merged 7

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autotrophs

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calvin cycle

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carbon fixation

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chemiosmosis

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chlorophyll

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photorespiration

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photosynthesis

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photosystem

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producers

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reaction center complex

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redox reaction

...

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? ADP ATP FADH2 NADPH Pyruvate

ATP Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

The antibiotic oligomycin works by inhibiting ATP synthase. You would expect that

H+ will accumulate in the intermembrane space.

Which of the following molecules is both a reactant and a product of photosynthesis?

H20

They produce ATP

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

oxidative phosphorylation

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.`

substrate-level phosphorylation

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

ATP

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

lactate and NAD+

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that

increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.

is gas exchange . . . produces ATP

Carbon fixation

occurs when carbon and oxygen from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule.

outpaces the delivery of O2

our muscle cells sometimes use lactic acid fermentation when the need for ATP ______________________ via the bloodstream

2 6 2

overall yield of stage 2 CR (pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle) which includes two turns of the citric acid is _____ ATP, _____ NADH and ____ FADH2

A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?

oxidative phosphorylation

Molecular oxygen is produced during _____. A. light reactions of photosynthesis B. light reactions of kreb cycle C. light reactions of calvin cycle D. light reactions of ph reaction

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions? A. a hydrophylic sucrose solution B. a hydrophobic sucrose solution C. a hypertonic sucrose solution D. a hypotonic sucrose solution

Which of the following statements regarding cells is false? A. All cells have a cell wall. B. All cells can interconvert forms of energy. C. All cells are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the surroundings. D. All cells have DNA as their genetic material.

A. All cells have a cell wall.

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? A. cellular duplication B. cellular transcription C. cellular respiration D. cellular division

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of A. difussion B. osmosis C. endocytosis. D. phagocytosis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. photosynthesis B. glycolisis C. osmosis D. diffusion

Dynein feet A. are the anchoring proteins in basal bodies. B. are present in cilia but not in flagella. C. are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets. D. are knobs of carbohydrate that are essential to the movement of cilia and flagella.

C. are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets.

Light is _____ energy, which is converted by plants into molecules, which possess _____ energy. A. potential ... chemical B. hydrogen... chemical C. mechanial ... chemical D. kinetic ... chemical

Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to _______ and in this step gain ______. A. lactate.... O2 B. lactate.... ATP C. lactate.... NADP D. lactate.... NAD+

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is: A: an oxygen atom B: a molecule of carbon dioxide C: a molecule of water D: ADP

✔️ A: an oxygen atom B: a molecule of carbon dioxide C: a molecule of water D: ADP

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced _____.

In the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?

It pumps H+ through a membrane.

ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced by ___.

KREBS CYCLE

A molecule is oxidized when it____

Loses an electron

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction_____

Loses electrons and loses energy

In cellular respiration, glucose___electrons, while ____electrons

Loses...Oxygen Gains

mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

Primarily, cellular respiration serves to______

Make ATP to power the cell's activities

________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.

Mesophyll

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?

Mitochondria

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Mitochondrion

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?

NAD+

alcohol fermentation

NAD+ is regenerated as pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and ethanol

lactic acid fermentation

NAD+ is regenerated as pyruvate is reduced to lactate

Once the citric acid cycle has been completed, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.

NADH

Humans use the calories they obtain from ______________ as their source of energy. A: food B: water C: sunlight D: minerals

✔️ A: food B: water C: sunlight D: minerals

As shown below, an electron carrier, such as __________, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is __________. A pair of redox reactions occurring simultaneously. NADH ... oxidized NAD+ ... oxidized NAD+ ... reduced NADH ... reduced

NADH ... reduced NADH is the reduced form of this molecule and it carries high energy electrons. This makes it an energy storage molecule.

three ... two

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________. -NAD+; NADH -NADH; NAD+ -pyruvate; CO2 -ATP; ADP

NADH; NAD+

In fermentation, ________ is ________.

NADH; oxidized

Consider the figure below. __________ is to a mitochondrion as __________ is to a chloroplast. -Sunlight .... chemical energy -Glucose ... O2 -O2 ... CO2 -ATP ... CO2

O2 ... CO2

_____ is to a mitochondrion as _____ is to a chloroplast.

O2 ... CO2

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false?

Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields 12 ATP molecules.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to _____.

Pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration _____.

Reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then deliver them to the electron transport chain

substrate level phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate, 2

STAGE 1 CR: Glycolysis: 1. ____________________ happens in glycolysis and forms 2ATP 2. ___________________ are also formed 3. electrons are passed to NAD+ which becomes NADH: _____ (#) are formed

Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? A: Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. B: Cellular respiration produces water. C: Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. D: Cellular respiration releases heat.

✔️ A: Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. B: Cellular respiration produces water. C: Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. D: Cellular respiration releases heat.

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A: They produce ATP. B: They produce glucose. C: They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D: The energy is coupled to oxygen.

✔️ A: They produce ATP. B: They produce glucose. C: They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D: The energy is coupled to oxygen.

Which statement describes glycolysis? A. This process splits chloroplast in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B. This process splits glucose in half and produces 4 ATPs for each glucose. C. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. D.This process splits glucose in half and produces 1 ATPs for each glucose.

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient. A. active transport B. carbon transport C. inactive transport D. oxygen transport

In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the _____.

Cristae of the mitochondrion

A molecule becomes more oxidized when it _____. A. lose ATP B. lose neutron C. lose proton D. lose electron

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of A. non-facilitated osmosis B. non-facilitated diffusion C. facilitated osmosis D. facilitated diffusion

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to __________. A. recycle NADH+ through fermentation B. recycle NAD+ through fermentation C. recycle ATP through fermentation D. recycle NADH through fermentation

Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a highly toxic, membrane uncoupler. What happens when DNP makes the phospholipid bilayer of inner mitochondrial membranes permeable to protons (H+)?

