ARH Exam 2 cam123

Which artist explored the possibilities of bold colors and distorted forms, often employing energetic and thick brushstrokes?

Vincent van Gogh

In Matisse's painting Red Room, the color harmony he achieves with the color red merges which two elements of the scene?

Wall and table

Chapter 29 Notes

● During this time changes were happening very rapidly in Europe, both politically and culturally. Two world wars happened so there were a lot of border changes. The Great Depression also affected Europe, especially Germany. ● Changes in the arts usually follow some type of upheaval or change which is why art was able to change and grow during these times. ● Artists saw the rise of new economic ideologies being implemented across Europe such as Capitalism and Communism. ● Salons and Academies start to die during these days. ● The Avant Garde are those who questioned the old rules of art and brought about change in the early 20th Century. ● Fauves referred to those painters who did not follow the "rules" of art at the time. ● Fauve means wild beast in French. ● Fauves were trying to keep a lot of impressionism in their paintings with added color juxtapositions. Build on post-impressionism. ● Painters started to use colors as a representation of emotion not necessarily how something looked exactly. ● Never officially became a group of artists and most moved out of Fauvism within 5-10 years. ● Henri Matisse was the most famous of these artists. ● They stopped trying to make things look 3-D. ● "I cannot copy nature I instead interpret nature" - Matisse ● Fauvism inspired "the bridge" and "the blue writer" in Germany. German expressionism ● "The bridge" artist hated the state of German society at the time (pre-WWI) ● Families are separated at work in the new economic system. ● Kirchner was a German painter and a part of "the bridge" movement. ● Kandinsky and Franz Marks were German and a part of "the blue writer" ● Abstraction was very big in "the blue writer". ● Religion and Science play a huge role in influencing the arts. ● Kandinsky believed that material objects had no real substance. ● He felt they should not have to mimic reality just like musicians do. ● Several women including Kathe Kollwitz were involved in German expressionism. ● Used art to convey feelings about political and cultural events going on during the time. ● Primal nature in her paintings groups her with the other German expressionists. ● Pablo Picasso was a Spaniard who went through many different phases of painting throughout his life. ● He had a never ending quest for innovation in art. ● He simplifies much of what he paints to the point where the people in his paintings look very unrealistic. ● George Braque and Picasso developed Cubism, which preferred shapes and forms over details and literalism. ● They use abstraction very often. ● Futurism explores many Cubist stuff. Optimistic future ● Saw war as a cultural cleansing agent and glorified the concept. ● War is a way to start fresh in their minds. ● Not looking at the past, they were much more focused on painting either very current or future things. ● Changed the look of what made art good. ● They loved the outcome of WWI although most other artists did not feel this way at the time. ● The war was pretty much a stalemate in the trenches for 4 years which took a great toll on society and led the next 20 years of the art. ● Dadaism was a movement during the war and extending a few years after. ● Characteristics included humor, artistic freedom, irrationalism, and spontaneity ● They did not feel that everything the painted needed to be serious and one could have fun with art. ● Dada in Berlin had already found a lot of connection to politics by the time it reached Germany. ● Hannah Hoch was a famous German Dada artist. ● The scattering of stuff across the canvas has a meaning it is not just random. ● Her painting depicts Vladimir Lenin as "The Great Dada" which is interesting because as we know now he was not someone that deserves admiration from anyone. ● New Objectivity Movement - All members served in the German army at some point. ● Max Beckmann had rationalized the war to himself before the war started, but by the end of the war he became very pessimistic about life. ● The horrors of war had truly scarred him and changed his outlook on life forever. ● The movement showed through art how the soldiers and citizens were mistreated by the German government. ● Eventually this was replaced by Surrealism. ● Began as a literary movement, expressed through art the world of dreams. ● Salvador Dali was a very famous Surrealist. ● He takes objects and puts them in his paintings; however, the objects seem to defy the laws of physics and how they normally look. ● Hitler and the Nazi's hated the artwork of these "degenerate" arts. ● They took over 16,000 paintings and persecuted the artists. ● Rene Magritte was a Belgian painter who was a Surrealist. ● They play with assumptions about how things should be. ● "The Style" movement was about bringing life and optimism back to Europe. ● This movement also inspired new architecture. ● Air, light, and space were viewed as very important in this time.

