Art #4 Test

The camera is a relatively new invention, dating back to the ______(1)______. However, the science of photography dates back centuries, with the first example being invented by a scientist around ______(2)______ AD. a. (1) 18th century; (2) 2500 b. (1) 1800s; (2) 1000 c. (1) 1900s; (2) 4500 d. (1) 20th century; (2) 3000

b. (1) 1800s; (2) 1000q

What is a cel? Describe the development and importance of cel animation.

A cel is a transparent sheet of film on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand drawn animation. Walt Disney used the technique of fast moving cels, as the early form of animation. Now animation cel is basically a drawing that's created for every one frame of motion or every two frames of motion. And these cels are layered on top of each other using overlays. Now how does this work exactly? The idea is that a key frame animator will draw what the figures, the characters, for instance, are doing maybe in frame one and then in frame 24. And then it's the job of the other animators to fill in the frames that happened inbetween. The key frame animator creates the definitive, distinguishable motion in the animation while the inbetween animator does the motion of the object/s that lead up to the distinguishable motions. With cel animation , Individual cels are drawn for every one or two frames of motion. This was an important development because it meant that animators didn't have to recreate the whole image for each frame. A cel is a transparent sheet of film on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand drawn animation. With cel animation , Individual cels are drawn for every one or two frames of motion. Cels are layered on top of each other using overlays, with each second containing about 24 frames in a feature film. This was an important development because it meant that animators didn't have to recreate the whole image for each frame.

What is a moving picture? What two methods can be used to create a moving picture?

A moving picture shows motion by depicting multiple views of the same action in a single frame. When moving pictures were first introduced, they did not have sound to go with them. This is essentially a frame where a whole sequence of motion was superimposed one frame on top of another into a single piece. This could either be created by multiple exposures or in the dark room, for instance. A moving picture can be created using multiple exposures or through some type of processing in the dark room.

What is a photographic essay? Name this photograph and its photographer. What is the image of? What feeling, thoughts, or emotions does it create when looked at?

A photographic essay has become a storyline but rather an article, made up of several photographs. This same photograph was indeed taken by Margaret and is required to contribute it is Having to live Dead. This same photograph was indeed taken by that of the German individual brought by Gen. Patton's male soldiers saw the atrocious acts but instead mortality was implemented on the individual being held throughout Buchenwald mostly during the Second World War by about their representatives. The people look enough that scared and confused at how much they're glancing at, that they're really lost for words but instead showing remorse. The photograph is of German men brought by Gen. Patton's men to view the cruel acts and death their leaders had imposed on the people held at Buchenwald (concentration camp) during WWII. The men look so shocked and frightened about what they are looking at, that they appear to be speechless and remorseful.

Define the following terms: - close-up - portraiture - straight photography

A picture that includes the full face or another feature with much detail is called a close up. Or a close up can be a head from here up. That contrasts with a medium shot, for instance, which is something that would be maybe waist up on a person. A portraiture is capturing the likeness of a person through photography, usually in great detail of the facial expression. Now portraiture is a type a photograph that is essentially trying to capture the details of a person. Straight photography is photography in which pictures are printed directly from the negative with no cropping or other manipulation. The idea behind straight photography is that the print is made directly from the negative without any cropping or other manipulation. So if the negative shows something that we don't want, the idea is that we don't use the enlarger to crop that out. So if we think about our photo paper that we're projecting onto, we're projecting this one to one with the negative.

Answer the following question in 1-2 complete sentences. What is a storyboard? What is its purpose? Optional Activity: Below is an example of a storyboard without pictures (large blue boxes) or descriptions (small white boxes). Create your own storyboard by printing this out, or recreating it on paper using a pen/pencil. Try to make you own storyboard. Remember that it does not have to be perfect because the idea is to just make an outline of rough sketches and brief descriptions.

A storyboard is a visual series of rough drawings depicting the scenes of action in a story. Creating a storyboard can help plan out the animation before it is made. Storyboards are used to form a main idea of a story, to draw the characters, etc. This is a sequence of rough drawings that depict how the action's going to happen in the story. So you can see here an example of a storyboard from Walt Disney's film Fantasia. You can create your own storyboards by dividing up a piece of paper into cells like this. Its purpose is to create a brief outline of the storyline in the form of pictures. Words can be added below the pictures if any clarification is needed.

Although modern animation and technology have made animation easier to create, which animation skills are still necessary to produce a great work of animation? Provide at least 3 examples.

Animation skills like posing in acting, squash, stretch, motion, etc. are still important in animation to produce a great work of animation. And we can also do things like create maquettes, which are sculptures of characters for an animation design. Though CGI has helped animation become the amazing form of art it is today, animation skills of animators and creators is still what makes animation special. Each animator's style, form, signature, etc. is what distinguishes an animator from another. Animators like Milo Murphy's Law and Phineas and Ferb are similar in style because the same animators produced both shows. But if you compare Tim Burton's Corpse Bride to Moana, they animation style, skills, and art are completely different.

Who took the photograph above? Why was it taken? What was its purpose?

Ansel Adams is the photographer who tool this picture, He was hired by the Sierra Club to create a book of photographs of American parks. The book was distributed to Congress, and successfully convinced its members to pass legislation that would preserve American parks by creating a number of national parks and preserves. This was very important to the development of the United States because at the time that Adams had taken this photograph, many people, particularly in the East, lived in cities or had never seen some of the things in the American West. So the Sierra Club hired Ansel Adams to create a booklet of pictures like this. And using this book, they persuaded Congress to preserve a number of lands in the American West as national parks, which exist today in much the same form as they did at the time that he took these pictures. If photographers like Ansel Adams had not been around to take pictures like these, we may never have passed legislation to maintain things like this in their original form. And we wouldn't be able to enjoy them, still, today.

Describe how Computer Generated Imagery works. How has it benefited animation?

CGI or Computer Generated Imagery allows us to create virtual characters and pose them. CGI has become sharper and much more advanced in the past few years due to new computer programs. This allows us to create a virtual character in the computer and pose them. And when we pose them, the computer actually generates all the inbetween frames and renders the final sequence as pixels. Now pixels are the smallest unit of light on a monitor. If you think about the way your monitor looks, all of these little colored dots that make up texture or make up images, are what are called pixels. Computer Generated Imagery has become more beneficial than cel animation because the work has been cut in half when it comes to inbetween animation. The computer figures out what happens in between the frames.

Name and explain the product that was invented shortly after moving pictures? Which company developed this invention?

Celluloid film was invented shortly after the idea of moving pictures was established. Celluloid film was cut from blocks and created with light sensitive chemicals. It was produced in rolls of 12 to 24 blocks. The Kodak company developed celluloid film. Whereas people used to have to take images on a single frame at a time, Eastman Kodak company developed this celluloid film which could be strips of 12 to 24 images. This is very similar to what we use today if you buy a disposable camera, for instance. So film became a possibility for motion pictures when people stopped to think about how you could create the emulation of motion by flipping through images one at a time. If you've ever made something like a flip book or if you've seen something like this, then you've seen the process in action. In essence, each frame is a slight variation from the one before it so that when we see it our mind thinks that the figures that we see are actually moving through space.