Many protons would bypass ATP synthase, leading to a sharp decline in ATP synthesis.

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would they use as a source of these enzymes?

Mitochondrial matrix

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

glucose

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

When growing in a nutrient-rich environment, bacteria can use the provided amino acids to synthesize their proteins. However, should the environment change, they can synthesize their amino acids using _____.

citrate

Pyruvate

forms at the end of glycolysis

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____. -found in NADH and FADH2 -passed to the oxygen used in the electron transport chain -stored in FAD and NAD+ -lost as heat

found in NADH and FADH2

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, the only pathway found in almost all organisms is _____.

glycolysis

H+

stage 3 CR: Oxidative Phosphorylation (part 2) 3. besides passing electrons to each other through an electron transport chain, the protein complexes use the energy released from electron transfers to actively transport _________ across the membrane, from where it is less conc. to more conc. (active transport)

stages 1 and 2 of CR produce a yield of _____ ATP

Which step of the citric acid cycle requires both NAD+ and ADP as reactants?

step 3

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____. cellular respiration photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation photophosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.

Which of the following is not a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis? sugar

sugar

Most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration are produced during __________. -the electron transport chain -glycolysis -the reduction of oxygen -the citric acid cycle

the citric acid cycle

Most of the NADH that delivers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____.

the citric acid cycle

Which of the following directly requires molecular oxygen (O2)?

the electron transport chain

The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from _____.

the flow of H+ through a membrane

glycolysis

the metabolic pathway that generates ATP fermentation

The energy yield from the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose does not depend upon

the supply of carbon dioxide.

A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately _____ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.

twice

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because _____.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? A: 2 B: 4 C: 6 D: 8

✔️ A: 2 B: 4 C: 6 D: 8

Secretory proteins are A. released from the cell through the plasma membrane. B. produced by the cell for internal use. C. chemically modified in the nucleus. D. produced by ribosomes on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A. released from the cell through the plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false?

ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration.

ATP synthases

...

C3 plants

...

C4 plants

...

CAM plants

...

NAD+

...

If ATP accumulates in a cell,

feedback inhibition slows down cellular respiration.

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

The energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is _____.

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

Why are most plants green?

Chlorophyll a reflects green light

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

In the cytoplasmic fluid

The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____.

NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that _____.

Requires ATP to make ATP

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

The mitochindrion

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? -Carbon dioxide must be present for pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle. -A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment. -Pyruvate is reduced by oxidizing an NAD+ to an NADH. -Oxygen atoms are formed into oxygen gas.

a compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment

brown fat burns fuel and produces heat: does it produce ATP?

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

amino acids, 2 carbon fragments, glycerol

food with components other than glucose can provide energy; for example, proteins are hydrolyzed into _____ which are used in glycolysis in producing acetyl coA and the citric acid cycle, and fats are hydrolyzes into ___ that enter the citric acid cycle and ____ is converted to G3P (an intermediate in glycolysis)

The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the _____.

formation of NADH and FADH2

What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate? -fermentation -glycolysis -oxidative phosphorylation -chemiosmosis

glycolysis

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to __________. -ATP and heat -kinetic energy and heat -thermal energy and heat -potential energy and heat

kinetic energy and heat

A molecule is oxidized when it _____.

loses an electron

electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

two tools that oxidative phosphorylation uses

The term anaerobic means

without O2.

alcohol fermentation

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citric acid cycle

...

electromagnetic spectrum

...

electron transport chain

...

facultative anaerobe

...

global warming

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glycolysis

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grana

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green house effect

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intermediates

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kilocalories

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lactic acid fermentation

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light reactions

...

mesophyll

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obligate anaerobes

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oxidation

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oxidative phosphorylation

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photoautotrophs

...

photon

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photophosphorylation

...

stomata

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substrate-level phosphorylation

...

thylakoids

...

wavelength

...

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle must occur ________ time(s) per glucose molecule.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 5 3 2 1 4

2 It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 4 3 2 5 1

2 Two NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas. Theoretically, if you were breathing carbon monoxide, how many ATP molecules could you produce from one glucose molecule?

2 ATP

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule during this chemical pathway? -32 ATP and 10 NADH -6 ATP and 10 NADH -4 ATP and 10 NADH -2 ATP and 2 NADH

2 ATP and 2 NADH

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each molecule?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Sodium fluoroacetate, or compound 1080, is a rodent poison that probably disrupts the citric acid cycle. In the body, the molecule is converted to a compound that prevents citrate from being used. Initially, when first exposed to this molecule, what is the theoretical energy produced per glucose molecule through the process of cellular respiration?

2 ATP, 4 NADH, and 0 FADH2

The burning of food via cellular respiration must provide the average adult approximately _________ kilocalories per day. -250 -1,000 -1,300 to 1800 -2,200

2,200

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly generates ATP during a chemical reaction. As a single molecule of glucose is completely oxidized in the presence of oxygen, what is the net yield of molecules of ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation? -2 ATP -4 ATP -6 ATP -38 ATP

4 ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly generates ATP during a chemical reaction. As a single molecule of glucose is completely oxidized, in the presence of oxygen, how many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation?

4 ATP

The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____.

40%

How many kilocalories are captured in ATP from 1.5 moles of glucose?

420 kcal

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________. A. loses electrons and becomes oxidized In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it loses electrons in hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons in hydrogen atoms. B. gain electrons and becomes oxidized In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it loses electrons in hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons in hydrogen atoms. C. loses proton and becomes oxidized In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it loses electrons in hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons in hydrogen atoms. D. gain proton and becomes oxidized In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it loses electrons in hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons in hydrogen atoms.