CH 27 Notes

● Napoleon swooped in and created his own monarchy in France and declared himself the first console of the french republic ● He wanted to channel the same power seen in Rome. ● Napoleon gained control of all Europe by making countries dependent on him and absorbing other countries. ● After Napoleon's death the geography of Europe changed. ● Neoclassicism fell out of favor and was replaced by romanticism. ● All of the works were painted to glorify Napoleon. ● In Ingres's painting, Grande Odalisque, the woman depicted is Napoleon's sister, the Queen. Napoleon would make those close to him in charge of other countries so he could control them too. ● Romanticism was inspired by the desire for freedom. Romantics believed everyone should have freedom. ● A lot of the inspiration for the painting were creepy ideas that were meant to spook people through emotion. ● Fuseli's painting the Nightmare, consists of a girl passed out with a monkey on her while a creepy horse stares in the background. The painting is done in darker colors and is meant to spook the audience. ● Francisco Goya's most famous painting is believed to be the third of may. A more contemporary romantic painting. The painting emphasized they were brutalized by the french and the innocence of the spanish. ● Goya became the official artist of King charles the fourths court ● People lost faith in the king and turned to the king's son who turned to napoleon. Napoleon took advantage of him to take over spain. ● Goya had become deaf and was left blind and unable to move for a little due to an illness. ● Goya's dark mental state is seen in a series of paintings made by him known as the black paintings. They are frescoes made on his barn house outside his house. The paintings were made for himself and shows us his mental state is off. ● One of the paintings is Saturn devouring one of his children. Some think the painting is a metaphor to the passage of time driving Goya nuts ● Artworks were given back because Napoleon would go and steal works of art. ● Gericault's raft of medusa was a depiction of a crashed ship with stranded passengers rafting. The painting is massive 16x23 and also captures the creepy romantic dark style. ● There is still a little bit of neoclassicism with the stature of the people and how cut they are. ● Eugene Delacroix was another french romantic artist at the time. ● His painting Liberty leading the People is meant to be a sign to the people that they do not need to be slaves in their country and they should revolt back. All of the classes are seen within this painting and this encourages every class to rise up and revolt. Notre Dame in the back lets the audience know where this is occuring ● Joseph Turner was famous for landscape painting. In his landscape painting of the slave ship he creates a barbaric nature of what the captain of the ship did to the slaves by dumping them into the water. ● Turner uses color alone to show the emotion of the image and makes the audience focus on the brush strokes. ● In America, landscape painting was very popular, and the Hudson River school was very famous for their landscape artwork. ● Most of their paintings were the landscape of the Hudson river. ● The founder of the Hudson river school was Thomas cole. ● In Cole's painting The Oxbow he is able to create different scenes within one painting and manifest destiny was the progression of the green forests to prairie. ● Realism was a development that developed in France and focused on science and how you could only paint what you see. ● Famous realism artist Millet painted the people of cities performing activities. ● His painting the Gleaners shows women in the field doing their gleaning task. ● The new french middle class did not like the realism style because they did not want to see the poor peasants in the paintings. ● Millet's work was seen more as a political statement. ● The most famous realism painter was Edouard Manet who painted people doing everyday life in industrial france. ● In his painting the luncheon on the grass depicts men dressed in typical clothes and women sitting with them naked. The woman is completely unphased by her nudity. ● Manet wanted to critique european painting all the way back to the renaissance. ● The painting offended the salons of the days because there was no three D form and threw out the ways to paint and tossed the rules out. ● Realism was also alive in the states. ● Thomas Eakins painted the Gross Clinic. Which is a depiction of a doctor giving a lecture while operating on a man. ● The painting contained more realism than people could handle at the time. ● Prefabricated architecture became a popular form of architecture. Using prefabricated parts allowed the world to build huge palaces and dismantlable. ● Joseph Paxton painted the crystal Palace in London. ● Another invention that changed the game was the camera. ● Louis Jacques Daguerre created the first camera process known as the Daguerreotype process. ● Photography was the solution on how to show age old objects three dimensionally ● Some artists were terrified of losing their jobs to photography. Others embraced it and thought they could use it to benefit them. ● Each individual image was a unique still life of itself; the only thing missing was color. ● Photography was the key to recording historical events such as the civil war. ● Timothy O'Sullivan was famous for photographing the horrific events of the civil war. People saw his images as very truthful and real representation of reality

