Art 101 Final Study Guide

What united the Inca Empire?

A state religion

Architects that rejected the values of modern industry and recaptured a pre-industrial sense of beauty practiced which style? Hint: This style emphasized architecture as a "whole" artwork, with every aspect of a building designed to integrate into the plan.

Art Nouveau

The cultures in what is now the southeastern United States formed their communities around ______?

Artistic expression as well as human and animal imagery

Architects from which city are credited with the development of the skyscraper?

Chicago

Which art movement aimed to attack everything old, dull, "feminine," and safe and promote the "masculine," including warfare and speed?

Futurism

Spanish conquerors were obsessed with amassing what materials?

Gold and silver

Which art movement of this time was particularly influenced by literary fantasies, infused with a spirit of sensationalism and melancholy?

Romanticism

The Eiffel Tower was constructed for________?

The Eiffel Tower was constructed to serve as a monumental approach to the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris. It was intended to demonstrate France's superior engineering, technological and industrial knowledge, and power. Display of power.

Discuss the style and result of the collaboration between Peter Paul Rubens and Frans Snyders in Prometheus Bound.

There is a single light source and painting is theatrical

What is a main subtext in Artemisia Gentileschi's work?

he implies that art of painting involves the mind more than the hand, conception over execution. Heroic Biblical Women.

What did the artists of Die Brücke hope to bridge?

A "bridge" between Germany's past and future.

What the art historical term used for Jackson Pollock's work?

Abstract expressionism

What was Mark Rothko's goal with his Color Field paintings?

All independently searching for a style of abstraction that might provide a modern, mythic art and express a yearning for transcendence and the infinite. To achieve this they abandoned all suggestions of figuration and instead exploited the expressive power of color by deploying it in large fields that might envelope the viewer when seen at close quarters.

Which artist/architect carried the "organic" principle the furthest, incorporating it even into the structure of his architecture?

Antoni Gaudi

Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg both worked with the technique of ______?

Assemblage

How is Baroque artwork different from Mannerist artwork?

Baroque artwork is different from Mannerist artwork as it is more lifelike, has a single light source, is dramatic, and has an established focal point. Mannerists has no real focal point, less pleasing to the eye, and portions are off in painting.

What was the primary subject of Jacob Lawrence's early work?

Black History

Which is the term for the elements that project out from the house at Fallingwater?

Cantilevers; a series of broad concrete terraces out from the house

Which of the following is often considered to be one of the greatest group portraits ever painted?

Captain Franz Banning Cocq Mustering His Company, Rembrandt

What was the overall aim of Andy Warhol's artwork?

Challenging the idealist visions and personal emotions conveyed by abstraction, Warhol embraced popular culture and commercial processes to produce work that appealed to the general public. He was one of the founding fathers of the Pop art movement, expanding the ideas of Duchamp by challenging the very definition of art.

What does architecture in the 20th and 21st century focus on, rather than technology?

Computer aided design and contemporary architecture

Briefly describe the development and influence of Cubism.

Cubism is basic shapes, long faces, the object is being depicted and also it uses the artwork to create different responses. Art movement created in the early 1900's, most influential art movement in the 20th century.

What are the names of two early photographic processes?

Daguerrotypes and Calotype

Whose art influenced the federal government to include a photographic unit in the Farm Securities Administration?

Dorothea Lange

What was a main interest in Renoir's work?

Everyday people rather than landscape like others; most notably women and children

Why is Emily Carr's artwork significant?

Expresses a spiritual connection to the landscape. Emily Carter's purpose was to record the way of life in her work. His architecture was known as organic architecture. This promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world.

What are the main stylistic aspects of Baroque artwork? a. How are these stylistic aspects present in Bernini's David?

Extravagant settings and ornamentation, dramatic use of color, contrasts between light and dark, shadows, very realistic and wants to involve the viewer. a. Bernini's David uses the space around it reaching out into the space of the viewer, when looking at this David you start to feel his emotions and pain.