A photon of which of these colors would carry the most energy? A. blue B. red C. orange D. violet

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. A. potential energy B. kinetic energy C. ATP energy D. neutral

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________. A. NADH; NAD+ B. NADH; ATP C. NAD+; NADH D. ATP; NADH

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. A. enables the cell to recycle NAD+ B. enables the cell to recycle NADP C. enables the cell to recycle ATP D. enables the cell to recycle oxygen

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? A. NAD+ B. ATP C. CO2 D. NADP+

In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced. A. glucose ... oxygen B. oxygen ... glucose C. starch ... oxygen D. oxygen ... starch

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. cell D. cell wall

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? A.Krebs cycle -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> oxygen

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Rotenone binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because A. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. B. they will still be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. C. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of glucose. D. they will still be able to produce adequate amounts of glucose.

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment A. is hypotonic to the protozoan. B. is hypertonic to the protozoan. C. is hydrophilic to the protozoan. D. is hydrophobic to the protozoan.

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____. A. so that the nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other B. so that the polar parts of two lipids point toward each other C. so that the nonpolar parts of three lipids point toward each other D. so that the polar parts of two lipids point against each other

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of A. active transport B. in-active transport C. phagocytosis D. endocytosis

The synthesis of an amino acid follows this pathway: precursor A → intermediate B → amino acid C. Each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme. This metabolic pathway is controlled by feedback inhibition with amino acid C inhibiting the conversion of precursor A to intermediate B. Amino acid C acts as a _____ of the first enzyme in the pathway. A. noncompetitive inhibitor B. competitive inhibitor C. hydrogenated inhibitor D. non-hydrogenated inhibitor

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called A. phosphorylation B. photosynthesis C. light reactions D. chemical reaction

What controls the direction of a molecule, such as oxygen, involved in passive transport? A. the direction of the molecule's concentration gradient B. the direction of the cell's concentration gradient C. the direction of the bilipid's concentration gradient D. the direction of the oxygen's concentration gradient

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which which are ultimately replaced by _____. A. splitting water B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. carbon

When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. A. amino group B. amino acid C. lipid D. oxygen

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. cellulose D. cell wall

Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane? A. self-assembly into a simple membrane B. not self-assembly into a simple membrane C. self-assembly into a simple large membrane D. not self-assembly into a simple large membrane

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of active transport and facilitated diffusion? A. active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient. B. active transport moves solution against their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient. C. active transport moves solutes toward their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient. D. active transport moves solution toward their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? A. heat, carbon dioxide, and water B. heat, carbon monoxide, and water C. ATP, carbon dioxide, and water D. heat, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion? A. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane. B. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the cell. C. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the nucleus. D. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the mitochondria.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.

through facilitated diffusion or diffusion. Water can cross the plasma membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion. However, water molecules can also cross the lipid bilayer directly. A. Water crosses the plasma membrane B. Oxygen crosses the plasma membrane C. Nitrogen crosses the plasma membrane D. Carbon crosses the plasma membrane

Why does the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature exist?

A by-product of cellular respiration is heat.

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?

A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment.

In cellular respiration, which of the following is performed directly by the electron transport chain (or its components)?

A proton gradient is formed.

Studies of the endomembrane system often involve the use of a protein that can emit a green fluorescence (glow). A researcher wants to make a video of cell behavior, so she initially tags the outer nuclear envelope of a cell with the fluorescent tag and records for several hours. Later, she sees that the tag is part of a secretory vesicle. The fluorescent tag likely became incorporated into which of the following organelles during the video? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. peroxisomes C. mitochondria D. ribosomes

A. Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false? A. Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place. B. The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. C. The cytoskeleton plays an important role in amoeboid motion. D. The cytoskeleton helps to support cells.

A. Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place.

Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is false? A. Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell. B. Plant cell walls are multilayered structures. C. Plant cell walls consist of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. D. Wood is primarily composed of plant cell walls.

A. Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell.

Which of the following statements regarding plasmodesmata is false? A. Plasmodesmata are found in plants as well as some single-celled organisms. B. Plasmodesmata carry chemical messages between plant cells. C. Plasmodesmata penetrate plant cell walls. D. Plasmodesmata carry nutrients between plant cells.

A. Plasmodesmata are found in plants as well as some single-celled organisms.

A manufacturing company dumps its wastes into a nearby pond. One of the wastes is found to paralyze the contractile vacuoles of certain protists. A biologist looking at individual samples of these organisms taken from the pond would find that they A. have gained water and burst. B. have died because wastes have built up in the cytoplasm. C. have lost water and shrunk. D. have died of malnutrition.

A. have gained water and burst.

The main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the production of A. membrane and proteins secreted by the cell. B. mitochondria and proteins secreted by the cell. C. ribosomes and steroid hormones. D. hydrogen peroxide and steroid hormones secreted by the cell.

A. membrane and proteins secreted by the cell.

The endomembrane system includes all of the following organelles except the A. peroxisome. B. endoplasmic reticulum. C. plasma membrane. D. Golgi apparatus.

A. peroxisome.

A woman is having trouble becoming pregnant. Examination of her partner's sperm indicates that dynein feet are missing from the flagella in his sperm cells. A physician explains that this could interfere with fertility by A. preventing the sperm from swimming to the egg cell. B. preventing the sperm from attaching to the egg cell. C. interfering with the attachment of the flagella to the sperm. D. preventing the sperm from producing enough energy to power swimming.