CH 28 Notes

● Rapid spread of second wave industrial revolution in late 18th hundred(1870s) throughout Europe ● Industrialization was tied to urbanization and city expansion was growing as well ● Dramatic improvements in life expectancy and medicine ● Charles Darwin-natural selection, Karl Marx influenced politics and a new move to a more socialist policy ● Modernist artists began to exam the actual point of art and ask questions about where are comes from and what it means ● Claude Monet-Sunrise, 1872, oil on canvas, Paris, impressionism-spontaneous,sometimes sketchy, very flowing, painted by outside instead of studio so he can paint what he sees while he paints, Monet-"focus on object of what your mind is seeing." no attempt at hiding the brush strokes, wants you to draw attention to canvas itself ● Impressionists artists became very apt in the use of light and color to try and make them blend better together and portray reflections like in real life ● Impression artists used Complementary colors-intensify one another when placed next to each other, Adjacent-colors on a color wheel blend well together ● Modernism-stop trying to portray depth and illusion as much ● Pierre-Auguste Renior, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette-1876, oil on canvas, painting real life scene, ordinary working class people crowded at the Moulin, shows this move from 9-5 people who used to work on farms now having free time on weekends and such because they all work at factories, cut off figures on the edge of the canvas, candid almost like a photo, ● Impressionists wanted to paint the incidental and the ordinary day almost as an attempt to rebel against the academy ● Edgar Degas-The Rehearsal, 1874, oil on canvas, most of his works are of dancers like this one, obsessed with motion and the motion of ballerinas pictured here, spiral staircase blocking view of some of dancers, no real structuring and central point which is much different than how it has been at the academy, another painting shown as if a camera had just taken a picture of it ● James Abbott Mcneil Whistler- Nocturne in black and golf, 1875, oil on panel, abstract terms for name of his paintings, dark background with gold specks meant to represent fireworks, another true candid, ● Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec-At the Moulin Range, 1892-1895, examining the qualities of pattern form and line, this is post impressionism, parisian nightlife painting, Toulouse came from wealthy family but had a birth defect so he was pretty outcasted, died of alcoholism at 37, cut off figures in this painting, asymmetrical compositions, colors that stand out, exaggerated each of these elements, somewhat of a dark mood ● Lautrec also made famous poster art ● Georges Seurat-a Sunday on La Grande, 1884, oil on canvas, picture of people hanging out on the island of Jatte, Uses optical mixing that mixes paint to make images look clear only from distance, represents all of parisian society(wealthy, poor, men, women), uses pointillism to make rigid picture and lines ● Vincent Van Gogh-Night cafe, 1888, oil on canvas, wants to express darkness in a drinking spot, view is from above, creepy ghostlike proprietor at the pool table, mixing of colors, rooms walls are blood red, anxiety inducing place ● Paul cezanne, basket of apples, 1885, oil on canvas, turned to still life painting, uses light and color, looks like we are looking at the table from above and the side, bottle seems to be leaning to the left, attempting to understand how to show us all sides of the object at the same side, some of the cookies are popping towards us others look like it is from the side ● Paul Cezanna-Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1902-1904, oil on canvas, if you get too close the reality he is trying to portray goes away, it is a picture of a mountain and farmland, clear brush strokes and blended together, playing with power of color, dark colors are pushing mountain into the back and warmer colors bring the farmland toward the audience, ● Gustave Moreau-the apparition, 1874-1876, watercolor on paper, symbolist-very against material and consumer culture, became very visionary and hippie like, also many took drugs like lsd, uses the seductive feature of women with woman in the front pointing out to the head of st.John the baptist, gold and jewels and dripping blood coming from his head, hallucinatory imagery, ● Henri Rousseau-Sleeping Gypsy, 1897, oil on canvas, lion on top of this sleeping gypsy in the desert mountains, rousseau had a dark and exotic imagination, lion looks like a cardboard cutout while sniffing it but its eyes pop out, symbolist, dreams being represented through her sleep, shows interest in people Like Sigmund Fred and his works at the time ● Gustav Klimt-The kiss, 1907, oil on canvas, looks like they are floating, gold background, 2 dimensional, can barely see their bodies but face is realistic, he is grabbing her face and pulling it toward his to kiss, man is portrayed with more sharp edges ● William Morris-Green Dining Room, advocating for art for all audiences, these people were socialists, walls have lots of color, materials made with human hand ● Victor Horta- Staircase in the Van Eetvelde House, Brussels, Belgium, art nouveau, make art on spaces that could be functional in the house, Large circular glass at the top, drapery in curtains, curlings in the metal posts on the rails, leaf motifs on the floor, bringing craftsmanship into mass produced objects

In this statue, Greenough, the sculptor, likens which American founder to the god Zeus?