What is cibachrome? Why is it also called ilfochrome?

Cibachrome is synonymous with ilfochrome, this process was established in Switzerland by the CibaGeigy Corporation in the 1960's. Cibachrome is a positive to positive printing process used for the reproduction of slide images on photographic paper. It is called ilfochrome today, because it was later purchased by the Ilford company. In essence, an ordinary photograph is taken on a piece of negative film, which means that the dark areas are light and the light areas are dark. Now sometimes though, photographers take images on positives. They do this frequently for things like slides. And in particular in the advertising and fashion worlds, photographers will need to take the portfolios with them to meetings with people to whom they're trying to sell. The cibachrome process was purchased by Illford, a manufacturing company of photographic paper, films, and chemicals. This technique was later purchased by the Ilford Photographic Company, so today we refer to it as ilfochrome. In essence, an ordinary photograph is taken on a piece of negative film, which means that the dark areas are light and the light areas are dark.

This is an image is from the movie, Citizen Kane. Describe the plot and importance of this movie.

Citizen Kane is widely known and respected as one of the first important films. It is regarded as one of the greatest motion pictures ever made. This was made to depict the life of a man named William Randolph Hearst. He was a journalist. In essence, when this film was created, they used a series of low shots to convey his power and they also used a technique of flashback where the movie starts out at the very end where the main character is dying and then the rest of it is told as sort of a flashback, the things that happened before that moment. Innovative techniques like this helped dramatically change the actual art of filming, along with the advances in technique and technology that were occurring at the same time. So along with this came the birth of a new art referred to as cinematography. This is essentially the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording images for motion pictures. And so if you think about it, a cinematographer is responsible for the composition and the lighting of each shot and talking about how the shots will relate to one another. Citizen Kane was produced and directed by Orson Welles. The movie was a portrayal of William Randolph Hearst. Welles, tried something different, he had the main character die at the beginning, and the rest of the film is a flashback or interrupting the chronological sequence. He also used lowangle shots to emphasize the power of the media giant.

Explain the difference between commercial photography and advertising.

Commercial photography consists of photographs made to illustrate and sell a product or service for money. Well, when something is commercial, we mean it's related to commerce, or the buying and selling of products or services or things like that. So the idea behind advertisements is that they want to create an image that helps people who are trying to sell things, sell it to a viewer. Advertising is an application of commercial photography used to sell a service or product. Advertising is essentially an application of commercial photography. The idea is that different cultures have different expectations, are different things that they value. So one type of advertisement that might work here in the United States wouldn't really work in Germany, or France, or Poland maybe, because people have different things that are important to them, or they look at things differently. So if you look at this advertisement for this Honda motorcycle here, you can see that they've chosen to emphasize qualities like independence, and , power the wide open frontiersman ship that people in the United States tend to be drawn to.

How does compositing work to create special effects? Describe some of the ways the creators of Star Wars used compositing. Be sure to use vocabulary from the lesson in your answer.

Compositing is a time consuming part of editing. Compositing is the process of layering images together. The live actions shots are usually done in front of a green screen. Star Wars was filmed using this technique. The creators filmed the actors in front of a green screen and then were able to add together scenes and images placing cels on top of one another cels, add in light savers with computer imagery, or add in miniature creatures or scenes to reallife footage.

What are Daguerreotypes? Name the photograph below and is photographer. Why is its photographer significant?

Daguerreotypes are early photographs produced on a lightsensitive metal plate coated in crystals. This photograph is by Louis Daguerre, entitled, Shells and Fossils. Louis Daguerre is significant because he invented the process for creating Daguerreotypes. He produced this photographic example, which was the first of its kind. In early photography, the daguerreotypes were used to capture the first portraits of people. These were called daguerreotypes. This comes from the name of the inventor, Louis Daguerre. In fact, we can see, here, a still life of shells and fossils created by Louis Daguerre. In essence, the way that this works is that a metal plate was coated with these light sensitive crystals and was exposed, much in a similar way that we expose film negatives today. This allowed people to create very rich images with a lot of detail. And in fact, if you see many old daguerreotypes, they've held up very well over time. However the disadvantage to this is that it's relatively expensive and required a very long exposure time.

What is digital photography? How is a digital photograph created? How has digital photography changed the art of photography?

Digital photography is a process in which there is no film yet the image is exposed the same way the digital camera does. With digital photography, the chargecoupling device is exposing light to thousands of little dots that record the light into pixels. The pixels can be recreated or reproduced onto the computer and then printed. Digital photography has opened up the doors for photographers, allowing artists to manipulate images and create images or scenes that may never have existed.

What is a documentary? Discuss the first documentary and its creator.

Documentary is a category of film expression created to depict reality. The first documentary was filmed by a man named Robert Flaherty in 1926. Now Flaherty was sort of a explorer and guide and helped a lot of people navigate the Pacific Northwest. In particular, in Canada and the United States and he dealt with a lot of indigenous people there. And at one point, he found that one of the indigenous groups of Inuits was very receptive to filming and so he created something which could have been called a documentary in 1922 which was called the Nanook of the North. But it wasn't technically a documentary because it wasn't actually factually accurate. He set up a lot of shots just to try to make things interesting and so it wasn't really a depiction of these people's lives. But thereafter someone hired him to make the documentary entitled Moana, which recorded aspects of Samoan life.

Besides advertising fashion, what does commercial photography do?

Fashion is defined as an application of commercial photography to communicate or establish trends. An application of commercial photography used to sell a service or product is called advertising. Commercial photography also documents fashion, which is a part of cultural history. Every year, there are new fashion trends that are part of cultural history. Commercial photography has distinct characteristics that distinguishes each photo from different fashion eras. Fashion trends like the wide legged pants from the 70's and the slip dresses from the 2000's were advertised differently in commercial photography. Each type of photo has distinguishable traits that have been part of cultural history because they may also represent the cultural aspects in that era.

Examine the two fashion advertisements above. The advertisement on the left is from the 1920s, and is for a jewelry company. The advertisement on the right is from the 1950s, and portrays the famous model Dovima in an evening dress designed by Christian Dior. Which do you find most persuasive? List at least 2 reasons.

For the advertisement on the left, the colors, artistic expression accomplished through drawing, a higher interest in jewelry, style, the composition, etc. are what I find the most persuasive. For the advertisement on the right, the black and white photography, the exotic appeal of the elephants, the realism because it is a photograph, the woman, higher interest in clothing, the beauty of the woman, the woman's expression and/or pose, etc. make it persuasive. Both fashion advertisement definitely are enticing because both are visually alluring. The first advertisement showcases the jewelry by wrapping the woman's dress in the jewelry. The pose also makes the woman look like she is enticing us to buy the jewelry. I find the second advertisement more persuasive because real photographs do make a difference. The first advertisement showcases the dress more than the jewelry while the second advertisement properly showcases the evening dress by making it stand out more. The model Dovima helps make the photograph more alluring and persuasive because we tend to want to emulate what we see and be like the model when we purchase the dress. The elephants definitely showcase the dress as well. There is that exotic appeal which makes it more appealing. The pose of Dovima showcases the dress and makes the dress look attractive.

