Architecture in the Global Context Review 1

Buddha

"The Enlightened One"

Great Stupa Shrine Borobudur, Java, Indonesia 800-850 CE

-*Stupa* on top of pyramidal base -Oriented to cardinal directions -Four galleries on three rising terraces -72 Smaller stupa shrines, 500 Buddahs and Bodhisavatas -Sculpted friezes show life of Buddha

12) Explain how the description 'repeated, diminishing forms along cardinal axis' relates to the shikhara roof design.

-As you approach the shikhara, the mandapas imitate the form with increasing size and importance -With regards to the roof itself, it tapers as you reach the pinnacle.

16) How does Angor Wat compare to the Hindu temples of southern India?

-Basic comparisons between North and South Temples

7) How do the architectural forms and decoration of Buddhist stupas and Byzantine churches reflect important aspects, beliefs, and symbols of their religious traditions? Can you see any common patterns or "big architectural ideas"?

-Both represent gods with icons -Axial alignment (cardinal directions, axes, etc) -Dome representative of heaven -the main important building being tallest-most prominent (elevation) -Sequencing-more important at back

13) What is the purpose of the mandapa? What activities could take place there?

-Build up, processional route (preparation to be in the presence of the deity) -Hall for Dance, Hall for offerings, Assembly, etc.

2) What is an Asokan (or Ashokan) pillar? Why and where were they erected? How can we understand the symbolism of the decorated capitals?

-Decorated Capital: Lion=Buddha -Placed along pilgrimage routes -King Ashoka was the first patron of Buddhism - Wheel= Wheel of Law, Law of the Universe -Lotus Blossom=divine purity

Great Stupa Sanchi, India (added)

-Derived from traditional burial mounds -Contains relics of the Buddha -Dome of the heaves -Axis Mundi -*Verdika* fence -*Torana* 4 gates -Circumambulation paths -*Chatra* umbrella/ Bodhi tree

15) How does the design of the temple at Angor Wat reflect both Buddhist and Hindu ideas about the shape of the universe?

-Hinduism: shikharas, the expression of the holy mountain, Mt. Mehru, and then the cave (garbagriha) -Buddhism, circumambulation and axis mundi linking heavens and earth

6) What is a "mandala"? How can the plan and elevation of the Stupa at Borobudur be understood symbolically as a "mandala"?

-Map of the Universe in hinduism and buddhism -Cicumambulation=achieving enlightenment -Ascension, the top is enlightenment/center of the universe/ heaven

3) What is a "stupa" in Buddhist architecture? What is the evolution and symbolism of the form? How does the architectural reflect both the physical requirements of prayer and worship and the symbolic requirements of Buddhist ideology and cosmology?

-Monument that indicates relics of the Buddha -Derived from traditional village burial mounds -Symbolism: dome represents the heavens, link between heavens and earth -Physical Requirements: Circumambulation, provide a pathway indicated verdika -Symbolic Requirements: 3 jewels (Buddha, Law, Monastic Life) -Cosmology: Dome of heavens and axis mundi, linking heavens and earth

The Temple of Apollo

A Doric Temple for the God Apollo , built at Delphi.

The Parthenon, Temple of Athena Polias, Acropolis 448-432 BCE

A Doric Temple for the Goddess Athena. Architects were Iktinos and Kallikrates. Cella is large compared to other temples. Has double height colonnade of the Ionic order(interior columns). People did not get to enter the temple. The interior space was home of the god. Only the priest could enter and see the statue of Athena in the inside. Phidias was a sculptor who helped with the design of this temple and designed it with marble instead of limestone. The metopes contained relief sculptures of struggles of Greeks and Amazons, Greeks and Trojans, gods and giants, and Lapiths and centaurs, all symbolizing the Greek triumph over barbarism.

Bay

A building module defined by the repetition of an element such as a column or a pier. Has 4 points of structure.

Labyrinth

A building with an arrangement of confusing pathways.

Necropolis

A cemetery of mastabas, where pharaohs were once buried.

Tryglyphs

A channeled block set between metopes in a Doric frieze.

Peristyle

A colonnaded court or garden. Columns around all four sides.

Triclinium

A dining room.

Orchestra

A flat area for dancing at a Greek theater.

