavation of a crawl space or basement (Benchmark and elevation)

-a benchmark is a never changing reference point that acts as the base for all elevations. Elevation is the vertical distance between a standard reference point (the benchmark) and the surface being measured.

Reclaimed wood

-a growing tree absorbs carbon. -a burning tree releases carbon. -therefore a wood built structure can act as a carbon sink. -helps keep carbon within the trees. -ex. Sinker Cypress: often pulled from bottom of rivers.

Earthquakes / seismic loads

-a number of forces acting once in unpredictable ways

What is rammed earth?

-a poured in place alternative to adobe. dampened earth mixed with sand, gravel, or clay that is compacted into a temporary frame to create a wall.

What is a thermal break and why is it important?

-a section of material with low thermal conductivity installed between metal components to retard the passage of heat through a wall or window assembly.

Superstructure

-above ground portion of the building

Rain and Snow loads

-act primarily downward on roofs

Seasoning Lumber

-air-dried: the wood is stacked, spaced, and contained to optimize drying, this may take weeks or months. -Kiln-dried: wood is stacked and spaced and then placed in a big oven, only takes a matter of days.

Live loads

-all the stuff we put into it. -nonpermanent loads caused by weights of the buildings occupants, furnishings, and movable equipment.

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU): what type of structures are they most commonly used?

-cellular structures -6 stories or less

Components of a Simple Steel Structure

-columns: transfer all loads vertically--eventually to the foundation -girders: support the beams and transfer loads to the columns -beams: support the joists and then transfer the loads to the girders or columns -joists: members that support the floor systems

surfacing of lumber

-done after wood has been properly seasoned. Surfacing is done to make the lumber more smooth, dimensionally precise, and safer to handle.

Angle

-equal and unequal legs. Extremely versatile and can be used for a number of different uses.

Flashing

-external: keeps moisture out of the wall -internal: drains moisture out of the wall

How are masonry wall supporting timber frames designed to make sure the wall does not collapse during a fire?

-fire cut beam joist allows the floor to collapse without taking the walls down.

How is reinforcing done when laying concrete masonry units?

-frequently reinforced with steel to increase loadbearing capacity. Horizontal reinforcing in the form of joint reinforcing and vertical reinforcing by using bars and grouting.

what is green lumber?

-freshly cut lumber -not very useful as a building material because of its high moisture content.

The Drip Line

-furthest extent of live branches; bears no relation to root zone -for long term health of tree it is important to be very selective about work done under the trees drip line.

What do the building components of slab on grade do?

-gravel: drainage -plastic: moisture barrier -wire fabric -rebar at trench footingse .

Subsurface Exploration and Soil Testing (Geotechnical Engineering)

-helps to establish the bearing capacity of the soil. How much load can be placed on it.

Wind loads

-horizontal, vertical, or upward pressures acting on a building

Earth and Water Horizontal loads

-hydrostatic pressure -lateral soil pressure loads

What are important features of treated lumber that influence your choice when picking the correct lumber for a project?

-important to know the level of preservatives within the lumber, the level of moisture it can come into contact with, and what the function of the wood will be (will it be used on the ground or above ground)

Forest Stewardship Council: Why it exists and what it does?

-in 1993 loggers, foresters, environmentalists, sociologists came together to form the FSC to consider different issues when using wood: -Forestry practices: How are the trees harvested? Are healthy forests left behind? -Millwork: How is the tree divided up into the lumber you are using? -Location: Where was the tree harvested, milled and then how far is it shipped your site? -Is there waste in this process that can be avoided with planning?

Concrete Stain Finishes

-integral stains: pigment mixed with the concrete -acid stained floors: etched into the surface of the floor

Concrete Strength

-is determined by the proportioning of elements in the mix

Seismic Base Isolation (How do earthquakes impact foundation design? Why?)

-large buildings may be placed on base isolators. When significant ground movement occurs, the base isolators flex or yield to absorb a significant portion of this movement.

Openings in a Masonry Wall

-lintels (header): spans across the top of the opening. -jambs: frames the sides of the opening, transferring the loads down. -sills: frames the bottom of the opening. Sloped to shed water.

Earth blocks--what are they and how are they used to build walls?