A. preventing the sperm from swimming to the egg cell.

The cells that produce hair made of protein contain a lot of ________, while the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ________. A. rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum; rough endoplasmic reticulum C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum; lysosomes D. microbodies; lysosomes

A. rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum A. stores calcium ions in muscle cells. B. produces proteins for cell membranes. C. helps assemble ribosomes for protein synthesis. D. is the major site of carbohydrate synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

A. stores calcium ions in muscle cells.

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ______________ ATPs. A: 0 B: 1 C: 2 D: 36

A: 0 B: 1 ✔️ C: 2 D: 36

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? A: ATP synthase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane B: The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in he production of pyruvate C: Electron carriers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. D: A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A: ATP synthase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane ✔️ B: The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in he production of pyruvate C: Electron carriers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. D: A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is: A: C5H12O6 + 6O2 ~ CO2 +6 H2O + energy B: 5 CO2 + 6 H2O ~ C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy C: C6H12O6 +6 O2 ~ CO2 + 6 H2O + energy D: C6H12O6 + energy ~ CO2 +6 H2O + 6 O2

A: C5H12O6 + 6O2 ~ CO2 +6 H2O + energy B: 5 CO2 + 6 H2O ~ C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy ✔️ C: C6H12O6 +6 O2 ~ CO2 + 6 H2O + energy D: C6H12O6 + energy ~ CO2 +6 H2O + 6 O2

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in: A: CO2 B: pyruvate C: ATP D: NADH

A: CO2 B: pyruvate C: ATP ✔️ D: NADH

The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except: A: CO2 B: pyruvate C: ATP D: FADH2

A: CO2 ✔️ B: pyruvate C: ATP D: FADH2

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose: A: becomes stored in molecules of ammonia B: is used to manufacture glucose C: is released all at once. D: is carried by electrons

A: becomes stored in molecules of ammonia B: is used to manufacture glucose C: is released all at once. ✔️ D: is carried by electrons

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the: A: cytoplasm B: outer mitochondrial membrane C: nucleus D: matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane

A: cytoplasm B: outer mitochondrial membrane C: nucleus ✔️ D: matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane

Cells store energy that they use for work in the _____. A. arrangement of nucleus within molecules B. arrangement of atoms within molecules C. arrangement of ATP within molecules D. arrangement of CO2 within molecules

During aerobic respiration, a proton gradient will be generated by ______ and used primarily for _________. A. the proton transport chain... ATP synthesis B. the electron transport chain... ATP synthesis C. the neutron transport chain... ATP synthesis D. the chemical transport chain... ATP synthesis

During chemiosmosis, A: energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes B: ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase C: a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space D: H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor

A: energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes ✔️ B: ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase C: a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space D: H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor

During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? A: glycolysis B: the citric acid cycle C: oxidative phosphorylation D: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A: glycolysis B: the citric acid cycle C: oxidative phosphorylation ✔️ D: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? A: oxygen and carbon dioxide B: energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide C: oxygen and glucose D: oxygen and energy to make ATP

A: oxygen and carbon dioxide ✔️ B: energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide C: oxygen and glucose D: oxygen and energy to make ATP

By-products of cellular respiration include: A: oxygen and heat B: carbon dioxide and water C: FADH2 and NADH D: NADH and ATP

A: oxygen and heat ✔️ B: carbon dioxide and water C: FADH2 and NADH D: NADH and ATP

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A: production of CO2 B: conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds C: a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule D: conversion of NADH to NAD+

A: production of CO2 ✔️ B: conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds C: a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule D: conversion of NADH to NAD+

During redox reactions, A: the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction B: a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized C: electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance D: protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

A: the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction B: a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized ✔️ C: electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance D: protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

Which of the following statements is true of fermentation? It produces a net gain of ATP

ATP

During chemiosmosis,

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase.

2 2 28

ATP produced from one glucose molecule during: glycolysis? ______ citric acid cycle? ______ oxidative phosphorylation? ______

Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, O2

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in

ATP.

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?

Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate that is restored at the end of the cycle.

two-carbon acetyl coA, CO2, NADH, FADH2

As a __________ enters the citric acid cycle a series of reactions begin. Ultimately the two carbons are released as _______. electrons from intermediate reactions reduce NAD+ to become 3 ________. FAD is also reduced to form one ______. substrate level phosphorylation forms 1ATP.

Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____. A. A ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper As long as a metabolically active cell consumes oxygen as it enters, diffusion into the cell will continue because the concentration gradient favors movement in that direction. B. B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper As long as a metabolically active cell consumes oxygen as it enters, diffusion into the cell will continue because the concentration gradient favors movement in that direction. C. B ... the osmosis gradient there is steeper As long as a metabolically active cell consumes oxygen as it enters, diffusion into the cell will continue because the concentration gradient favors movement in that direction. D. A ... the osmosis gradient there is steeper As long as a metabolically active cell consumes oxygen as it enters, diffusion into the cell will continue because the concentration gradient favors movement in that direction.

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule during this chemical pathway? A. 1 ATP and 1 NADH B. 2 ATP and 2 NADH C. 2 ATP and 2 NADH- D. 1 ATP and 2 NADH

How do glucagon and insulin differ? A. Insulin causes some membrane cells to take up glucose, whereas glucagon causes some cells to secrete glucose. B. Insulin causes some cells to take up glucose, whereas glucagon causes some cells to secrete glucose. C. Insulin causes some cells to secrete glucose, whereas glucagon causes some cells to take up glucose. D. Insulin causes some cells to take up glycogen, whereas glucagon causes some cells to secrete glygcogen.

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is A. nitrogen B. oxygen C. carbon D. hydrogen

The antibiotic oligomycin works by inhibiting ATP synthase. You would expect that A. H+ will accumulate in the nucleus space. B. H+ will accumulate in the intermembrane space. C. H+ will accumulate in the membrane space. D. H+ will not accumulate in the nucleus space.