Name and describe two examples of special effects you see in the image above from the modern movie, X-Men.

I know what the special effects are in that picture! They are both pretty obvious, the first one is the lightning coming out of the hands of the character. The second one is the white glowing eyes. Unfortunately I can't really describe them. The lightning is coming out of the woman's hands/fingers. Lightning, the direction and placement of the lightning is specific. Pupils, the man's pupils are covered by white, so it looks like they do not exists. You can see the use of CGI or computer distortion with the eyes and the beams. I think this is Halle Berry in the movie XMen. I think makeup was also used. Makeup is used to create special effects makeup characters like Gamora, Nebula, Edward Scissorhands, etc. I think the pupils could be contacts and the hair is probably a wig. Makeup is also used to make actresses' and actors' skins look clearer or flawless.

Create a brief timeline for the history of photography from 1826 until 1889.

In 1826, the first permanent image was produced. In 1839, the first known photo of a person. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produced the first photograph in 1826 with a camera made of a sliding wooden box. In 1847, the first photos of lightning and war. In 1861, the first color photograph was produced. In 1878, the first action photos were seen. In 1889, the first published photograph was printed in National Geographic. And finally, we had the first photograph published in National Geographic in 1889.

Prior to photography, what method was used by the fashion industry to advertise new products? Describe early fashion advertisements and the fashion industry's sales strategy.

In fashion industry used drawings as advertisements. These drawings were usually busy, dramatic, and exotic. They were suppose to communicate to people a feeling of excitement, which would then produce feeling of want and need. Those feelings would hopefully encourage the buyer to purchase the product.

Who was the "father of journalism"? Why has he/she been given this title?

Matthew Brady is credited as being the father of photojournalism. This is because during the Civil War, he and his teams would actually carry around a complete darkroom set up from battlefield to battlefield, to document the war as it was happening. This is important because this is our greatest source of the visual history of the Civil War. Brady was responsible for photographing leaders and generals and important officers on both sides, as well as battlefields and the effects of actual warfare.

Define montage and its process. Look at the 3 photographs above. Explain their relationship, including why they are an example of photomontage.

Montage is defined as a process of combining several distinct pictures to produce a blended composite picture. Montage is a process of combining several distinct images to produce a blended or combined picture. This is done by blocking out certain parts during processing in the dark room. In the first photo we see birds, and in the second photo we see a field of grass and wildflowers. The final photo, on the far right, shows the bird in front of the grass and wildflowers. The photographer has taken the first picture, blocked out every part but the central bird, and during the process done in the dark room, created a new picture by blending the bird and the grass and wildflowers.

What is a motion capture? Name a popular character, and the epic film(s) he was in, who was entirely created using motion capture.

Motion capture is an important modern technique that we use today with computer generated characters. And in particular, if you've ever seen The Lord of the Rings, the character Gollum was entirely motion captured from a real live actor. This basically involves taking the actor and putting them into a really tight suit that has a whole bunch of what are called markers on the outside of it. These are basically little sensors that a variety of different cameras can pick up. So these cameras see these sensors and they can tell where the person is standing and how they're moving through the space. And so what happens is, they can take this motion and record it and basically put it on to a computerized puppet. They can then copy this motion over on to a computerized character. Now a lot of modern special effects techniques use combinations of these different things. If you've ever seen or heard of the film The Matrix, you might have seen a scene like this, where there's a character who's fighting multiple different duplicates of his enemy. A scene like this uses a combination of things like stunts, computer generated imagery, slow motion, and compositing to create the final effect. Because the idea is, because they can't really have four real live duplicates of this villain, they made a computerized version of him that they motion captured with the real performer. And they could duplicate him in a computerized space. Then the hero character was actually put on to wires, and he was performing stunts doing things like these jump kicks and so forth. And what they would do in order to create slow motion with this, is they would film the actor doing these stunts in a green room. But they had a sequence of cameras around him that were all filming him. So in order to create the slow motion bullet time effect in the end result, they could slowly change the camera that they were using in the final piece. So they had the sensation of actually rotating around this character in slow motion. So this was composited all together in the final piece to create this fantastic scene. Now finally, we should talk about a couple of special effects techniques that might not be immediately obvious to you. And one of the most important of these is makeup. Now makeup is a very old and very simple technique. And essentially what it is designed to do is just control the way that light is hitting the surface of people's faces. So if you see, for example, this hero character on this Lord of the Rings poster, he doesn't really look like this in real life. He probably has pock marks and defects like all the rest of us, but through the use of makeup they've made it so that the lights that are hitting him don't make him look really greasy or anything like that, and they can cover up some of the defects.

When you think of special effects in movies, what are your favorite types of examples. Name and describe the 2 movies you feel have most effectively used special effects. Why?

My favorite two types of special effects are the slow motion effect and green screen. The slow motion effect can be defined as a special effect where time appears to have slowed down, creating suspense. This is one of my favorite types of special effects because it emphasizes and dramatizes the event or situation in most movies. It can also be used ironically( for comedic movies) or to create suspense in films. The second type of special effects that I like is green screen. This special effect tool is very versatile because you can manipulate the background to look like anything. The two movies that use green screen and slow motion are Spiderman: Far from Home and Avengers: Infinity War. The Avengers: Infinity war uses green screen in multiple scenes. The scenes where they fight Thanos or when characters in the MCU use their powers like Doctor Strange or Iron Man. Avengers: Infinity War is a film about Thanos and the Avengers. Thanos wants to wipe out the whole universe after collecting all the infinity stones. At the end of the movie, when Thanos successfully wipes out almost everyone, slow motion was used to dramatize and emphasize the severity of grandness of what happened. In almost every scene, green screen is used especially when the Guardians of the Galaxy appeared. They were in space in some of the scenes in the movie. In Spiderman: Far from Home, Peter has to defeat Dr. Otto. Slow motion was used when the explosion happened at the theme park and the explosion of water at the bridge. Green screen can be defined as the green screen is used as a preselected screen which will be replaced by an alternate background video. They use green screen in the scenes where Dr. Otto uses mind tricks to play with Peter's conscious and there are scenes where he is everywhere, he continuously falls, or when he interacts with himself in multiple ways. They are two most effective films that uses these special effects because the uses of these special effects are cohesive, plays with the theme, makes the movies more interesting.

Who invented negative film? Explain how negative film is used in photography.

Negative film was invented by Henry Fox Talbot. Negative film is a roll of film with a gel or lotion over it, with lightsensitive silvernitrate crystals in the emulsion. When exposed to light, it creates a negative image. When we look at a negative image on film, all the light colors are dark and all the dark colors are light. This image can be duplicated or enlarged onto photography paper that is lightsensitive. Because the paper is lightsensitive, the image appears as a positive image. So the way that photography works is that we have negative film that has an emulsion coated with silver nitrate crystals. These crystals are light sensitive. So when they are exposed to light, they change color. They change value. Now different types of film have different ISO ratings, which refers to the size of these crystals in them. A higher ISO rating, like 400 or 800, means that the crystals are much larger. This makes them more receptive to light, so you can shoot in low lighting or with fast action. But at the same time, it makes the image turn out more grainy. So if you shoot with a low ISO rating, something like 100, you can produce a negative that's capable of being enlarged many times while retaining a great deal of granular detail.