-made of earth, sand, clay, straw, and a binder (traditionally manure, most likely now cement)

Paralams

-made with scraps of wood. Usually not something that will be left exposed to the exterior or to the eye. Made to be structural and hidden.

Moisture content is the most important factor in how the wood will behave. why?

-moisture content is the amount of water present in wood.

Swaged Stainless Connections

-more refined and expensive cable system.

Dimension Lumber

-nominal size: what they are called vs. what they really are.

Deep Foundations (Piles, Caissons, Pile Caps)

-pile or caissons bore through incompetent soil to stable soil or rock. -caissons are reinforced concrete reaching deep into the ground with belled bottoms or pinned into the rock. -piles are steel, treated wood or precast reinforce concrete that are driven into the ground with a pile driver. -pile caps are piles ganged together to act as one for exceptional loads.

Bents

-prefabricated structural frames that include columns, beams, etc. and then are stood up on site.

Venting

-prepares steel to be galvanized. Plasma cutters use compressed air and heated electrically charged gas to cut through the steel.

Crucks

-primary structural members--usually curved--that transfer loads to the ground. two pieces that lean on one another.

Basic Platform Framing Elements

-rafters if sloped--joists if flat -outlook rafters: rafter extending beyond exterior wall face to create an overhang. -ridge rafter: rafter that supports the ridge of the roof. -fascia boards: horizontal piece of wood that caps off the outlook rafters -ceiling joists: horizontal members that rest on the outside walls and some interior walls and help the weight of the ceiling. -stud wall: wall consisting of closely spaced members usually sheathed on both faces with a wall material. -sub floor sheathing: sheathing applied over floor framing -floor joists: parallel pieces -rim joist or header joist: cross pieces at the end of joists -blocking: helps to add structure and rigidness. -sill: head off the bottoms of window and door openings -foundation: lowest support of a structure

Two-way floor and roof systems

-reinforced equally in both directions and share the bending forces equally between the two directions. Can be shallower, use less reinforcing steel, and cost less.

Balloon Framing

-result of machined nails and more efficient saw mills -frame floor and vertical studs all the way to the roof. -Disadvantage: became fire hazards because there was nothing between the floors to separate.

How is a concrete slump test done and why do we do it?

-slump cone is filled with concrete, tamped with rod, the cone is removed, and measurement of the slump (settlement) is taken. We do it to check the water levels in the concrete.

The finish surface of concrete

-smooth -broomed

Formwork Layout

-snap ties -formwork -finished concrete

Softwoods vs Hardwoods

-softwoods: Coniferous (Evergreens) leaves stay on all year -hardwoods: Broadleaf (Deciduous) loses leaves in the fall

Uplift

-soil changes or floating on subsurface water

Shallow Foundations on Spread Footings (what does a spread footing do?)

-spread footings extend below all organic matter and the local frost line to support the foundation walls.

Dimension Lumber Floor Frame: How is this done?

-standard floor frame -joists -rim joists/hangers -blocking -Sills

How to brace a building?

-steel bracing -sheath bracing

Wood Framed Stairs

-stringers: made of reasonable hardwood -treads: made of wear resistant hardwoods (maple, oak, douglas fir) -risers: made of reasonable hardwood -rise/run

What are the typical component used in light gauge steel construction?

-stud, U-channels, furring channels, L-headers

engineered lumber panels: which are structural and which are not?

-substitutes for solid lumber and are made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue. -nonstructural: Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) and Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL). least strong and expensive and are mainly used for rim boards and short-span headers. -structural: Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) are stronger and most commonly used for longer-span headers and floor beams.

Foundation

-the below ground components of the building devoted solely to the transfer of loads into the soil.

Water Table

-the depth that the soil is fully saturated

Substructure

-the habitable portion below ground

Hydrostatic Pressure

-the pressure exerted by water as it moves through the soil.

What is foundation underpinning?

-the process of strengthening and stabilizing of an existing foundation. Normally uses one of three approaches: 1. the existing foundation elements may be enlarged to distribute loads over a greater soil areas. 2. new, deeper foundations can be inserted under existing ones to carry loads to a deeper, stronger stratum of soil. 3. soil itself can be strengthened by grouting or chemical treatment

Etching

-the steel is dipped into an acid bath to clean the surfaces of dirt and impurities before galvanizing. Good to consider when working closely with a budget.