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of A. diverse lipids embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. B. diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. C. diverse glucose embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. D. diverse carbon embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in ____. The light reactions also produce ____ and ____. A. ATP ... NADPH ... oxygen B. NADPH ... ATP ... oxygen C. NADPH ... oxygen ... ATP D. NADP+ ... ATP ... oxygen

The mechanism of enzyme action is to _____. A. increase the energy of the activation of a reaction B. lower the energy of the activation of a reaction C. lower the oxygen of the activation of a reaction D. increase the energy of the activation of a reaction

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____. A. potential energy and heat B. kinetic energy and heat C. NADP and heat D. NADPH and heat

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A. conversion of glucose to two two-carbon compounds B. conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds C. conversion of starch to two three-carbon compounds D. conversion of starch to two two-carbon compounds

Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order? A.reception, response, signal transduction B.reception, signal transduction, response C.response, signal transduction, reception D. signal transduction, reception, response

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? A. anaerobic respiration B. aerobic respiration C. aerobic regeneration D. anaerobic regeneration

Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments A. are thicker than microtubules. B. are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin. C. are found only in plants, whereas microtubules are found in both plant and animal cells. D. help to anchor organelles, whereas microtubules primarily function to help cells change shape and move.

B. are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin.

Which organelle is involved in the catabolism of fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol? A. smooth ER B. peroxisome C. Golgi apparatus D. ribosomes

B. peroxisome

The Golgi apparatus A. strings together amino acids to produce proteins. B. stores, modifies, and packages proteins. C. is composed of stacks of membranous vesicles that are continuous with one another. D. is the site of carbohydrate breakdown.

B. stores, modifies, and packages proteins.

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.

By the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.

By the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of the glucose to ADP (Substrate-level phosphorylation)

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. A. energy can be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another B. energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted from one form to another C. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another D. energy cannot be created but can be converted from one form to another

A group of single cell organisms collected from the ocean was brought into the lab for examination. The lab assistant was concerned that the water had become full of toxic waste products and so added clean water to the culture. All of the organisms died, and when she looked at them under the microscope, all she could see were bits and pieces of them scattered throughout the water. What likely happened? A. She added water that was hypertonic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured. B. She added water that was hydrophobic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured. C. She added water that was hypotonic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured. D. She added water that was hydrophilic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured.

Consider the figure below. __________ is to a mitochondrion as __________ is to a chloroplast. A. O2...NADP B. CO2...O2 C. O2...CO2 D. NADP...O2

During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from ______ via a series of reactions associated with ______. A. O2 ... photosystem II B. O2 ... photosystem I C. H2O ... photosystem II D. H2O ... photosystem I

How many ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose in cellular respiration? A. 7 B. 12 C. 36 D. 35

How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? A. 6 B. 2 C. 4 D. 3

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons. A. loses ...nitrogen gains B. gains ... oxygen gains C. loses ... oxygen gains D. gains... nitrogen gains

Cilia differ from flagella in that A. cilia contain nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules, whereas flagella contain only nine microtubule doublets. B. cilia are anchored only in the proteins of the cell membrane, whereas flagella are anchored in a special structure called the basal body. C. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. D. the protein filaments of cilia are "naked," whereas those of flagella are wrapped in an extension of the cell membrane.

C. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella.

Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria A. contain three different membrane-bound compartments, whereas chloroplasts contain two. B. are not found in plants, whereas chloroplasts are not found in animals. C. contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana. D. convert light energy from the sun to chemical energy, whereas chloroplasts convert one form of chemical energy to another.

C. contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana.

The extracellular matrix attached to cells via glycoproteins may then bind to ________ in the plasma membrane. A. polysaccharides B. collagen C. integrins D. dynein

C. integrins

The function of chloroplasts is A. cellular respiration. B. intracellular digestion. C. photosynthesis. D. lipid synthesis.

C. photosynthesis.

Contractile vacuoles A. allow organisms to avoid dehydration by absorbing water from the environment. B. help in the excretion of excess salt. C. prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water. D. are generally found in protists that inhabit salt water.

C. prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water.

The stroma is the A. space between the inner and outer membranes of a chloroplast. B. space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion. C. thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane. D. watery fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

C. thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

In the first stage of cellular respiration, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages, a number of products are produced, including _____. These stages occur in the _____.

CO2 ... mitochondria

In the first stage of cellular respiration, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages, a number of products are produced, including _____. This process occurs in the _____.

CO2 ... mitochondria

When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, _____.

CO2 and NADH are formed

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.

Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?

Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true?

Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline.

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true?

Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline.

As shown below, an electron carrier, such as __________, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is __________. A. NADHP ... reduced B. ATP ... reduced C. O2 ... reduced D. NADH ... reduced

Because water-soluble hormones are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from _____. A. the activation of a communication pathway B. the activation of a hormone pathway C. the activation of a signal transdiction pathway D. the activation of a signal transduction pathway

Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____. A. B ... the diffusion gradient there is deeper B. B ... the diffusion gradient there is narrow C. B ... the diffusion gradient there is wider D. B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper

Cellular respiration Formula A. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP+ B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NADPH C. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NADP D. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

In fermentation, ________ is ________. A. NADH; carbonized B. NADH; release C. NADH; stored D. NADH; oxidized

Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids A. easily pass through a mitochondria's lipid bilayer. B. easily pass through a cell's lipid bilayer. C. not easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer. D. easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer.

Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate? A. glucose B. nitrogen C. oxygen D. water

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? A. Protons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. B. Neutrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. C. Atom pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. D. Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.

A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding? A. A defect in the cell walls of the white blood cells permitted bacteria to enter the cells. B. A defect in the Golgi apparatus prevented the cells from processing and excreting the bacteria. C. A defect in the rough endoplasmic reticulum prevented the synthesis of the antibodies (defensive proteins) that would have inactivated the bacteria. D. A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria.

D. A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria.

Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of A. photosynthesis increases. B. ATP synthesis increases. C. protein synthesis increases. D. ATP synthesis decreases.

D. ATP synthesis decreases.

Which of the following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false? A. The Golgi apparatus modifies chemicals received from the endoplasmic reticulum. B. The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum. C. The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory. D. The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production.