Transfer Beams

A heavy beam that transfers loads from the structure above to supports that are not directly aligned below.

Post and lintel

A horizontal member, supported on its two ends by columns.

Axis

A line at the end of which movement terminates at a significant feature and thereby divides a composition into two equal parts.

Stoa

A linear building with one or more rows of columns used for shops, meetings, or exhibitions. Multipurpose building. Covered space that you can look out at. Anta, colonnade, and solid wall that held a roof.

Colonnade

A linear series of columns with entablature.

The Great Sphinx

A man-headed lion carved in situ. A ka statue for Khafre, was made of very hard rock located at a quarry site. Arms and head made of quarry limestone and the body was from hard stone that was already at the quarry site and could not be removed. Located at Giza.

Jian

A module used in Chinese wooden architecture, mostly houses, measuring about 12 by 20ft. Basic measure in construction. Unit of space in timber frame architecture.

True pyramid

A perfect geometric pyramid with flat, smooth sides.

True Arch

A perfectly round arch that uses voussoirs.

Caryatid

A pier carved in the form of a standing women and used in place of a column.

Prostyle

A portico of columns on the front of a building.

vimana (S: mountain-peak roof)

A pyramidal tower over the garbha griha of a Hindu temple of the southern, or Dravida, style.

Aegean Megaron

A rectangular room having a central hearth and four columns supporting the roof with an atrium opening. Were used in Mycenae and Minoan cultures.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in *reincarnation* and a *supreme being* who takes many forms

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. Gautamas *Four Noble Truths* 1. Life is *suffering* 2. *Suffering* is caused by *craving* 3. *Craving* can be overcome 4. The true path to *salvation* lay in the eightfold path of right view (middle way between self-indulgence and self-mortification)

Aubrey Hole

A ring of fifty-six Chalk pits at Stonehenge, named after John Aubrey.

Purlin

A secondary beam, usually supporting roof rafters.

Heel Stone

A single large block of sarsen stone standing within the Avenue outside the entrance of the Stonehenge earthwork.

Sarcophagus

A stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription.

Cap Stone

A stone fixed on top of something, like a wall or tomb.

Pier

A structural element, square or rectangular in plan, that supports an arch.

Symbolic or metaphorical purpose of the pyramid

A symbol of the connection between the ruler and the sun god. It also meant annual rebirth of nature.

Asokan pillar

a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed by the Mauryan king Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BCE. Originally, there must have been many pillars but only nineteen survive with inscriptions. Many are preserved in a fragmentary state.[1] Averaging between forty and fifty feet in height, and weighing up to fifty tons each, all the pillars were quarried at Chunar, just south of Varanasi and dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected.[2]

nagara

a style of temple architecture in northern India

axis mundi

believed to connect the heavens and the earth and regarded as the center of the world

Pagoda

A tapering tower with multiple roof levels, built by Buddhists particularly in China and Japan. Erected over relics symbolic of the Buddha's presence. Inspired by the parasol-like finials atop northern Indian stupas and by multi-storied watchtowers from Chinese military construction. Multi-storied building with layered roofs. Original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings. Later was modified into a marker in the landscape. Uesd for walking meditation and has an axis mundi. Made of masonry or wood. Hollow in the interior. Has a statue of a Buddha. Has eaves to protect the masonry. Mortar joints need to be protected.

Mt. Mehru

central square of mandala also represents the Mount Meru as the center of Universe adds emphasis to the location. The tallest part of Hindu Temple.

Etruscan Temple, 6th century BCE

A temple with Tuscan columns. Roof was wood framed with terracotta clay tiles. Has an eave and portico. Has no pediment. Has a gabled roof. The temple has one set of steps on the central axis. Has a main façade. Minimum number of columns. It is very practical. The cella is divided into three rooms (tripartite), each room dedicated to a different god. Temples were located in urban areas. Made of unbaked brick. Has terracotta statues aligned on the roof. The clay statues were painted.

chatra

A triple-tiered umbrella form set atop a stupa, symbolic of the bodhi tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment

Vestibule

An antechamber before a major space.

Newgrange passage grave, County Meath, Ireland - 3100 BCE

An earthen mound and passage grave. Had decorative boulders that surrounded the perimeter. Aligned with the solstices.

torana

An elaborate entrance gate into a Buddhist shrine

Imhotep

Architect and advisor for King Zoser (Djoser), designed the first pyramid, for Zoser's funerary complex at Saqqara.