Slab on grade: importance of understanding where plumbing and electrical go before concrete slab is poured

-the trenches for the footings and for the plumbing are excavated, then the plumbing and electric is installed, and then the slab and foundation are poured.

Open web joists

-top chord -web -bearing seat -bottom chord (a mass-produced truss used in closely spaced arrays to support floor and roof decks)

Platform Wall Framing

-top plates: cross piece at the top of studs -headers and trimmers: help frame opening in floors and roofs. For large openings, these members can be doubled. -trimmer studs: framing the sides of openings, providing support to loadbearing headers. -king studs: full length studs -sill plate: made of preservative-treated wood for resistance to insects and moisture, is attached to the top of the foundation to serve as a base for the wood framing to follow. -jack studs: shortened studs that headers rest on -studs: parallel pieces -bottom plate: cross piece a the bottom of studs -building sill: vertical members connect to here, and foundation is attached to this via an anchor bolt. -sill seal: inserted between sill plate and the foundation to reduce air infiltration and to protect from moisture. -anchor bolts: imbedded into the foundation, are used to fasten the sill plate to the top of the foundation

Depth of the foundation

-two types of building foundations: Shallow and deep. -Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the earth close to the substructure. Smaller and lighter construction usually use shallow foundations. -Deep Foundations extend downward using piles or caissons through layers of weak or unstable strata to reach more competent soil or rock deeper within the earth. -stable compacted soil is needed in order to minimize settlement -the frost line is important depending on climate because foundations exposed to freezing temperatures can be lifted and damaged by soil that expands as it freezes.

Wall Types

-un-reinforced (reinforced by the way the load is put together) or reinforced (vertically reinforced by reinforcement bars and horizontally by ties, ladders, and wire trusses) -mono-structure (one kind of stone) or composite (different layers, exterior and interior, one wall bears the load while the other is decorative) -solid wall or cavity wall

Simplex Nails

-used because they have a larger head which works against uplift of strong winds. In the example in class, the Simplex nail was used to because its a larger surface area kept the fabric from pulling through.

I-Joists

-used for framing of roofs and floors -webs made from OSB and flanges made from solid lumber. -Advantages: Can span further than conventional lumber, using less raw material. They are also lighter, lack crooks and bows, more dimensionally stable, and available in greater lengths.

Dead loads

-weight of the building -combined weight of all the permanent components of the building, including its own structural frame, floors, roofs, walls, major permanent electrical equipment, and the foundation itself.

A False Water Table

-when the excavation is holding water like a swimming pool.

What are cold pour joints? Are they a structural concern?

-where concrete that is already cured or curing meets a new pour. Air bubbles can get trapped and while they don't necessarily cause structural problems, it's not aesthetically attractive.

2 different ways that deck can be fastened:

1. exposed screws in the face with a potential wood cap 2. fastener hidden between members

Features of wood that can cause problems:

1. moisture content 2. growth characteristics: knots, knotholes, decay, and insect damage. 3. manufacturing characteristics: splits and checks caused by shrinkage stresses. Crooking, bowing, twisting, and cupping because of nonuniform shrinkage.

What is Hot Dip Galvanizing? Why do we do it? What are its limitations?

A method of galvanizing in which a steel member or assembly is dipped into a bath of molten zinc. We do it to protect from rust. Limitations are: cannot cut after this, has to have vent holes.

What is a retaining wall and why do they most commonly fail?

A retaining wall holds back soil where an abrupt change in ground elevation occurs. Wall must resist the pressures of the earth and groundwater. If not, it may result in failure in the form of overturning, sliding, or undermining. Failure is most commonly caused by improper drainage control.

What is the most important feature of the sill?

Ability to shed water

What are the advantages and disadvantages of light gauge steel construction?

Advantages: Noncombustible. lighter, longer spans, consistently sized members, more stable in humid conditions, termite resistant, less drilling for services, and recyclable. -Disadvantages: can be more labor intensive than wood, thermal conductivity, condensation, insulation costs, higher fastener costs, galvanic action.