D. The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production.

Which of the following statements about the functions of a plant cell central vacuole is false? A. The central vacuole of a plant cell may store poisons. B. The central vacuole of a plant cell may help increase the size of cells by absorbing water. C. The central vacuole of a plant cell may store waste products. D. The central vacuole of a plant cell may digest chemicals for recycling.

D. The central vacuole of a plant cell may digest chemicals for recycling.

Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false? A. The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope. C. The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. D. The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.

D. The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that A. two cells merged into one cell, improving the enzyme function of the new cell. B. a large cell engulfed and digested a smaller cell, exposing its enzymes for use by the larger cell. C. two separate cells worked cooperatively and one benefited from the other. D. a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.

D. a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.

The function of mitochondria is A. intracellular digestion. B. lipid synthesis. C. photosynthesis. D. cellular respiration.

D. cellular respiration.

Studies of the endomembrane system often involve the use of a protein that can emit a green fluorescence (glow). A researcher wants to make a video of cell behavior, so she initially tags the outer nuclear envelope of a cell with the fluorescent tag and records for several hours. Later, she sees that the tag is part of a secretory vesicle. The ability to stain protein molecules with a fluorescent dye would most clearly allow researchers to go beyond what they could previously detect with a microscope by allowing them to A. detect when DNA is replicating. B. distinguish a prokaryote from a eukaryote. C. determine whether a cell had cilia or flagella. D. detect ribosome activity.

D. detect ribosome activity.

Most animal cells are A. attached to each other via plasmodesmata. B. embedded in a lipid matrix. C. surrounded by a cell wall. D. embedded in an extracellular matrix.

D. embedded in an extracellular matrix.

An immune system cell called the plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies per second for release into the body. What type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell? A. peroxisome B. microtubules C. nucleus D. endoplasmic reticulum

D. endoplasmic reticulum

The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that A. mitochondria have circular DNA like prokaryotes. B. chloroplasts have ribosomes like prokaryotes. C. chloroplasts reproduce through a splitting process like certain prokaryotes. D. mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.

D. mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.

Which of the following cell structures are associated with the breakdown of harmful substances? A. centrioles B. chloroplasts C. mitochondria D. peroxisome

D. peroxisome

Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell? A. rough ER, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cell membrane B. rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, cell membrane C. rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, cell membrane D. rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane

D. rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane

A basal body is A. identical in structure to cilia. B. composed of nine microtubule triplets surrounding a central pair of microtubules. C. composed of nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules. D. similar in structure to centrioles.

D. similar in structure to centrioles.

Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?

electrons

Which part of the mitochondrion shown enhances its ability to produce ATP by increasing the surface area of a mitochondrial membrane? (See question 17 on mastering for picture. I have to pay to add it) A. structure A B. structure B C. structure C D. structure D

D. structure D

Intermediate filaments A. guide the movements of organelles. B. support the inner mitochondrial membrane. C. guide the movements of chromosomes. D. surround the nucleus.

D. surround the nucleus.

What is the mechanism of action for the enzyme ATP synthase? ATP is formed _____.

Due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

How do the reaction centers of photosystem I and II differ?

Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light

describe the electron transport chain

Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.

The function of cellular respiration is to_____

Extract usable energy from glucose

Which of the following serves primarily as a hydrogen-atom carrier molecule in cells?

FAD

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? pyruvate ATP FADH2 NADH + H+ water

FADH2 FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

an electron carrier, such as _____, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is _____.

FADH2 ... reduced

As shown below, an electron carrier, such as____, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is_____

FADH2....Oxidized

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the _____.

Formation of NADH and FADH2

Found in NADH and FADH2

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate, _____, can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.

G3P

Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight?

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Glucose

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, the only pathway found in almost all organisms is _____.

Glycolysis

What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Glycolysis

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is false?

Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis.

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

Glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

lactic acid

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

potential energy, ATP synthase

The H+ concentration gradient across the membrane stores ____________; the _________ built into the inner mitochondrial membrane act like mini turbines with the rush of H+ ions down their concentration gradient turning the wheels. the turning wheels catalyze the phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Most of the NADH that delivers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____.

The citric acid cycle

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from _____.

The flow of H+ through a membrane

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?

The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels.

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false?

The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false?

The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?

The membrane is impermeable to H+.

The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is derived from _____.

The movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____.

These two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain

What is the fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

They are used to form water.

What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy?

They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions.

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

They produce ATP.

NADH pills can be purchased over the counter and are often taken by sufferers of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). How might these pills benefit a CFS patient?

They would increase the number of electrons provided to the electron transport chain.

A friend tells you that he is going on a low-carb diet to lose weight because he thinks that carbs contain more energy than fats or protein. What would you tell your friend about his plan?

This is an incorrect idea because fats contain more hydrogen atoms than carbohydrates and protein.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2?

We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements

Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2? We would not have enough enzymes to catalyze reactions. We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements We would not be able to perform lactic acid fermentation. We would not be able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

kinetic energy and heat

aerobic respiration

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

FADH2

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

fermentation

a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen (the metabolic pathway that generates ATP during this is glycolysis)

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. a. NADH and FADH2...intermembrane space b. NADH...mitochondrial matrix c. NADH and FADH2...mitochondrial matrix d. NADH...intermembrane space e. acetyl CoA...intermembrane space

a. NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space The energy released as electrons, which have been donated by NADH and FADH2, is passed along the electron transport chain and used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? a. acetyl CoA b. pyruvate c. G3P d. NADH + H+ e. glucose

a. acetyl CoA

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? a. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis c. oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle d. glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle e. the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis

a. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. a. is gas exchange . . . produces ATP b. produces glucose . . . produces oxygen c. uses glucose . . . produces glucose d. produces ATP . . . is gas exchange

a. is gas exchange . . . produces ATP

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? NADH + H+ CO2 FADH2 acetyl CoA ATP

acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? acetyl CoA pyruvate glucose NADH + H+ G3P

acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?

aerobic respiration

In yeast cells,

alcohol is produced after glycolysis.