George Washington

What did Dadaists believe led to the destruction and loss of life of World War I?

Reason and logic

In Gustav Klimt's The Kiss, how does the artist use flat patterning to distinguish between the male and female figures?

Rectangle shapes cover male, circles cover female

Which painter made Parisian dance halls and open, outdoor plazas the subjects of many of his paintings, including Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette?

Renoir

Described as awe mixed with terror, the notion of the sublime had a role in which intellectual movement?

Romanticism

Which movement had its roots in Impressionist precepts and methods but felt Impressionism forfeited too many traditional elements of art-making?

Post-Impressionism

In constructing the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851, what cost-effective innovation did Joseph Paxton employ?

Prefabricated elements

As discussed in lecture, who killed Jacques-Louis David's friend, Jean-Paul Marat?

A member of a rival political faction

Georges Seurat's painting technique relying on an optical effect involving spots of color is referred to by what term?

Pointillism

Which early photographer (that we discussed in lecture) used the new medium to produce documentary images of the immediate aftermath of Civil War battles?

Timothy O'Sullivan

Which Post-Impressionist painter was the first great master in the new art form of the poster, one of which is shown below?

Toulouse-Lautrec

Picasso's radical painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon reveals his fascination with ancient Iberian sculpture as well as the artistic traditions of which continent?

Africa

The Enlightenment notion of "progress" and the scientific revolution are highlighted in the paintings of which artist?

Joseph Wright of Derby

J. M. W. Turner's distinctive style is most recognizable in his use of which element of painting?

Color

Which of the following works embodies the Enlightenment embrace of the values of the Greco-Roman world?

Kauffman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures

Who is the artist of the work shown below? The guys rowing boats in the river with buildings in backround

Antonio Canaletto

Which artistic movement arose out of the idea of John Ruskin and William Morris, with their emphasis on producing functional objects with high aesthetic value?

Arts and Crafts

At the turn of the 20th century, artists who were viewed as being ahead of their time and who transgressed the limits of established art forms are referred to by what term?