Describe how makeup is used by filmmakers to create special effects?

Now makeup is a very old and very simple technique. And essentially what it is designed to do is just control the way that light is hitting the surface of people's faces. Makeup is used to remove glare. Makeup is used to control how actors' and actresses' look in movies. Makeup can remove blemishes, dark spots, hyperpigmentation, acne scars, oil, etc. Makeup is used by filmmakers for photoshoots, characters who need special effects makeup like Gamora, Drax, and Nebula from Guardians of the Galaxy, posters for film promotion, and other movie related advertisement. Makeup is important for creating mystical or unrealistic creatures. Injuries can also be made very realistically using makeup. Makeup is needed for all actors to help control coloring and shine from the lights hitting the actors' faces. Makeup is also used for color correction and painting out wires that are in the background.

Define the following terms: - overlay - frame - pixel

Overlay can be described as a transparent layer of subtle changes in the image or corrections are shown. We can overlay the animated figures on the painted background. Frame is the sections of captured images on clear film. Now animation cel is basically a drawing that's created for every one frame of motion or every two frames of motion. And these cels are layered on top of each other using overlays. In animation each second of running time is typically equivalent to at least 24 drawings or frames. Pixel is the smallest piece of information in an image or unite of light on a monitor. If you think about the way your monitor looks, all of these little colored dots that make up texture or make up images, are what are called pixels.

Explain the difference between a panning shot and a fade out.

Panning shot is to rotate a movie camera so as to keep an object in the same picture frame. This is created by rotating a movie camera to keep an object in the picture frame. So if we were focusing on a person, for instance, here, we might start the camera here. And then rotate it around this person, and end up over here. That's called panning the camera around the person. And so this technique might be useful, for instance, if we start off a shot looking at a person's face and we can see an expression of surprise and then we pan the camera around, over the person's shoulder, so we can see what they're looking at.Fade out is the reduction in visibility of an image to signal a conclusion or transition. A panning shot is a camera shot that is taken by rotating a movie camera, so as to keep an object in the same picture frame. A fade out is something added to a shot. It is a reduction in visibility of an image to signal a conclusion or transition. This is when we reduce the visibility of the image to zero in order to indicate a conclusion or a transition. What this is is when the image fades to black, and you've probably seen this a number of times at the ending of motion pictures.

Define photographic journalism.

Photographic journalism is a report of recorded facts about the world to provide others with information. Now one type of photojournalism that has developed today is what's called social documentation. Now, social documenters are photographers who document social situations with their cameras in an attempt to cause some change. So if we look at this example here, for instance, by Jacob Riis entitled Children Sleeping, you can see that he's taken photographs of some impoverished children who lived in New York City at the time that he did. This is essentially what social documenters are doing. Now photo essay is a technique that was invented by the American photographer Margaret BourkeWhite. This is where sequences of photographs are assembled in order to tell a narrative history.

Explain the affect(s) photography has had on documenting history and the evolution of Social Documentation. Name at least 2 well-known photographers who are famed for their examples of social documentation.

Photography first came around during the Civil War Era. The first cameras were used to bring photos of war back to the home front and let citizens see the horror war has to bring. As time progressed photography became a way to get people's attention onto certain important issues. Take for example mukrakers during the Progressive Era photographed people living in slums and tenements and even took street photography. In doing so these photos were able to bring awareness to the problems many people faced. Today photography has not only allowed people to bring about social change but it is also mainly used to tell a story about their daily lives. It has become a form of expression as opposed to the tool it once was. Some photographers famous for their social documentation would be Jacob Riis who lived during the Progressive Era and took startling images of the impoverished in New York. A more modern example would be Steve Mccurry who photographed stunning photos from the front in Afghanistan and letting people stop to think about what they are seeing.

Describe the history, process, and importance of photogravure.

Photogravure was invented in 1876. Similar to Intaglio printing, it is printing process in which an image is photographed through a screen on to a sensitized printing plate that after development is etched. Basically, the artist creates a film positive on a piece of film, so it is transparent. Light is then projected through the film positive onto some type of plate or surface, which has a tissue coated with a gel cover. Through a number of exposures and washings, parts of the gel hardens, while other do not. Recessed areas form with each trial that can then be filled with ink for printing. It is important to the history of photography because it is the earliest known form for reproducing photographs on film.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. Outline the birth and development of projecting film. Include the inventors, the date it was invented, the definition/process, and an example in your response.

Projecting film came soon after the production of moving pictures and the realizations of film. It was invented by the Lumiere brothers in 1895. When projecting film, twodimensional sequential images are transferred as a strip of film, which is then projected onto a screen for viewing. Their first example was called, A Trip to the Moon. Projecting images onto a movie screen was invented by the Lumiere brothers in 1895. This was the first example of science fiction or fantasy in motion pictures. And so eventually people took sequences of images on this film and they were able to project it with a projector.

What are pyrotechnics? How have pyrotechnics and sounds changed the filming?

Pyrotechnics are selfcontained, selfsustained explosions, fires, flames, and fireworks used in live performances, film, and other forms of entertainment. Pyrotechnics are used to enhance the "wow" factor of the film. Along with sound, this can help emulate explosions or exhaust or fire. The way that this works is that typically, when you see fire or explosions or sparks or things in movies, these aren't really real, like an explosion would be in real life. These are controlled environments where they have devices that are spewing out flames in a controlled way, or creating a very controlled explosion. And that's because it's important that they maintain the safety in the production environment, so that the performers and stunt people don't become harmed. Now there are a lot of important special effect techniques related to animation as well. Pyrotechnics are selfcontained, self sustained explosions, fires, flames, and fireworks used in live performances, film, and other forms of entertainment. Pyrotechnics/sounds, combined together have changed the filming industry by making special effects more realistic and experiential to the viewer.

What is the connection between rayograph and Surrealism? What is Surrealism?

Rayograph is a process invented by Man Ray. Man Ray lived in New York City during the early 1900s. Now what this is is essentially a technique where he placed objects over the photographic paper while it was being exposed, in order to create surreal and fantastic images. And he used this to great effect as a fashion photographer later in Paris. So if we take a look at this image here, you can see that this doesn't really appear to be a traditional photograph. And we maybe can't really pick out what exactly is going on. But he created this sort of abstract image by having maybe his own face exposed temporarily. And then again on the other side. And then he laid his hands over the page in different places to control exposure. So he created a number of images like this in order to try to create new eye catching images, which is very important in the world of advertising and fashion. He helped form the Dada Movement, which influenced later art styles including Surrealism. Surrealism is a form of art, largely influenced by the Dada movement, that focuses on fantastic or dreamlike imagery. Now Man Ray was interested in a type of art referred to as surrealism, which emphasizes sort of fantastic images, things that we don't typically think about. It's not necessarily representing something that exists in real life. And so one way he came up with for communicating this was called the rayograph.