Pipe

All sizes are nominal inside diameter. Usually made to carry liquids but can be used for structural purposes as well.

Channel

Bar channel: small channel Structural channel: big channel

What are ICF's? How are they used?

Block construction. They are composed of high-density polypropylene, made from 100% post-consumer recycled plastic. This plastic is totally inert and emits nothing.

Can you explain corbelling?

By cantilevering each course slightly beyond the previous one, you can eliminate the header.

What is spalled concrete and what can be done to avoid it?

Caused by interruption in the hydration process through, overworking the surface, finishing the concrete when too cold, or not using a curing compound.

What are Radiant Slab systems?

Contains tubes running through the floor in different zones. Hot water runs through pipes in the concrete slab. People will be more comfortable in a radiant heated room rather than a forced heated room. Saves space and energy.

What is a curing compound and why do we use it?

Curing compounds help prevent shrinkage cracking by reducing the evaporation of water from the concrete. A curing compound should be applied as soon as water ceases to collect on the pavement surface. It is done to maintain the optimum moisture content which is required for the hydration of cement

What are Trowels and what impact do they have on the finish of concrete?

Different trowels will give you different finishes. Steel trowels are smooth, Aluminum trowels can be smooth but not glossy, magnesium, resin, and wood. Rougher finishes help prevent slips and falls.

How is Rebar tied and what is the goal?

Either by hand using twist hooks or a power tool

What is the general sizing of SIP's?

Foam cores are available 1" foam to 12". Typically SIP foam thickness matches the dimensional lumber sizes then the OSB adds another 1" total. Size ranges are 4' x 8' up to 8' x 24'

Synthetic decking

Has little maintenance

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks -- what is the primary feature that makes them unique from typical masonry blocks?

Highly insulated mono-structure blocks. High R value. lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material invented in the mid-1920s that simultaneously provides structure, insulation, and fire-and-mold resistance. AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, cladding (façade) panels and lintels.

Nebraska style vs. infill?

Nebraska: Bales of straw are supporting the plate that will support the roof above, Bales transfer the loads and create insulation. Infill: Straw bale acts as enclosure and creates insulation.

What are opening details for SIP's?

Openings are prefabricated when panels are ordered.

How is precast construction connected?

Panel to foundation or grade beams. panel to tube steel column, top connection detail, miter corner connections, butt-end corners, lintel, open web steel joists connections, steel truss connection

Powder Coating with Electrostatic Gun: How is it different from a traditional paint?

Positive charged polymer or epoxy sprayed on grounded object which is then heated and cooled to melt and harden the coating. (Much higher performance ratings)

What is the role of Reinforcing bars (rebar) in concrete? How does it work?

Reinforcing bars add tensile strength to the concrete. Rebar is typically bars of carbon steel with deformations (ridges) to create a frictional bond between the bars themselves and the concrete.

What are cross laminated timbers (CLT)?

Solid wood structures made of crisscrossed boards of wood locked together, good for pavilion structures or climates that you don't need a lot of insulation.

HSS (Hollow Structural Steel)

Square, rectangular, and Round Hollow Steel Tube, Labeled by its outside dimensions.

What are the different kind of lintels?

Steel Angle, Bond Beam, Concrete, Wood, or Stone

carbon storage (carbon sequestration)

Technologies or approaches to sequester, or store, carbon dioxide from industrial emissions, e.g., underground under pressure in locations where it will not seep out, in an effort to mitigate global climate change. We are still a long way from developing adequate technology and secure storage space to accomplish this. -a growing tree absorbs carbon, while a burning tree releases carbon. Therefore wood construction can cause buildings to act as carbon sinks.

What is Oxidation? What is a patina?

The patina, formed by the oxidation, on the surface of metals protect the metal from further deterioration from exposure to the elements. Not all patinas are equal.

Why do you strike the joint with a jointer towel?

To make sure the mortar joint between the masonry units sheds water and make sure that no water can get inside or pool, can create damage and imperfections.

Precast Concrete: what does it mean? How does it work?

Typically building components are welded together at plates that are set in the concrete panels. But they are also mechanically connected with building fixtures that allow the components to be bolted in place.