Describe the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Frank Lloyd was known for deigning houses. These houses were not ordinary but are different structures that are fit into the environments around them. They are "organic", designed from top to bottom by himself. Meant to blend in to its surroundings. Bands of windows and glass doors offers spectacular views and unite the outdoor and indoor.

Describe Alexander Calder's artwork. What term did he use for his moving artworks?

He changed the course of modern artwork by developing a method called drawing in space.

How does Diego Velázquez proclaim the dignity and importance of painting as one of the liberal arts through his painting Las Meninas?

He shows himself dressed as a courtier with the keys of the palace. Because this painting represents the theology of painting. It is very complex, raises questions, and creates a relationship between the viewer and the figures

Which best describes the attitude of Francisco Goya, as portrayed in his artworks?

Humanity is violent, greedy, and foolish.

Whom did Caravaggio use for his models?

It began at an early age of twenty-one, with young Mario Minniti, who was sixteen, his friend, fellow artist, and perhaps apprentice. Minniti was the model for many of Caravaggio's paintings between the years 1592 and 1600. Young men were his models.

What was the point of "Dada" artwork?

It laid the ground work for abstract art and sound poetry

What is an important physical characteristic of the new Bauhaus building in Dessau, Germany, that Gropius designed?

It was designed with dynamic composition, asymmetrical plan, smooth white walls with horizontal windows, and a flat roof associated with the "International Style" of the 1920's.

How was the pendant representing an iyoba displayed?

It was displayed as a female with mudfish and Portuguese workers carved around the outside.

What was the function of Machu Picchu?

It was the rulers summer home and served as a mountain retreat for the emperor so that he could get away from the hustle and bustle of Cuzco. Also, its temples and sacred stones imply that it may also have had an important religious function. Large Territory above sea level

What was the point of Kandinsky's compositions?

Kandinsky considered compositions as main declarations of his artistic ideas. The compositions of Kandinsky represent the culmination of his artistic vision at every moment of his creative career.

Which artist produced the first truly nonrepresentational work of art?

Kasimir Malevich

Who are two modern artists who carry on the tradition of Pop Art, but as Street Art? How does their work exemplify Pop Art ideas in the 21st century?

Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Kenny Scharf

What is the word for woven textiles (signifying wealth) among the Ashanti culture?

Kente

What is the name of the main architect credited with first developing the skyscraper?

Louis Sullivan

To whom does the phrase le Roi Soleil ("the Sun King") refer?

Louis XIV of France

Why was the "Armory Show" a pivotal moment in American art history?

Marked the dawn of Modernism in America

What cultural and political events is Modernism a reaction to?

Modernism was a reaction to World War I, the stock market plunging the world into the Great Depression, technological innovations, and revolutionary developments. Victorian culture and assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand

Generally, how do the post-impressionists differentiate themselves from the Impressionists?

Most Post-Impressionists focused on abstract form and pattern in the application of paint to the surface of the canvas. Critics grouped the various styles within Post-Impressionism into two general, opposing stylistic trends - on one side was the structured, or geometric style that was the precursor to Cubism, while on the other side was the expressive, or non-geometric art that led to Abstract Expressionism.

Which philosophical/artistic movement puts an end to the Rococo? a. What political events are connected with this philosophical movement?

Neoclassicism a. Revolutionary War, French Revolution

Which art movement of this time was particularly interested in moral incorruptibility, patriotism, and courage?

Neoclassicism - Courage

What is the term for art (not a movement) that communicates exclusively through formal means, such as line, shape, color, and texture?

Nonrepresentational art

Who changed the Impressionist brushstroke to be more solid and rectangular according to a grid of vertical and horizontal shapes - like color-blocking?

Paul Cézanne

What was Georges Seurat's technique called?

Pointillism

What is Pop Art "about"?

Pop artists celebrated commonplace objects and people of everyday life, in this way seeking to elevate popular culture to the level of fine art. Pop art has become one of the most recognizable styles of modern art.

What art forms are the Pueblo people of the Southwest best known for?