Explain the process of rotoscoping.

Rotoscoping creates animation using live footage as guides. So if we're going to animate a character and we want to have very natural looking motion, we might film an actual person walking or performing or doing something like that. And then we're essentially tracing over them when we're creating the animated cells. Or even if we are animating a computerized character over the top of it.

Photojournalism allows for a moment in time to be instantaneously captured. What is the photograph of, or what is its title? How might it have impacted Americans after looking at this image?

So sometimes photojournalists are photographing things like sports or political campaigns, or they can also photograph political circumstances and turmoil, such as this image here that comes out of Vietnam prior to the Vietnam War. This is entitled The Vietcong Execution by PulitzerPrizewinning photographer Eddie Adams. In essence he captured this scene as it was happening. And this helped change the perception that people had about what was really going on in Vietnam at the time. The photograph is of the execution of a Viet Cong and is titled, "Nguyen Ngoc Loan". This image may have lead Americans to think that there shouldn't be soldiers fighting in this cruel war. And that crimes against humanity were being committed and that the war shouldn't be fought by other Americans.

What are special effects? How did Alfred Hitchcock create some of the first examples of special effects without modern technology?

Special effects are scenes and elements traditionally made by computer graphics which gives support to filmmakers to tell a story as their imagination desire. In the case of Alfred Hitchcock, special effects are more simple, but even so, impressive. Light manipulation, camera shot, mechanical scenario... Hitchcock manipulated the scene as he wishes. Goods examples of special effects in Hitchcock's films are the use of the yellow screen in "The Byrds", and the subtle atmospheric manipulation in the neighborhood in "Rear Window". Special effects are the artificial visual effects or illusions that are incorporated in the films and television by using computer graphics and camera tricks to stimulate virtual scenes. Alfred Hitchcock was a famous English film director and producer who is said to be one of the most influential filmmakers of his times. He created some of the first examples of visual effects where some of the effects were optical and others were mechanical.

What is stop motion animation? Why was this important to animation?

Stop motion animation is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. This was really important for creating special effects in a lot of early films. The way that this works, is that artists will create models or puppets that they can pose. And then they will photograph these puppets in a particular pose and then move them a little bit, photograph them again, and move them more, and so forth. It's like the process of drawing each frame of the character but instead you're actually moving physical objects and photographing them. So the change in the pose makes these characters appear to move as time goes on. And so you've probably seen films like this before, especially by Tim Burton, who love stop motion animation. So modern animation, mostly now, is done with what's called Computer Generated Imagery. This allows us to create a virtual character in the computer and pose them. And when we pose them, the computer actually generates all the inbetween frames and renders the final sequence as pixels.

Fully explain the changes that occurred with both the camera and film that led to the creation of cinematography. What is cinematography?

The 1930s saw the introduction of the first modern film emulsions, including color film, and the first substantial use of 35mm film. Film emulsions have a photosensitive side of photographic film containing special materials to determine the sensitivity, contrast, and resolution of the film. Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for making pictures. The cinematography in Last of the Mohicans created an emotional battle scene. This is essentially the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording images for motion pictures. And so if you think about it, a cinematographer is responsible for the composition and the lighting of each shot and talking about how the shots will relate to one another.

List a brief timeline of animation between 1872 and 1928.

The Phenakistoscope was invented which produced an illusion of movement in 1872. The first animated film by J. Stuart Blackton was created in 1906. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is a 1906 short silent animated cartoon directed by James Stuart Blackton and generally regarded by film historians as the first animated film recorded on standard picture film. "Steamboat Willie" became the first successful animated film with sound in 1928. Steamboat Willie is especially notable for being the first Disney cartoon with synchronized sound, as well as the first cartoon to feature a fully postproduced soundtrack which distinguished it from earlier sound cartoons such as Inkwell Studios' Song CarTunes (19241927) and Van Beuren Studios' Dinner Time (1928).

Explain the differences and/or similarities between solarization and the Sabattier effect.

The Sabattier effect is a darkroom technique to create surreal images. Now what this does is it inverts part of the image. This can happen either when the negative is dramatically overexposed, or it can be emulated using techniques in the darkroom. Solarization is similar to Sabattier effect, except it is specific to situation where the film is massively overexposed. The same process and technique is used for both. Both Solarization and Sabattier Effects are techniques used in photography. The difference is the amount of exposure that the photos undergo. Solarization effect produces photos that are fully exposed therefore creating black and white photos, while the sabattier effect produces photos that are partially exposed creating different varying tones (i.e. sepia).

Which artist photographed the above images? What did he pioneer? Name the series of photographs above, and its significance.

The artist Eadweard Muybridge produced the above images. Muybridge was a pioneer in the art of capturing motion. Because you see, he'd set up a system that was essentially a sequence of trip wires that would each activate a shutter on a set of cameras. So when a person walked past, or when an animal would run past, he would be able to capture the subject in a variety of different poses throughout the course of its motion. He was revered for his work because he set up a system of tripwires that would each activate a shutter on a set of cameras. So as a person or animal ran past, he could capture it in a variety of sequenced possess. Like with the image above, entitled Horse in Motion, he captured a horse as it galloped. Besides the process used, this image was important because it was the first time anyone had noticed that all four of the horses feet leave the ground at the same time, during one point of its gallop.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. Name and describe the first silent film. In what year was sound added to films?

The first silent movie was called Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith. This chronicled the Civil War in the United States. Now stop and think about it. You might take things like motion pictures for granted today but what if all the television broadcasts or movies that you watched had no sound whatsoever. It would be something like the early silent films where they would depict a sequence of action, and then have a cell up that would have text. That was how they conveyed dialogue in these early silent films. Sound was later integrated in films in 1927. They were referred to as "talkies". One of the most important early talkies was called Gone With the Wind which is still very popular today. At the time that sound was introduced into film, however, many actors who had been active in silent films could no longer find work because their voices were not well suited to being recorded on film. And so this dramatically changed the landscape of motion pictures.

When an advertising agency creates an advertisement, what factors need to be considered? What questions do they need to ask to create an effective advertisement? Explain your response.

The most important factor to consider is who the main buyer will be. This helps determine how to best advertise the product and where. For example, if the advertisement is for female teens, then it would make sense to advertise in magazines they buy. They also must consider the priority of the buyer. In other words, how can they show the product so that the buyer will not only want it, but also feel the need to have it. Advertisements can also create new and unique trends, while pushing old ones ways.