Impluvium

Basin to collect rain water.

Tholos at Mycenae

Beehive tomb, called the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. It is a corbeled stone chamber rising 44ft in 33 horizontal courses from a circular plan 48ft in diameter, with a small chamber to the right of the entrance. Most of the stone work is covered by an earthen mound.

Khafre's Ka Statue

Kept Khafre's spirit from wandering away from his tomb at Giza.

Khufu (Cheops)

King Sneferu's son. Had the largest true pyramid built at Giza.

Megaliths

Large stone, often used in Neolithic Monuments.

Ridge Pole

Large tree trunk carved as a pole.

Midden

Layers of domestic debris that forms into hills that can be used to be built into as shelter.

Papyrus and lotus capitals

Lotus capital have two types closed bud for dark spaces that act as "night" and a open bud in open and bright spaces that act as "day". This plays on the nature of the lotus flower. Papyrus capitals also plays with nature.

Base

Lowest part of a column or pier.

Sarcophagus of the Reclining Couple, 520 BCE

Made of clay. The figures were smiling. First time we see emotion in statuary and painting. Was in a Etruscan tomb with corbelled vault.

Cardo

Main north-south Street.The cardo was the main north-south-oriented street in Roman cities, military camps, and coloniae. The cardo, an integral component of city planning, was lined with shops and vendors, and served as a hub of economic life. The main cardo was called cardo maximus

Great Wild Goose Pagoda, 645 CE

Masonry, Chinese Pagoda.

Mesolithic

Middle Stone Age

Palace of Knossos - 1900 BCE

Minoan temple or palace, unfortified. Was a labyrinth and had frescoes on the walls. Lower levels of Knossos was built from ashlar masonry while the upper floors were built from walls of rubble with timbers, wooden columns, and large wooden beams. The Minoan column was a downward tapering shaft with a bulbous torus ring and abacus block capitol. The complex had lustral-basins (a pool used for ritual purification) and the complex was made up of Aegean megarons. Single cell houses were common in the Aegean region.

Pylon

Monumental masonry entrance gates. Represented the entrance of the sun being reborn every day and the underworld.

Longhouse

Multifamily buildings during the Neolithic Era, usually made out of timber wood. As early as 6000-5000 BCE. 20-30 people could live in them. Hearth was outside, and there is only one door. House divided in 3 sections - work, sleep/eat, and grain.

Minoans

Named from Minos (was a name of a king or royal title). Lived on Modern day Crete Greece. Largest site is Knossos. Settlements were unfortified. Frescoes presented them as energetic and cheerful people.

Mycenaeans

Named from the largest citadel there, Mycenae. They were warrior kings, who settled on mainland Greece. Settlements were heavily fortified.

Catal Huyuk, Turkey c. 6500 - 5700 BCE

Neolithic City. Unfortified, dense with dwellings without streets. Entries into buildings were on the roof tops and there was high openings in the walls for ventilation. Dwellings were made of mud-brick walls and a post-&-lintel timber framework.

amalaka

in Hindu temple design, the large flat disk with ribbed edges surmounting the beehive-shaped tower

Passage grave, British Isles

Neolithic Era. Burial grave for people of prestige. Had a passage way to the burial chamber and created a series of dolmens in the passage way. At the end of the passage way there is a domed vault.

Mortise-&-Tenon Joint

knob and socket system used to join pieces of wood or stone together.

lotus blossom

most important symbol to the buddhist- complete purification of the defilement of the body; impurities of us.

Neolithic

New Stone Age

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age

Necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, 6th-7th century BCE

Old burial site with roads going through it. Two types of buildings, Tumulus and rectangular tombs. Both made of tufa. Has doors on them next to streets. Tumulus has rotunda walls. These buildings were used for tombs and houses. Tumulus was cut into rectangular spaces. Wall divided up spaces for different functions. The room in the back was the triclinium. Benches were carved out of tufa. Rectangular tomb has a gabled roof in the interior. Looks flat from the outside.

Agora

Open space used for a market space. A temple was constructed on its side and other government buildings were built there, such as a city hall.