Why do we vibrate concrete? What happens if we don't?

Using a concrete vibrator and or rubber mallets to dislodge the air pockets and large bubbles from the forms at the visible surfaces of the concrete.

Wide Flange Beams

W-shapes: most commonly used for columns, beams, and girders. I-beams: beam or girder. H-beams: columns

The migration of water through the soil must be managed. Why and how?

Water can seep through and create mold and cracks. Waterproofing and drainage (porous backfill material drainage mats, and perforated drain piping) are the main ways of preventing these problems.

What is the most important part of the concrete mix?

Water. Water makes the mix more workable but too much water weakens the concrete.

Modified Wood. What are they and how can they be used?

Wood that goes through treatment that alters molecular structures and makes it less moisture absorbent, less likely to expand and contract, less likely to rot, and more insect repellent.

Yield Strength vs. Tensile Strength

Yield strength: when does the steel deform in compression? the point at which a material begins to deform permanently. Tensile Strength: when does the steel fail in tension? a measure of how much stress from pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking.

Why is it important to have a reliable benchmark at a job site?

a benchmark serves as a guide for all aspects of foundation construction. If the benchmark isn't reliable it can create challenges and inconsistencies.

When finishing concrete what is the Screed and why do we do it?

a hand powered or mechanical tool used to fill in gaps to help get concrete as level as possible.

Critical Root Zone

a minimum root area needed to sustain a healthy tree. -you don't want to fill over the root system because you alter the way the tree absorbs moisture and functions.

Rivets

a steel fastener consisting of a cylindrical body and a formed head. It is brought to a white heat in a forge, inserted while hot through holes in the members to be joined, and hot-worked with a pneumatic hammer to produce a second head opposite the first. As the rivet cools, it shrinks, clamping the joined pieces together and forming a tight joint. The use of rivets has been almost entirely replaces by less labor intensive techniques of bolting and welding.

Steel Cable

a strong cable composed of multiple intertwined steel wires.

What are reinforcing splines?

allow for greater spans or creation of eaves

Birdsmouth Cut

an angled notch cut into a rafter to allow the rafter to seat securely on the top plate of a wall

How are concrete floors anchored to the frame?

anchor bolts

What is a stave?

angled wood pieces put together then tightly bound with metal for watertight seal

Structure/Enclosure Joints

assures that no loads are transferred to non-load bearing members. Separate structural from nonstructural elements so that they will act independently.

Fireproofing Steel: What are some concerns when making design decisions?

building use, occupancy, size.

How do Tilt-up Slabs work?

cast-in place concrete that is then lifted into position

Cement from a pump vs. directly from a concrete truck

cement from a pump is usually much more costly and expensive then cement poured directly from a truck

Concrete Basics: Cement vs. Concrete

cement is part of concrete: cement is the binding material

Mortar

cement, slaked lime, and a fine aggregate such as sand mixed with water.

Structural Characteristics of Concrete

concrete is strong in compression but performs very poorly in tension so its use was limited until the use of steel reinforcing bars (rebar) added tensile strength.

Plywood forms and snap ties

concrete pours around and then snaps together

One way slab

concrete slab that spans across parallel beams or walls.

control joints and edging

control joints: used to ensure that the inevitable cracking occurs where you want it to. If it has to crack, might as well be in a good spot. Edging: rounds off exposed edges of the slab so it will not be chipped as easily.

Foundation loads

dead loads, live loads, rain and snow loads, wind loads, earth and water horizontal loads, horizontal structural loads, uplift, and earthquakes.

Why use Premium Treated Lumber?

depending on the use, inside vs outside

How are SIP's connected?

dimension lumber and adhesive technique or cam lock and splines (more expensive)

How do the drainage characteristics of the site impact the foundation design and performance?

drainage characteristics of a soil are important in predicting how water will flow on or under a building's site and the building substructure.

Mill Finish

factory finish of hot rolled steel

What is Mud Jacking Repair of a slab?

filling concrete underneath previously poured concrete floor to fix its settlement / failure.

What is a magnesium bull float and what purpose does it serve in the finishing of concrete?

floats across the top of the concrete, pulling the moisture to the top to help properly finish the concrete.