Pottery

Explain the typical subjects of artwork in Protestant and Catholic countries, and why they differ.

Protestant was focused on nature and catholic was focused on religion.

What did Duchamp call found objects—that is, ordinary manufactured items?

Readymades

Describe the basic stylistic aspects of Rembrandt's work.

Rembrandt used as his primary subjects the themes of portraiture, landscape, and narrative painting. He was praised by other artists about his ability to interpret biblical stories with a focus on emotion and use a detailed manner.

The original idea of the avant-garde, as applied to art, was that it would prepare people for _____?

Social Change

Which group would be most likely to use dream analysis, free association, automatic writing, word games, and hypnotic trances? a. How is this playfulness exhibited in Dali's work?

Surrealism a. Most famous painting: The Persistence of Memory, showing melting clocks in a landscape setting shows the surrealism of his work

In which category is the work of Frida Kahlo generally placed (even though she herself thought it was an uncomfortable fit)? a. What is a major theme shown in The Two Friedas?

Surrealist a. The double personalities and her evolution as a person; after her divorce

What material was the first mosque of Jenné was constructed from?

Terra Cotta.

Mary Cassatt is best known for painting . . . . ?

The Child's Birth also street scenes

David's Oath of the Horatii became an emblem of _____?

The French Revolution.

Which of the following is the name for the movement of African American writers, artists, and musicians who explored black experience and identity?

The Harlem Renaissance New Negro Movement

Which art group of this era first organized exhibitions independent from the official Salon? (This art group wanted to portray specific moments in time.) a. Why was this separation from the Salon and the Academy notable?

The Impressionists a. No longer needed to be received by the Academie to be shown in the salons

Which ancient Americans made the most accurate calendar?

The Maya's

Which people made the oldest known sculpture from West and Central Africa?

The Nok people; created terra cotta figures of human and animal subjects

What are the characteristics of the Rococo era? a. How are these shown in Fragonard's Happy Accidents of the Swing?

The Rococo era is characterized by pastel colors, delicately curving forms, dainty figures, and lightheartedness. a. Dainty shoe flying off, pink pastel color of her dress stands out in the dark around her

What larger social/cultural movement is it a product of?

The World (Paris) Exhibition

Describe the artwork of Les Fauves. Name one artist of Les Fauves.

The name les fauves ('the wild beasts') was painted by Henri Matisse, Albert Marquet, and Georges Rouault. Intense color as a vehicle for describing light and space and Fauvism proved to be an important precursor to Cubism and Expressionism

In the seventeenth century, what was the Catholic Church's reaction to the Renaissance's humanism, rationality, and independence? a. What is the Catholic Church's reaction to the Reformation called?

The relationship between church and state became more authoritarian. a. The counter reformation

Regarding the style of The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh - How does van Gogh expand on the ideas of the Impressionists?

The style he developed in Paris and carried through to the end of his life became known as Post-Impressionism, a term encompassing works made by artists unified by their interest in expressing their emotional and psychological responses to the world through bold colors and expressive, often symbolic images. He added dark colors.

Explain the myth of "primitive" art and how it applies to African art.

The term primitive art refers to the cultural artifacts of "primitive" peoples - that is, those ethnic groups deemed to have a relatively low standard of technological development by Western standards

What made the Raft of the "Medusa" so controversial?

The way the artist portrayed such a serious subject.

What is trompe l'oeil painting? How is it used in Gaulli's The Sacred Name of Jesus? a. How does this differ from the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

Trompe l'oeil painting is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in three dimensions. Fool the eye it was a ceiling painting. Used in The Sacred Name of Jesus because it was like clouds and angels floating through the ceiling a. The Sistine Chapel was not unframed

What is the first historical event where photography was used, in an early exploration of photojournalism? a. Does photography always portray "the truth"? Why/not?

War a. No because in that historical event, the photographer moved the dead body to be displayed somewhere else that was not where it originally died; can be altered

Describe the design aesthetic of Gerrit Rietveld.

modernist design