Skene

Orchestra backdrop structure at a Greek theater.

Ionic

Order that is lighter to reflect women. Column has a base supporting its fluted shaft and a capital with volutes. Its entablature also has an architrave and frieze. Cornice has dentils. Made of marble.

Corinthian

Order that is the slenderest one and a highly decorated capital to suggest a young maiden. Features a acanthus-leaf capital on top of a fluted shaft.

Doric

Order that is the sturdiest and based on proportions of man. This column has no base and has the simplest capital atop the fluted shaft. Its entablature has a plain architrave and alternating metopes and triglyphs in the frieze, which is crowned with a cornice. Made of limestone.

Apollo, c. 500 BCE

Painted Terracotta Statue of Apollo. From a Etruscan temple.

Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamun - Thebes, Egypt c. 1400-1350 BCE

Painting on Papyrus of Nebamun at his tomb depicting what he wants to take with him to the afterlife, like the ability to move, walk and hunt.

Fresco

Painting painted into the plaster as it was wet.

Sympathetic Magic

Paleolithic Era. Idea that you could go into a sacred space and recreate the image of the animal and recreate its spirit. Prehistoric people would also throw rocks and arrowheads at the animal paintings to recreate the hunt.

Hall of the Bulls, Caves at Lascaux, France, c. 15000 - 13000 BCE

Paleolithic cave paintings. Paintings inside of the cave was made from minerals that were cut out of rock and then crushed into a powder and then was mixed with animal fat.

Eave

Part of roof that cantilevers out.

Yakshi

semi-divine female figure associated with fertility

Japanese Tea Ceremony

Performed in small structures and constructed to have harmony, reverence, purity, and silence. Tea houses are isolated and are approached by a path that enables the visitor to view the pavilion only at the last possible moment. Tea houses are not symmetrical or regular. Entrance is a low door and shoes are left outside. Windows are at eye level when one is seated. Tokonoma - alcove with a raised floor that displays treasures.

plinth

Plain, continuous projecting surface under the base molding of a wall, pedestal, or podium

Podium

Platform of the Etruscan temple.

Portico

Porch

Tufa

Porous and soft volcanic rock. Used in Etruscan settlements.

"Arch of Augustus", Perugia, 3rd century BCE

Restored by the emperor Augustus in 40 CE.

Forum

Roman market. Roman equivalent of the Agora.

Palisade

Row of timber columns that are sharpened on the top and then used to fence in a Neolithic village to protect the residents.

Temenos

Sacred site, sanctuary, would have a temple for Greek gods and goddesses. Sacred sites were set apart from towns and villages on mountains and woods. They were neutral sites.

Temple of Hera Olympia (ca. 600-590 BCE)

Same idea of the original Greek temple but larger scale and replaced its wooden columns with stone columns and had fired-clay roof tiles. Had the Doric order and was a Archaic Greek Temple.

Volute

Scrolls.

Canon

Set of rules for designing figures and buildings, such as rules of proportion.

Alignment, Carnac, France, c. 4250 - 3750 BCE

Several rows of stone alignments. 2 miles long and made up of menhirs.

Stone Alignment

Several rows of stones.

Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer, Thebes, Egypt c. 1290-1280 BCE

Shows entry into the underworld of the pharaoh Hu-Nefer.

Hypostyle Hall at the Temple of Amon-Re at Karnak, 1290-1224 BCE

Sizable chamber created by rows of large columns placed closely together. Had a stone grill - screen that would cut down on the glare and keep sand from blowing into the window, and columns made of several stones. Has drawings etched into the stone and whitewashed.

Hypostyle hall

Sizable chambers created by rows of large columns placed closely together.

Ashlar

Smooth stone masonry laid so that the joints are visible.

Menkaure (Mycerinus)

Son of Khafre, had the smaller of the three main true pyramids at Giza.

Khafre (Chephren)

Son of Khufu, had the second largest true pyramid built at Giza.

Ka

Spirit of the king. It was believed that a Ka statue at a king's tomb would keep the spirit from wandering away.