Define the following parts of a camera: - aperture - lens - shutter

The opening in a photographic lens that admits light is aperture. Now lens specifically refers to the piece of glass that's inside this object on the front. What that does is, that focuses light onto a prism, in here, and then passes that through the shutter and onto the negative. So the lens has of variety of properties that are also interesting for us. Now lens specifically refers to the piece of glass that's inside this object on the front. It has a focus adjustment knob, here, so that if we're shooting in a very wide open scene, we can make something that is nearer to us appear more in focus, or something that is far away from us appear more in focus. And it also has what's called an fstop ring right behind the focus adjustment knob. Now what the fstop ring is doing is, it is changing the size of what is called the aperture. Now the aperture is the opening in the back side of the lens. So when light passes through this lens, there is an opening that controls how much of that light actually comes through and onto the prism and eventually onto the negative. So if we have a very high fstop, like f22 for instance, that means that the opening is very small. Now in the center here, the back of the camera, you can see there is a shutter, which is sort of a rectangle. What happens is, when we press the shutter release button, here, the shutter opens. And it exposes the negative behind it to light.

What is the shutter speed? Explain why a photographer may want to use different shutter speeds in different situations.

The shutter speed is amount of time the film is exposed to incoming light. The slower the shutter speed, the more time the film is exposed to light. A photographer would want to use a slower shutter speed if he/she was taking a photo in a dark location, so the light has more time to enter, and vise versa. Now in the center here, the back of the camera, you can see there is a shutter, which is sort of a rectangle. The shutter speed describes how long the shutter is actually open when light is exposed to the negative. So for shooting in dark conditions, we can shoot with a very slow shutter speed, like 1 second or 2 seconds, in order to allow more light to expose itself to the negative. Now why is the aperture so important? That's because the aperture controls what's called depth of field. And this is the area of sharpest focus in a photograph. So you remember, I talked about how if we're shooting in a wide open area, we can adjust that focus ring so that something that's closer to us or farther away from us is more in focus. Well, the way this actually works is, if we imagine that our camera is right here, and we're shooting a subject, right here. We can have a number of other background objects, like trees or whatever, behind this subject. So when we're focusing on this person, depth of the field is actually describing some distance, from here to here, where things actually appear to be in sharp focus. While things that are outside, off in this range, for instance, will be out of focus. They'll be blurry, as well as things that are too close to the camera. Now when we're shooting with a smaller opening in the aperture, that's a higher fstop number, what it does is, it changes the size of the aperture to be much smaller. That means much less light is coming through. And when that's happening, our depth of field is greater. Now how does this work? If you think about it, let's say we have our negative here. And this is if we have a large aperture opening.

Describe the history of the camera.

The term camera come from the Latin term meaning "room" or "chamber". This comes from the Latin term, camera obsura, which mean dark room. The first cameralike object (camera meaning "light writing" in Latin) was originally created by an Iraqi scientist around 1000 AD. He produced a box, or chamber, that had a small hole. When the light, that is reflected of the objects being photographed, enters the chamber, it passes through the hole. It is projected upside down onto a surface in the back of a chamber.

Describe what the animation frame above is showing. What cels might have been created for this frame? List the individual cels.

This is a frame or scene from the beginning of the movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is the first featurelength Disney animated film. This is animation was created by Disney Studios in 1937. Cels were laid on top of each other because they didn't want to redraw the whole scene every time for every motion in a frame. So typically one cel might have a painted background, for instance. And then a cel on top of that, is going to have a character like Snow White here. And then maybe another cel on top of that, would have these other smaller animal characters interacting with her. The idea there is so that we don't have to redraw this background for every single frame. We can overlay the animated figures on the painted background. The background was most likely one frame. Then maybe another frame was the critters and other forest any animals. Snow White was probably her own cel.

Examine the photograph above closely. Describe the photograph. How does each make you feel? What does it make you think about?

This is a photograph of a veteran and a woman on the street after WWII. The woman and the man are kissing in the street in the middle of everyone. Women and other military people are looking at them. The woman looked like she was swept off her feet. It seems very spontaneous and happy. The sailor looked very happy. This was a photography taken after WWII ended. The photograph shows a sailor from the navy coming home from war and kissing his wife or girlfriend. The picture makes me feel happy to see young lovers reunited; however it makes me think about the military men that did not get the chance to come home, but instead gave their life for their country. It makes me feel elated for the couple and it's a very romantic, wholesome picture. It looks like a picture from the Notebook or from A Walk to Remember. It makes me think about the hundreds of couples who struggled and who were torn apart by war. It makes me sad to think about the hundreds of men who never came back to their loved ones and significant others. That pain is definitely difficult to overcome.

Name the artist who created the photograph above. Describe the artist and his connection to the art world. Name the approach of commercial photography that was used to create this piece, and explain the process used.

This is a rayograph. A rayograph is a photograph made without a negative by exposing objects to light on light sensitive paper. This was invented by Man Ray, who was an artist at the beginning of the 20th century in the United States and founded the Dada movement, along with some other artists in New York. Now Man Ray was interested in a type of art referred to as surrealism, which emphasizes sort of fantastic images, things that we don't typically think about. It's not necessarily representing something that exists in real life. And so one way he came up with for communicating this was called the rayograph. The photograph was produced by Man Ray. Man Ray was an American photographer living in New York during the early 1900s. He was influential in the Dada movement and invented the process of Rayograph, which was used to create this photograph. A rayograph photograph is made without a negative by exposing objects to light on light sensitive paper using an enlarger. Now what this is is essentially a technique where he placed objects over the photographic paper while it was being exposed, in order to create surreal and fantastic images. And he used this to great effect as a fashion photographer later in Paris. So if we take a look at this image here, you can see that this doesn't really appear to be a traditional photograph. And we maybe can't really pick out what exactly is going on. But he created this sort of abstract image by having maybe his own face exposed temporarily. And then again on the other side. And then he laid his hands over the page in different places to control exposure. So he created a number of images like this in order to try to create new eye catching images, which is very important in the world of advertising and fashion.

In which movie does the above screenshot appear? What science fiction techniques were highly used to create this movie?

This is a screenshot from the movie The Matrix. The Matrix used a combination of stunts, CGI, slow motion, and compositing helps to create movie sequences like this one. Majority of the fights were in slow motion, so it can show off the stunts all the actors had done, and what's going, and to show off the skill of the fighters. Slow motion, though not effective for a lot of movies, works for this one greatly as with how the movie is seen, the slow motion gives a hint to of more action, though slowed down. This screenshot comes from The Matrix. The Matrix used a combination of stunts, CGI, slow motion, and compositing helps to create movie sequences like this one.

Examine the advertisement above. What is being advertised? Most likely, who is their target audience or buyer? What does this advertisement say to the buyer?

This is an advertisement for Honda motorcycles. Based on the picture, the location it shows (beach front at sunset), and the man in the advertisement, the target audience is most likely males in either their 20s or 30s, or perhaps older males who want to feel younger again. The advertisement and the imagery used speaks of such emotions and experiences as, independence, power, wideopen spaces, and freedom.

What does the image above show? What would be its purpose in animation?

This is called a maquette which are sculptures of characters for an animation design. Maquettes are used to create an idea of what a character should look like in animation. Maquettes can also be used in stop motion as long as you can change their pose. Stop motion is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. Famous examples of stop motion animation are Frankenweenie, Tim Burton's Corpse Bride, Coraline, The Nightmare Before Christmas, etc.

What is the shot above an example of? Define this type of shot and its main purpose(s)?