How is fly ash used in concrete

fly ash is a byproduct of the burning of coal and it can be used as a cementitious binder in addition to cement to lower the amount of cement needed.

Plate and Floor Plate

has grooves

What are purlins?

horizontal member between trusses that support the roof. Transition from structural rafters and joists, and it becomes a spacer for whatever sheathing / protection will go above.

Bearing Surface

how much surface area the bottom of the footings must cover. Determined by the bearing capacity.

Why must the earth be compacted?

if not settlement can cause cracking.

How to install subflooring?

installed after floor framing is complete. Subfloor panels are laid with longer dimension perpendicular to framing to make them sturdier.

Why it is important to choose the right screws when working with certain materials or finishes?

it's important for screws to be able to withsatand the conditions (inside vs outside) and that it won't react negatively with the material and causing streaking.

Bearing Capacity

load per square foot that soil can support.

Plywood

made up of thin layers of wood veneer glued together. Veneers run perpendicular to each other to make them stronger.

LVLs

made with thin veneers of wood put together to make strong beams. typically used for headers, beams, rim board, and edge-forming material.

Mortared Masonry

masonry units held with mortar

Round and Square Bar (solid)

measured by its diameter

What are Structural T's?

offer lots of structural integrity with smaller pieces, good for long spans, can support large loads, typically T's are together to form a U.

Welding

offers unique capability to designer: it can join members of a steel frame as if they were a monolithic structure. Properly done welded connections are stronger than the members they join.

How does placing of electric wiring and boxes happen efficiently?

panels have precut chases for wiring at normal heights and placements for outlets and switches. Vertical chases located about every 4 ft. To install an electrical box, cut through the interior OSB skin at the level of the chase. Remove enough foam for an electrical box to fit. Pull the wires through the chase.

Protecting the deck. Why and how?

protect deck with painting and sealing.

What are Intumescent Coatings?

protects the steel with a coating that reacts to the fire. Heat from a fire triggers a catalytic reaction causing intumescence (expansion) of an insulating char layer up to 50 times the paint film thickness

Shear connection

reinforcement around a column in a two way flat plate slab

expansion joints

separate the sections

Why do we sheath a building?

sheathing plays a critical role in the frames resistance to lateral forces exerted by wind, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Sheathing also furnishes a surface to which shingles, boards, and flooring are nailed for finish surfaces.

Cable Clamps

should be used to attach small diameter cable to anchor hardware. There should be at least 3 clamps per anchor and the "U" of the clamp goes on the short end of the cable.

Slab on Grade with Reinforced Trench Footings (impact on design and construction)

slab of concrete which structure is then built on. The trenches for the footings and for the plumbing are excavated, the plumbing installed and then the slab and foundation are poured.

Mason Bond

solvent free, single component, moisture-cured structural adhesive specifically designed to bond concrete masonry units, decorative brick, stone, rock, wood, and many other materials.

Dry Laid Stone

stacked rock---the most basic form of masonry

Why use Pre-Tensioned Concrete

sturdier

Three major building parts

superstructure, substructure, foundation

Why do we use Taped Joints?

tape similar to ice and water shield is placed over the SIP joints, especially at roof ridges to prevent air leakage and water condensation.

What is shoring in a site cast concrete slab?

temporary adjustable-length structures

Masonry

the simplest of building techniques

Why do you need the rigid board insulation? What is a thermal break?

thermal barrier helps to avoid condensation and thermal bridging. Avoid heat transfer from exterior and interior

How has the horizontal thrust been historically resolved?

use of buttressing

What are Hollow Core Slabs?

used for flooring, lighter in weight because of holes in slab.

Turnbuckles

used for making minor adjustments in cable length and for adjusting cable tension.

What are post tensioned masonry walls?

walls may be posttensioned utilizing high-strength steel threaded rods or flexible tendons rather than ordinary, untensioned vertical reinforcing bars. The effect of posttensioning is to strengthen the wall against forces that would normally induce tension in the wall (wind and seismic loads)

Do Sprinkler Systems have any impact on fireproofing the steel?

yes depending on the design of the building. Depending on design, sprinklers can be used and steel can be left exposed.