Ma

Spirit of the queen.

chakra

wheel-symbolizes wheel of law

Capitoline Wolf, Rome, Italy 580-420 BCE

Statue found in the Capitoline hill. Made from the Etruscans. Discovered from the Renaissance. Legend was that there were two baby twins. The parents died. The uncle left them by the Tiber River to die. A she-wolf fed them. Shepard eventually found them and took them home. Named Romulus and Remulus. They went down to the Tiber River to pick out a site for a village to honor the wolf. Remulus was killed from Romulus accidentally. Romulus founded Rome.

Aulus Metelus 1st century BCE

Statue of a Etruscan. Orator was a pose Romans used before they were to make a public speech. Senator, represented the Etruscan people.

Menhir

Stone put in the landscape, vertically by humans. Ex: Carnac France

Obelisk

Stone shaft with a pyramid on top. Pyramid shapes such as the great pyramids was a symbol of the connection between the ruler and the sun god. Monolith (one rock), cut on four sides and had hieroglyphs with a story of the king. Glorified the pharaoh and was a visual marker in the landscape.

Nanchan Temple, Wutaishan, China, 782 CE

Structure of 3 bays, set in south-facing courtyard with flanking structures. The central bay has extra width to emphasize its axial placement. The courtyard provides a viewing place to view the statues. The monks place offerings on the altar.

The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, c. 400 BCE

Temenos built on a hillside. Had walls to mark sacred ground from normal ground. This was believed to be a Holy site, a place out in nature that was believed to be connected to the gods. They built a Temple dedicated to Apollo here. Inns, treasuries, and a Tholos Temple was built here too.

Acropolis, Athens, 421-407 BCE

Temenos for Athena. Contains the Temple of Athena Nike, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, and the Parthenon.

Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, c. 1500 BCE

Temple carved from a cliff face. Moved to a new site for the Aswan dam. Rock cliff temples were often keeping treasure in them, because people were afraid of desecrating a temple. They feared eternal punishment to their family.

Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri 1473-1458 BCE

Temple was devoted to Amon (sun god). Has 3 terraces and 2 ramps. The temple is a rock cut temple, cut into the cliff face. Aligned to the temple of Amon. Celebrates the harsh sunlight. The columns don't have a base stone, just a shaft with a capital on top.

garbhagriha (sanctuary or womb chamber)

The "womb chamber" or shrine room at the heart of a Hindu temple.

Feng shui

The Chinese art of adjusting the building to particular features of the individual site and its microclimate. A Daoist principle that human actions should be in accord with the Cosmos.

Stylobate

The base, usually having steps, on which a colonnaded temple sits.

Architrave

The bottom portion of an entablature.

Echinus

The carved cushion like molding that with the abacus formed the Doric capital.

Atrium

The central space of a Roman house, open to the sky and serving as a source of light and fresh air.

Citadel of Mycenae

The city is located on high ground, protected from mountains to the north and on the south the city was flanked by two ravines. The city was concerned about defense. The fortification walls were 18-24ft thick and up to 40ft high. Construction of boulders set in position with minimal shaping and no mortar except for the sections adjacent to the gates where the stone was cut into large blocks. Used cyclopean masonry and main entrance was the Lion Gate. Had narrow passageway for defense.

Brahma

The creator, one of the three primary deities of Hinduism

Eave

The edge of the roof plane that projects over the exterior wall of a building.

Opisthodomos

The enclosed room at the back of a Greek temple, often used as a treasury.

Settle Refinements to the design of the Parthenon

The four columns on the corner are wider and moved on the diagonal by just a little bit. The columns on the side leans inwards a little bit. Stylobate and the Entablature curved along the center and back down again. Changes were done to adapt it so that it looked perfect from far away. This was done by entasis. The ornament was organized on the temple. Will only find ornament on the pediment, entablature and frieze within. Interior columns was Ionic order. Statue of Athena sat inside.

Pediment

The gable end of a temple, framed by cornices.

mandala

The geometrical diagram based on a subdivided square that is used to generate proportions for Hindu temple designs and Buddhism. *Act of Worship*

Frieze

The horizontal element above the architrave and below the cornice in an entablature. Band of sculpture on the entablature.

Entablature

The horizontal elements supported by columns, consisting the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Pax Romana

The peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire. Largest extinct of the Roman Empire. Rome piece under Emperor Augustus.

Naos

The sanctuary of a Greek temple.

Cella

The shrine room in the center of the temple.