This is called a movie still. These are also called screenshots. A movie still is taken by a photographer during the filming of the movie with cameras for publicity including posters, websites, newspapers, and magazines. Movie stills are used for promotion, and can help generate popularity for the film. These are basically photographs that are taken during the production of a movie that are used for advertising or PR purposes. So if you go to a website or in a newspaper or look in a magazine you might see some of these screenshots or movie stills.

\What is the image above an example of? Describe how it works and how it was used by animators.

This is phenakistoscope. Phenakistoscope was invented in 1872. This system produced the first illusion of movement. The word "phenakistoscope" has Greek roots meaning "to cheat," because it deceives the eye making it look animated. It is system invented in 1872 that produced the first illusion of movement. Basically it was a disk with a series of drawings around the edge, showing the same object in slightly different poses. When it was spun, it created the illusion of movement. A zoetrope is one of several prefilm animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. You can see an example of it here in the upper right. This is essentially a disk that had a series of drawings on it. And if you looked down at the disk from the top and spun the disk, you could see the illusion of movement because you were seeing one frame after another. This is similar to another invention that called the zoetrope, which, basically, had a disk that you looked at from the side.

Name the photograph above and its photographer. Explain the process with which it was created. What is this process commonly used for?

This photograph is by Anna Atkins, and is entitled, Woodland Horsetails. Cyanotype is a photographic print in white on a blue ground. It is commonly used for copying maps and architectural plans, which are known as blueprints. Essentially, the way this process works is that she would lay the objects on top of this paper and then expose it to light. Now cyanotypes are very interesting because they retain some of the lightsensitive properties. And so over time, they can appear to wear. However, they can also be reversed. So if it appears to become washed out, we can return it to a dark room for a period of time to regain the original richness. Now these types of images were also important for copying maps and technical drawings for architecture, and ships, and. So forth. These were referred to as blueprints. The idea was that the architects would make a drawing of the design on some sort of film that they could lay over a blue piece of paper, like this, and expose it to light, so that they could create replications of it to give to other members of their teams.

Examine the photograph above closely. Describe the photograph. How does each person in the picture make you feel? What does it make you think about?

This photograph is of two children dressed in ragged or large looking clothing with their heads resting on their mother, I presume. The woman or mother is cradling a child in her left arm. They don't look well. This picture conveys heartache, depression, and pain. This picture was taken during the Great Depression. I assume the mother and children are struggling. This picture embodies the overwhelming feeling and struggle many women, men, and children had to face during this grueling time. The women represents many women during this time and the struggle to keep their children healthy, free from sickness, and happy. This was a national struggle that was conveyed through this picture. The woman makes me feel sad and sympathetic. He facial expressions reveal hardship and lack of hope. The children make me want to cry because their childhood must have been difficult. This was a nationwide crisis that affected children mentally, physically, and emotionally. Even if we don't see their facial expressions, the sadness in their pose reveals the pain or even weakness they feel. The child in the mother's arms makes my heart ache because it is difficult to feed a child even without a national crisis.

Describe the difference between stop motion and go motion. What is slow motion?

While in the Stop Motion footage the character has to be standing still, in Go motion the photograph is shooted while it's moving, creating what filmmakers call motion blur, an effect that emphasizes the moving sensation. Both techniques of filmmaking use photography as a medium to obtain the footage. The Stop Motion technique was first used in 1902, but its popularity in the film industry happened in the 1960's. It's commonly used in animations and consists in taking photography for each movement of the object or subject. Clay objects animations are famous by using this technique, but Hollywood Classics like The Lost World (1929) and the 1933's King Kong used adopted it to animate the nonhuman subjects. Every photograph becomes a frame of the scene and when they're put in an order, they give us the illusion of movement, creating a chronological narrative. The Go Motion is quite similar, but it differs from the technique mentioned above because it incorporates movements in each photograph, and, consequently, each frame. While in the Stop Motion footage the character has to be standing still, in Go motion the photograph is shooted while it's moving, creating what filmmakers call motion blur, an effect that emphasizes the moving sensation. The PolishRussian filmmaker Ladislas Starevich started to experiment with this technique in the 1920s in Paris. But it got notoriety in the 1980s with the blockbuster Star War: The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and it was used in minor sequences in E.T. the ExtraTerrestrial (1982). And it was extensively used to animate the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park's series. But differently from both techniques mentioned, the Slow Motion consists of controlling the frame timelapse, making it slower and larger than the original footage. It's an editing resource and usually applied to emphasize a scene. All details engage the audience, as they get bigger than usual. To increase reality in those scenes, they're usually shot at a speed higher than usual, so when you slow the time lapse, subjects move even slower and naturally. Stop motion is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. Go motion is a variation of stop motion. With go motion, the animated models are moved slightly during the exposure of each film frame, producing a realistic motion blur. Slow motion is a special effect where time appears to have slowed down, creating suspense.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. Think about advertisements you see for your favorite clothing company or store. When you look at the clothing worn by the models, whether it be similar to items you have or entirely different, how do you feel? Do the advertisements influence you and your idea of what is fashionable?

You mostly likely want to have what the models are wearing, whether you already own something similar or it is quite different from the clothes you just bought from the same store last week. If you are similar to most of the general public, you probably tend try to follow and buy what you see in advertisement with regards to fashion. I think modeling and commercial advertising has a great influence on what we wear and purchase. The clothing fit these models so well and are dressed up so beautifully. We tend to want to emulate these people and as do I. I have that feeling that I want to wear the same and look the same as these models. Fashion is ever changing and models and advertisements definitely influence the way we perceive fashion trends and fashionable clothing. When we see Gigi Hadid wear Chanel clothing on the runway, she definitely influences the way we think. I think when I see Gigi or Bella Hadid wear clothes, we are enticed to want to look that way as well. These models are the faces of fashion which make me and all of us feel like what they wear is fashionable.

_______(1)_______ is used as a pre-selected background which will be replaced by _______(2)_______. a. (1) The green screen; (2) a fake background b. (1) The composite; (2) computerized actors c. (1) The green screen; (2) a cel animation d. (1) The composite; (2) pyrotechnics

a. (1) The green screen; (2) a fake background

The photograph on the left is an example of ______(1)______. The photograph on the right is an example of ______(2)______. a. (1) pyrotechnics; (2) stop motion b. (1) compositing; (2) compositing c. (1) rotoscoping; (2) rotoscoping d. (1) compositing; (2) stop motion

a. (1) pyrotechnics; (2) stop motion

What is a photograph? a. An image created by light falling on a light sensitive surface, usually film. b. A print in white on a blue ground, often used for copying maps, or architects plans. c. A devise used to capture an image of a moment in time. d. An inverted image transferred for a light-sensitive metal plate onto film.

a. An image created by light falling on a light sensitive surface, usually film.