Besides sugars and fats, organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, _____ are produced as waste.

amino acids

A redox reaction involves the transfer of

an electron

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is

an oxygen atom

oxygen NADH NAD+

anaerobic pathway operate when _____ is absent or limited. Glycolysis is the first stage to yield 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate. In the absence of oxygen, the reduced coenzyme used in glycolysis ______ cannot donate its electrons to the ETC; when it is oxidized it is called _______

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used _____.

at the end of electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? a. The energy is coupled to oxygen. b. They produce ATP. c. They produce glucose. d. They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.

b. They produce ATP.

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? a. ATP b. acetyl CoA c. NADH + H+ d. FADH2 e. CO2

b. acetyl CoA

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? a. oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle b. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation c. glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle d. the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis

b. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that a. allows other ions (like Na+) to build up when H+ ions are not available. b. increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. c. carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. d. helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. e. permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix.

b. increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, while _____ electrons. a. gains ... oxygen loses b. loses ... oxygen gains c. gains ... water loses d. loses ... water gains

b. loses ... oxygen gains During cellular respiration, glucoses loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons. Oxidation and reduction always go together as electron transfer requires both a donor and an acceptor.

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage even compared to carbohydrates because _____. a. fats can directly enter the electron transport chain, the phase of respiration that produces the most ATP b. with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons c. when compacted, fat occupies less volume than an equivalent amount of carbohydrate d. compared to carbohydrates, fat produces fewer toxic by-products when it is metabolized

b. with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons Because oxidative phosphorylation depends on a source of electrons (all of which are extracted from hydrogen atoms), fats, which contain primarily hydrogen and carbon atoms, are an abundant source of high-energy electrons that can be harvested for energy production.

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas because it directly _____.

blocks the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.

by the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? a. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. b. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. c. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. d. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

c. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

The function of cellular respiration is to _____. a. reduce CO2 b. extract CO2 from the atmosphere c. extract usable energy from glucose d. synthesize macromolecules from monomers e. produce carbohydrates

c. extract usable energy from glucose The most prevalent and efficient energy-yielding pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the a. nucleus. b. outer mitochondrial membrane. c. matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane. d. cytoplasm.

c. matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____. a. photosynthesis b. photophosphorylation c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. cellular respiration e. oxidative phosphorylation

c. substrate-level phosphorylation

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.

carbon dioxide

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes, radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________. NADH ATP carbon dioxide water

carbon dioxide Cellular respiration, or the oxidization of glucose, involves the release of CO2.

Which of the following correctly matches each of the inputs of the Calvin cycle with its role in the cycle?

carbon dioxide: carbon ... ATP: energy ... NADPH: high-energy electrons

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of oxygen radicals with

carotenoids

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

chemical . . . food . . . light

Where does most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from?

chemiosmosis

A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____.

converted to heat

respiration

exchanges of gases

The function of cellular respiration is to _____.

extract usable energy from glucose

converted to heat The majority of the energy in a molecule of glucose is lost as heat.

In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the _____.

cristae of the mitochondrion

Where in bacterial cells does the citric acid cycle occur?

cytoplasm

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain. a. 6 b. 2 c. 0 d .10 e. 4

d .10

The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____. a. 0.50% b. 94% c. 2% d. 40%

d. 40%

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is a. 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy. b. C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. c. C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2. d. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

d. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____. a. stored in FAD and NAD+ b. passed to the oxygen used in the electron transport chain c. lost as heat d. found in NADH and FADH2 e. stored in the carbon dioxide molecules released by the processes

d. found in NADH and FADH2 The energy in these molecules is used to drive the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. a. NADH and FADH2 b. ATP synthase c. substrate-level phosphorylation c. ATP d. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

d. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient Concentration gradients are a form of potential energy

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. a. photophosphorylation b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. photosynthesis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. cellular respiration

d. oxidative phosphorylation

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. a. CO2 b. NADH c. water d. oxygen e. FADH2

d. oxygen Oxygen is combined with electrons and hydrogen to form water.

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to _____. a. form ATP during glycolysis b. generate large amounts of NADH and FADH2 c. synthesize carbon dioxide d. pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

d. pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane The energy harvested from many redox reactions is used to power proton pumps that span the inner mitochondrial membrane.

reduction

dehydrogenase

During cellular respiration, NADH

delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule

During cellular respiration, NADH

delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.

What is the mechanism of action for the enzyme ATP synthase? ATP is formed _____.

due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane

final acceptor in the electron transport chain involved with CR

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.

food

found in NADH and FADH2

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________. -four; 2 NADH and 2 FADH2 -three; 2 NADH and 1 FADH2 -four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 -two; 1 NADH and 1 FADH2

four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

In the equation shown below, during cellular respiration _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.

glucose ... oxygen

In the equation shown below, during cellular respiration __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced. -glucose ... oxygen -oxygen ... ATP -ATP ... oxygen -carbon dioxide ... water

glucose ... oxygen

In the equation shown below, during cellular respiration _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced. Summary equation for cellular respiration: Glucose plus Oxygen becomes Carbon Dioxide plus Water plus Heat. ATP ... oxygen oxygen ... ATP carbon dioxide ... water glucose ... oxygen

glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.

Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle?

glucose, ADP, NADP+

A culture of bacteria is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, the radioactive carbon will appear first in

glucose-6-phosphate.