Entasis

The slight outward curve of a column which then tapers to the top of the shaft.

harmica

The square railing at the top of a stupa.

Abacus

The stone set directly over the capitol on a classical column.

shikhara (N: mountain-peak roof)

The tall curving roof, often with a parabolic profile, that rises like an artificial mountain over the garbhagriha in a Hindu temple

bodhi tree

The tree under which Sidartha Gautama achieved enlightenment.

Cornice

The uppermost part of an entablature and overhangs off the wall.

Pronaos

The vestibule or front porch to the shrine room in a Greek Temple.

Etruscans

They settled and developed their culture in modern day Tuscany. Settlements were organized into autonomous city-states. The economy was based on agriculture and international trade especially in metals. They developed their own city states and had their own rulers. Their city-states were independent of each other and they had a peaceful culture.

Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland, c. 3100 - 2500 BCE

This site used to contain a series of Paleolithic camp sites before the village. Shelters were made of midden and thatch.

Beam and bracket construction

Tongue and groove, and notching, no nails. Masonry is rigid and collapses in earthquakes, however wood is more flexible so survives better in earthquakes. The structure is designed to flex a little. The structure is tied together with rope. Brackets are built up to support smaller length beams.

Twine

Twisted dried grass that is then braided and was used to tie things together.

Watchtowers

Used to sight forest fires. Had multiple stories with eaves. Not as tall as the pagoda.

Step pyramid

Uses flat platforms as steps, receding from the bottom up to form a pyramid shape. Bottom step is a mastaba in some cases.

Anta

Wall thickenings.

Rotunda

Walls following a circle plan.

Proskenion

Was a raised platform for actors directly in front at a Greek Theater.

City of Rome

Was founded on 7 hills of the Tiber River. The town is formed off of the topography. Cattle market was the first forum of the city.

Paleolithic Hut

Were built with landscape materials. They were bind by tree branches with braided grass on top. They would also have stones surrounding the outside of the hut and the hut would have a circular or oval shape.

Clerestory

Windows placed high in a wall, generally above lower roof elements.

Dou

Wooden blocks that sat atop the columns similar to the capital in Classical architecture. It supports pairs of going brackets.

Dolmen (trilithon)

2 upright posts capped by a single lintel.

The Pyramids at Giza, 2550-2460 BCE

3 pyramids - largest Khufu, Khafre - medium one, and Menkaure, the smaller one. Pyramids are solid stone. Perfect square at the base. Pyramids used to be covered by limestone. The four corners are orientated by the 4 cardinal points.

Voussoir

Describes masonry that has canted sides, rounded bottom and rounded top. Used for a true arch.

Pyramid at Saqarra, c. 2360 BCE

Designed by Imhotep, for Pharaoh Djoser. This was Egypt's first pyramid and monumental construction in stone. The pyramid started as a Mastaba, and has 6 steps. The exterior of the pyramids was dressed in limestone.

Tholos Temple, 4th century BCE

Doric order and circular peristyle temple built at Delphi that wasn't dedicated to anyone. Oracle of Delphi (woman who could speak to the gods) lived at this temple at Delphi.

Classical Orders

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

Typical Pompeiian House Plan, 6th century BCE

Has 3 doors on the street side. Vestibule would lead to the atrium. Impluvium - basin that would catch water falling from the roof in the atrium. Tablinum - reception room. Triclinium - dining room. Roman houses were constructed with stone, brick, and timber.

The Temple of Athena Nike Acropolis, 427-424 BCE

Has Ionic style, symbolizing the characteristics of the Nike, a mystical, small, female, fairy with glowing wings. They were a good omen.

Chinese House

Has an atrium. Compact with a fortified wall. Multiple stories, for future generations. Has eaves to protect the structure.

Atrium House

Has an opening in the roof, the atrium, and a impluvium down below to collect falling rain water.

Acropolis

High city or city of the gods.

Purlins

Horizontal beams (tree branches) that were used with twine to form roofs.

Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, c. 1473-1458 BCE

Husband of Queen Hatshepsut.

stupa

In Buddhist architecture, the mound of earth and stones erected over relics of the Buddha or, by extension, over the remains of a holy person

gopura

In Hindu architecture, a monumental gateway erected on axis with the temple.

chaitya hall

In India, a traditional village memorial erected over the grave of an honored person. A structure built to enclose such a memorial and permit circulation around it is known as a chaitya hall.

Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerverteri, 3rd century BCE

Interior was covered in plaster so they would carve into it. Everything the family might have were carved into the tomb walls, such as tools, robes, and cooking materials.

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England c. 2900 - 1400 BCE

Is a Cromlech. Made in 4 stages, and has a round ditch around it. The ditch was a perfect circle. 100 feet in diameter. Has a post and lintel system. Between the two cromlechs of post and lintels there was a circle of blue stones.

Tuscan Order

It has a base stone, shaft and capital. However the shafts were of wood on top of a stone base. Has no fluting. The capitol was also made of wood. The capital is spreading its width.

Two earliest known urban communities

Jericho and Catal Huyuk

Khandariya Mahadeva temple Khajuraho, India ca. 1025-1050 CE

-Northern Style Temple -Shikara -Garbhagriha -Axis Mundi, image -Mandapas -On top of a *plinth* -*Mandapas* -Growth and proliferation of forms that *get larger as they grow taller*

14) What was the original purpose of the temple at Angor Wat? What did it become?

-Originally a temple to Vishnu, completed as a shrine to royal Khmer Dynasty, converted into a place of Buddhist Worship

Chaitya Hall (Cave Temple) (added)

-Porch has pairs of columns, sculpted and painted -Ribs along ceiling to imitate barrel vault -*Stupa* with *chatra* at back

8) What is the importance of temples in Hindu society: what takes place there, who participates, how do they reflect the role of the arts?

-Represent the link between the gods, people, and universe -Focus of life; educational, religious, social, and cultural -Worshipped deity with various art forms -Everyone participates, it was the center of life

Brihedesvara Temple (Rajarajeshvara Temple to Shiva) Tanjor, India 11th century CE

-Southern Style Temple -*Vimana* replaces Shikara -Dedicated to Shiva, built by Chola dynasty -Longitudinal Axis

4) What are the main architectural elements (using correct terminology) of the Great Stupa at Sanchi?

-Torana -Harmika -Axis Mundi -Verdika -Chatra -Circumambulation Paths -Multi-level

5) What is a Chaitya Hall? What are the main architectural elements?

-Village Memorial -Cave Temple -Stupa inside -Barrel Vault (or imitation with Ribbing) -Imitation of Persian Capitals

1) What are the 3 major religious traditions of ancient India? What do they have in common?

1. Buddhism 2. Hinduism 3. Jainism -Transmigration of the Soul; Reincarnation

9) What are the three roles of the Hindu temple?

1. Dwellings for the god 2. Places of worship 3. Objects of worship themselves

The City of Athens

Before this city, there was a small port village and north of it was a clearing on a mountainous hill. Built a temenos there for the goddess Athena. People would flee to the rock up cropping during warfare. They called it the Acropolis. It was always too dangerous to go home during the archaic period. People started to live on the rock. Farmers found out if they got to the rock first they would sell their crops. Markets cropped up around the acropolis. Eventually everyone moves back out of the temenos and lived outside of it. The Agora was then established at the city. A temple was constructed on its side and other government buildings were built there, such as a city hall. Founded a representative government, early democracy.

Spear Bearer (Doryphoros), Polykleitos, c. 440-430 BCE

Bronze statue that symbolized human proportion and served as a model to sculptors. Showed perfect body in motion and perfect balance. Statue built by Polykleitos. Statue originally had a bronze spear.

Bucrania

Bulls head made from plaster, horns, and skulls.

Thatch

Bundles of dry grass.

Cromlech

Circular pattern of stones.

Tumulus

Circular structure.

Tholos

Circular.

Polis

City State

Caryatid

Column carved as a person.

In antis columns

Columns in the plane of the front and rear walls and between anta.

Peripteral Columns

Columns placed around all sides of a building.

11) What are the significant differences in architectural form between "northern" and "southern" Hindu temples? What elements do they have in common?

Common: Garbhagira, axis mundi, mandapas, plinth Difference: Shape of mandapas, shikhara or vimana, amalaka or capstone

Tripartite

Consisting of 3 parts, like a 3 part cella.