Avant-garde

CH 26 Notes

By 1700 Louis the 14th still ruled france ● By 1800 revolutions had overthrown the monarchy in France ● During the 1800s an industrial revolution began in France which started the change in Western Europe ● After Louis 14 died power started shifting towards aristocracy ● People began to leave the palace and live in towns and cities ● The upper class already had some powers in society such as exemption from certain taxes, forced lower class to do labor, and established their presence as art patrons. ● Art shifted away from huge palaces and more towards tiny town houses and hotels. The shift was called rococo. ● Rococo was a style for interior design. ● Came from the inspiration of roca seashells with the spirol. ● Baroc has much more defined lines and hallways where you can tell where the ceiling and wall start when in rococo it's much more organic and flows. ● Fragonard was a first rate colorist. And in his painting the swing goes with the rococo carefree feeling, and the soft colors combine with the characters to create a lack of seriousness and a carefree feeling. ● Rococo was not the only style, as feudalism faded the social classes began to loosen up. ● Enlightenment thinkers believed reason over faith ● England and France are the main two countries involved in the enlightenment. ● By 1850 England had the first booming industrial economy, this allowed for the development of photography and new materials like iron. ● In the painting a philosopher giving a lecture on an orrery, the painting is structured more like a real image with a shadow casting from the orrery itself in the middle. There is not loose brush strokes like the ones in the rococo style painting. Much more serious scientific style ● An english style began to sprout in England which began to satirize the new middle class with comedy. ● Hogarth would make a sequence of paintings showing people in an event that would lighten up the mood. ● The paintings were meant to make fun of the class difference and lifestyle ● Some American painters became well known in England, one being Benjamin West. ● West is one of the 36 founders of the royal academy of art. ● West was the official painter of king George III ● West blends realistic details with the grand tradition of history painting in his painting the death of general wolfe. ● West also added a rare glimpse of a native American for the British people to see. ● In the painting the death of general wolfe, Wolfe is seen as a representation of god. ● With the industrial travel was also more accessible and easy. ● Vanecian artists would sell pictures of travel to the british tourists coming through italy at the time ● The tours these british would take took years to complete because they would visit destinations and learn about them. ● Antonio Canaletto used a camera obscura to make his painting look as though they captured every little detail. ● so that the interests and popularity of the grand tour, those voodoo take throughout Europe and Italy in particular. They kinda heightened interest in classical antiquity during the Enlightenment. ● The interest in the classical elements were heightened by the excavation of Pompeii because they were just now discovering what things were like prior to the volcano. ● In France the enlightenment ideals led to the French Revolution and revolt of the third estate against the first and second. ● The raise in taxes against the third estate was the final straw ● A style known as neoclassicism arose which was an interest in the olden romean style arts. ● That renewed interest in the classics and we're going to break it down here. So divided favored academic teachings about using the art of the ancients and of the great Renaissance masters as models. And when we look at just the general look here, this does kind of recall Renaissance looking types of paintings, but also again, classical paintings. ● David embraced the idea that a painting should have a moral subject. ● David's painting, Oath of Horatii, includes classical principles such as, not much in the background, simple architecture, and the figures look like statues, both groups of people are very strong and rigid, and the women look like curving forms. ● Neoclassicism became the official style of the french revolution calling people to stand up to the aristocracy. ● David became the minister of propaganda and believed art should educate the public ● He began to pick scenes from the revolution such as the death of marat. Where MArat is seen in a plain room with him lying dead in the bathtub after being murdered. All the details are in the foreground. ● Another pioneer in neoclassicism painting was Angelica Kauffman. She was a member of the British royal academy of the arts. ● Kauffman's best known work is the Children as Her Treasures. In the painting the woman presents her children as her treasures and shows the neoclassicism values. ● Thomas Jefferson strove to adopt neoclassicism as the main style within America. ● Jefferson was a very gifted amature architect. And really loved and paid attention to the style of France and Italy and modeled his Home after the architecture there. ● After GEorge washington's death he was seen as a God and the father of the country, a statue made by Horatio Grennough depicted Washington as a god-like figure with Washington's head. ● Congress hated the Washington statue and was never placed in the capitol dome.

The artist whose work best spoke for the French Revolution was which of the following?

Jacques-Louis David

Which artist that we discussed was a member of the Hudson River School of landscape painting?

Cole

What is the title of the work shown below? Guy laying on ground with his red coat being helped.

Death of General Wolfe

What term was applied to Surrealist and other avant-garde art by Hitler and the Nazi regime in 1930s and 1940s Germany?

Degenerate

Which de Stijl artist sought to create a universal means of expression by using only a palette of the three primary colors, gradations of black and white, and horizontal and vertical lines?

Piet Mondrian

What art historical term describes Monet's practice of painting his works outdoors?

En plein air

Gustave Moreau's The Apparition treats which frequent Symbolist theme?

Femme fatale

Which Dada artist is known as a master of photomontage?

Hannah Höch

The theme of a grieving mother holding her dead child was explored in many works by which German Expressionist artist?

Käthe Kollwitz

In Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat, shown below, the figure lays limp in a position similar to that of another work we have looked at previously. What is this other work? Person slumped over

Michelangelo's Pieta

Who is the artist of the work shown below?

Millet

After World War I, German artists who served in the war wanted to depict the brutality and immorality they had witnessed, and this artistic movement came to be called what?

New Objectivity

Delacroix's allegorical painting of Liberty Leading the Peoplerefers to an uprising that took place in what city?

Paris

Which two artists were the founders of Cubism, with its rejection of pictorial illusionism?

Picasso and Braque

The imagery of a sleeping person and a lion in Sleeping Gypsycan be linked to the work of which contemporary of Rousseau?

Sigmund Freud

The results of the Spanish resistance to the invasion of their country by Napoleon's forces are highlighted in which painting by Goya?

Third of May, 1808

Which American founder built his home on the model of Palladian villas and strove to establish Neoclassical architecture as the national architectural style?

Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic?

Though Eakins' depicts a medical procedure here, he was actually quite queasy around blood

What contrast does Thomas Cole highlight in his painting The Oxbow?

Wilderness versus civilization

Which English artist used his paintings to translate contemporary literary forms mocking societal issues into the visual arts?

William Hogarth