What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate?

glycolysis

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. pyruvate carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP lactate and NAD+ lactate and NADH carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP

lactate and NAD+ These are the products of fermentation as it occurs in muscle cells.

lactic acid

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

glycolysis

2 2 2 3

glycolysis produces ____ ATP, ____ NADH, and ____ pyruvate that has ____ carbons

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called

grana

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.

human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them

CO2 ethanol

in alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated as pyruvate is broken down into ______ and ______

mitochondrial membrane

in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another, and the energy released is used to pump protons across the _____________

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

in the cytoplasmic fluid

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? -in the mitochondria -within the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion -in the cytoplasmic fluid -on the inner mitochondrial membrane

in the cytoplasmic fluid

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest

in the intermembrane space.

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________. -when oxygen acquires electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain -during the electron transfer steps of oxidative phosphorylation -during the formation of pyruvate -in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pryuvate

lactic acid In humans, muscle cells switch to lactic acid fermentation after becoming anaerobic.

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons. -loses ... oxygen gains -gains ... oxygen loses -gains ... water loses -loses ... water gains

loses ... oxygen gains

A molecule is oxidized when it __________. -loses a hydrogen ion (H+) -gains an electron -gains a hydrogen ion (H+) -loses an electron

loses an electron

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.

loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is

lost in the form of heat.

In humans, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the atmosphere via the _____.

lungs

Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____. -break down toxic molecules -produce cell structures from chemical building blocks -make food -make ATP to power the cell's activities

make ATP to power cell's activities

cellular respiration serves to _____.

make ATP to power the cell's activities

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration. -chloroplasts -mitochondria -bronchi -alveoli

mitochondria

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?

mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration. mitochondria alveoli chloroplasts bronchi

mitochondria Two of the three main stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria.

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes? mitochondrial matrix cytoplasm mitochondrial inner membrane plasma membrane

mitochondrial matrix The water-soluble citric acid cycle intermediates and enzymes of a eukaryotic cell are found in the mitochondrial matrix, where the newly synthesized NADH and FADH2 diffuse to proteins of the electron transport chain held within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

NAD+ lactate

muscle cells and certain bacteria can regenerate ___________ through lactic acid fermentation when pyruvate is reduced to _______

The principal molecules involved in transporting electrons to the electron transport chain are composed of _____.

nucleotides

Photosystem II

passes electrons to photosystem I.

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are

photoautotrophs

The addition of oxygen to RuBP by rubisco to form a two-carbon product that is then broken down by the cell to carbon dioxide and water defines

photorespiration

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called

photosynthesis.

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?

photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells

Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?

plasma membrane

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________. -form ATP during glycolysis -pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane -generate large amounts of NADH and FADH2 -synthesize carbon dioxide

pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to _____.

recycle NADH through fermentation

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to __________. -gain energy through chemiosmosis -gain 2 ATP through glycolysis -transition into the citric acid cycle -recycle NADH through fermentation

recycle NADH through fermentation

Light reactions do all of the following except _____. reduce CO2

reduce CO2

In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration _____.

reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain

Muscle tissues make lactic acid from pyruvate so that you can _____.

regenerate (oxidized) NAD+

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________. -does not release carbon dioxide as a by-product -requires oxygen to function -requires ATP to make ATP -does not require ATP to make ATP

requires ATP to make ATP

To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through ________ time(s).

six

inner membrane of the mitochondria, 2 electrons 2H+

stage 3 CR: Oxidative Phosphorylation 1. electron transport proteins (electron carriers) and ATP synthase are located in the _________ 2. electrons are oxides from NADH and FADH2, ultimately each oxygen atom (1/2 of O2) accepts ________ from the chain and pick up ____ from the surrounding solution, forming H2O

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation cellular respiration photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.

cellular respiration

the aerobic harveseting of energy from food molecules, the energy- releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

the mitochondrion

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? -the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane -the cytoplasmic fluid -the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion -the mitochondrion

the mitochondrion

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that

the mixture needs less oxygen because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is derived from _____.

the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane

The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is directly derived from __________. -the reduction of NAD+ to form NADH -the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane -the fermentation of pyruvate to form lactic acid -the movement of FADH2 from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria

the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane

A kilocalorie is defined as

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.

Co2, NADH, A, acetyl coenzyme A

the three steps that occur as each pyruvate is "groomed" before the citric acid cycle: 1. pyruvate loses a carbon which is released in the form of _____ 2. electrons reduce NAD+ to form _____ 3. a coenzyme called _____ joins the two carbon compound to form _______________

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration? -They are used to form ATP by chemiosmosis. -They result in the formation of heat. -They are donated to NADH. -They are used to form water.

they are used to form water

Rotenone is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. When it does so, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle eventually halt as well. This is because _____.

they run out of NAD+ and FAD

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because

they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________.

thylakoid membranes . . . stroma

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off and used _____.

to power the biosynthesis of amino acids, fats, and sugars

Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2? -We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements -We would not be able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules. -We would not have enough enzymes to catalyze reactions. -We would not be able to perform lactic acid fermentation.

we would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements

Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide?

wheat

substrate level phosphorylation

when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP. 2 ATP form from this stage. in glycolysis

Pyruvate: A: forms at the end of glycolysis B: is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle C: is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation D: is a six-carbon molecule

✔️ A: forms at the end of glycolysis B: is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle C: is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation D: is a six-carbon molecule

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? A: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation B: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle C: the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis D: oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle

✔️ A: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation B: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle C: the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis D: oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle

A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? A: oxidative phosphorylation B: alcoholic fermentation C: glycolysis D: biosynthesis

✔️ A: oxidative phosphorylation B: alcoholic fermentation C: glycolysis D: biosynthesis

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle, A: pyruvate is oxidized B: a carbon atom is added to pyruvate to make a four-carbon compound C: coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate D: glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate

✔️ A: pyruvate is oxidized B: a carbon atom is added to pyruvate to make a four-carbon compound C: coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate D: glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate

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