Ise Shrine, Mie Prefecture, Japan, 690 CE - present

Consists of 2 Shinto shrines 4 miles apart. The outer shrine (Geku) dedicated to Toyouke, goddess of agriculture and the earth and the Inner Shtine (Naiku) dedicated to Amaterasu, goddess of the sun. Layout for each shrine is similar, 4 concentric sets of fences surround the shrine, each entered through a gateway (torii), and the buildings are symmetrically disposed to each side of a central axis. At the center is the main sanctuary, flanked by east and west treasure houses. White stones cover the courtyard. Materials at the shrine are reassembled and rebuilt with new materials every 20 years. Means, birth, death and birth again. Platform made with wood. Four columns, one in each corner. Ridge pole, one on each side. Purlins are supported with the top beam and the side beam on each side. Thatch is then attached to the purlin. They shaved the top of the thatch to create a perfect right angle at the corners and tapered it. Wall panels - grass mats. Japanese appreciate materials and want each one to shine.

Torus

Convex, roughly semi-circular molding often seen at the base of a classical column.

Dentils

Cornice molding composed of rectangular blocks set in a row like teeth.

Horyu-Ji Monastery, Nara Prefecture, Japan, 670 - 714

Earliest surviving Buddhist temple. The temple buildings are set within a courtyard defined by a covered perimeter corridor and made accessible through an inner gateway (chumon). Balanced asymmetry. Has a centrally placed kodo. The complex has a 5 story pagoda and the kondo (Golden Hall). Has a wall and an entry gate. Has beam and bracket construction and swooping roof. The Kondo sits on a square plinth. Has a stair case on the center, one on each of the four sides. Wood beam construction and has an interior for sitting meditation. Pagoda for walking meditation. Towered to mark the axis mundi. Can be entered to see the Buddha statue. Kondos and pagodas both hold relics.

Mastaba

Earliest tombs that were built as eternal houses for the departed and were based on the design of dwellings for the living. They were built from bricks, bundled reeds and wooden supports. The building was a block like structure above ground containing a small room for offerings and another for the body and a statue of the deceased. Later a deep shaft was added to the design that places the body at its base with the shaft filled with stone and rubble to deter would-be robbers.

Decamanus

East-west route.

Pharaoh

Egyptian king.

Bracket Sets

Elaborate interlocking supports in Chinese architecture that produce a roof overhang. The overhang was for protection of the wooden construction from the weather. The bracket sets began with the dou. The bracket sets then support beams and purlins.

Metopes

Element of the Doric frieze, set alternately with triglyphs. Panels contain low relief carvings.

verdica

Fence surrounding a stupa

Pilaster

Flattened column.

Temple of Amon-Re at Karnak, 1290-1224 BCE

Fortified by an exterior wall with two entry gated and orientated by the 4 cardinal directions. Has pylon gates and a controlled path throughout the building. Has a series of enclosed courtyards between the pylons.

Megaron

Fundamental unit of building and space. Used for ceremonial uses.

The Propylaia Acropolis, 437-432 BCE

Gateway to the Acropolis. Has the Doric order.

10) Describe the fundamental design elements and symbolic forms of Hindu temples, using the vocabulary listed above.

Gateway: gopura Processional Route: Mandapas Towers: Shikhara or Vimana Womb Chamber: Garbhagria Image of the deity Axis Mundi Imitates Mt. Mehru, home of the gods Physical and symbolic focal point of village life

Kondo

Golden Hall, the repository for religious images, main hall of a Japanese Buddhist temple.

Fluting

Grooves carved into the surface of the column with a tip between each flute. The tip will catch the tips leaving the groove dark, so it looks curved from far away.

The Erechtheion, Acropolis, 421-407 BCE.

Had painted frescoes from other buildings stored there with statues such as the wooden statue of Athena. Used Ionic columns. Used as a storage place. Porch of maidens attached to the building later after construction. The Caryatids were Captives of war - feet and arms were bound by rope.

Half-Timber Construction

Half timber and half other materials. Has a wood post at the corner. One in each corner to hold up the beams and lower beams. Put cross timbers at the diagonal on the sides. The inside spaces were filled with brick, stone, mortar or other materials. Then covered with plaster.

mandapa

Hall in a Hindu temple, sometimes with a pyramidal superstructure, and with columns supporting intricate ceilings