The popular fictional film character ___________, was entirely created using motion capture. a. Gollum c. Yoda b. Darth Vadar d. Frodo

a. Gollum

Margaret Bourke White is famous for her photographic essays of WWII. White took this photo (above) entitled, The Living Dead, of German men looking at a group of concentration camp prisoners (although we cannot see the prisoners) after the camp was liberated. When she was asked by a LIFE magazine writer about the picture, she replied, "Dead men will have indeed died in vain, if living men refuse to look at them." What did she mean? a. If the living do not examine past mistakes, in particular with war and hatred, then the ones who died because of these things will have died for no reason. b. People must be made to feel guilty for their involvement with hate, if things are ever to change in the world and people are ever going to live in harmony. c. In order to understand death, people have to see it with their own eyes. d. If the living men refuse to look at the dead, and the dead are only seen by the women who bury them, then the dead's accomplishments cannot be remembered.

a. If the living do not examine past mistakes, in particular with war and hatred, then the ones who died because of these things will have died for no reason.

The inventor of the photographic process in which a photograph produced without a negative by exposing objects to light on light sensitive paper, is named _____________ a. Man Ray c. Dorothea Lange b. Richard Avedon d. Pablo Picasso

a. Man Ray

This photograph has elements of ____________, although it is specifically an example of rayograph. a. Surrealism c. ilfochrome b. montage d. Dada art

a. Surrealism

A storyboard is _____________ a. a visual series of rough drawings depicting the scenes of action in a story. b. a transparent sheet of film on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand drawn animation. c. a visual series of sections of captured images on clear film. d. an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own.

a. a visual series of rough drawings depicting the scenes of action in a story.

The primary benefit to the use of overlays in animation is that animators are able to __________________ a. avoid recreating the same image. b. speed up the animation process. c. take the world of animation beyond reality. d. make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own.

a. avoid recreating the same image.

Commercial photography ______________ a. illustrates and sells a product or service for money. b. is made without a negative by exposing objects to light on light sensitive paper. c. is only concerned with communicating and/or establishing trends. d. includes the full face or another feature with much detail.

a. illustrates and sells a product or service for money.

A panning shot ________________ a. is a rotation of the camera, which often starts with the subject's face/front, and the rotates around to show what is in front of the subject or what the subject is looking at. b. is the reduction in visibility of an image to signal a conclusion or transition. c. is taken by a photographer while the movie is being filmed with cameras for publicity including posters, websites, newspapers, and magazines. d. a type of film expression which is intended to show reality.

a. is a rotation of the camera, which often starts with the subject's face/front, and the rotates around to show what is in front of the subject or what the subject is looking at.

In photography, a __________ aperture is well-suited for action photographs. a. large c. slow b. fast d. small

a. large

Invented in 1872, the first example of a _____________ was produced. It showed the first illusion of movement, using a disk with a series of drawings around the edge, with the same object in slightly different poses. a. phenakistoscope c. maquette b. zoetrope d. kaleidoscope

a. phenakistoscope

Using traditional photographic paper, a slide, which is printed as a positive image, ______________ a. was not able to be reproduced as a print until the ilfochrome process was understood. b. provided the only method for artists to share their work with advertising agencies. c. had to be transferred onto light-sensitive paper, and then inverted. d. can portray colors and details more accurately then any other type of photograph.

a. was not able to be reproduced as a print until the ilfochrome process was understood.

______(1)______ is an application of commercial photography used to sell a service or product, where as ______(2)______ is an application of commercial photography to communicate or establish trends. Both are important components to advertising and the world of fashion. a. (1) Fashion; (2) Surrealism b. (1) Advertising; (2) fashion c. (1) Rayograph; (2) cibachrome d. (1) Commercial photography; (2) advertising

b. (1) Advertising; (2) fashion

Straight photography was popularized by ______(1)______, which is ______(2)______. a. (1) Dorothea Lange; (2) a process of combining several distinct images to produce a blended or combined picture. This is done by blocking out certain parts during processing, while in the dark room. b. (1) Alfred Stieglitz; (2) a form of photography in which pictures are printed directly from the negatives with no cropping or other manipulation. c. (1) Eddie Adams; (2) a darkroom technique to create surreal images. d. (1) Margaret Bourke White; (2) a photographic narrative consisting of a series of related images.

b. (1) Alfred Stieglitz; (2) a form of photography in which pictures are printed directly from the negatives with no cropping or other manipulation.

Negative film was invented by ______(1)_______, which allowed negative images to be produced. A negative image is a __________(2)___________ a. (1) Ansel Adams; (2) photographic print in white on a blue ground, often used for copying maps, or architects plans. b. (1) Henry Fox Talbot; (2) tonal inversion of a positive image, where light appears dark, and dark appears light. c. (1) Keith Cottingham; (2) photographic print in white on a blue ground, often used for copying maps, or architects plans. d. (1) Louis Daguerre; (2) tonal inversion of a positive image, where light appears dark, and dark appears light.

b. (1) Henry Fox Talbot; (2) tonal inversion of a positive image, where light appears dark, and dark appears light.

The first documentary was created by ______(1)______. It documented ________(2)________ a. (1) the Lumiere brothers; (2) the Inuit people living in the Pacific Northwest. b. (1) Robert Flaherty; (2) the inuit people in the Pacific Northwest c. (1) Orson Welles; (2) mining in California during the Gold Rush. d. (1) D.W. Griffith; (2) the Civil War years.

b. (1) Robert Flaherty; (2) the inuit people in the Pacific Northwest

What is photojournalism? a. A photographic narrative series consisting of a series of related images. b. A report of recorded facts about the world to provide others with information. c. Photography that documents social situations in an attempt to capture cultural changes. d. A darkroom technique to create surreal images.

b. A report of recorded facts about the world to provide others with information.

__________ are transparent sheets of film on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand drawn animation. a. Overlays c. Frames b. Cels d. Pixels

b. Cels

______________ is an application of commercial photography to communicate or establish trends. a. Commercialization c. Advertising b. Fashion d. Ilfochrome

b. Fashion

______________ became a possibility when people realized that flipping through pages of related pictures produced the illusion of movement. Each variation of the image on each page, is slightly different then the one before, which creates the illusion in our mind. a. Sound c. Film emulsion b. Film d. Panning shots

b. Film

With regards to camera rotation, why was 180 degree rule introduced to cinematography? a. Early cameras were difficult to move any more than 180 degrees around a subject. b. It helps to orient the viewer's perspective and stops them from becoming confused about the image or the location of the subjects or objects. c. Lighting could only be placed for 180 degree shots, otherwise the lights would show up in the final product of the film. d. It ensured that the faces of all the subjects in the film would be shown on camera.

b. It helps to orient the viewer's perspective and stops them from becoming confused about the image or the location of the subjects or objects.

_____________ are self-contained, self-sustained explosions, fires, flames, and fireworks used in live performances, film, and other forms of entertainment. a. Motion capture c. Rotoscoping b. Pyrotechnics d. Compositing

b. Pyrotechnics

This photography by Jacob Riis, entitled, Sleeping Children. He was a photographer in New York City in the early 1900s who used his camera and skills to capture images in an effort to fuel change for the poor. This type of photography is called __________________. a. portraiture c. montage b. Social Documentation d. photo essay

b. Social Documentation

What is the depth of field? a. The area of the film in which light appears dark and dark appears light. b. The area of sharpest focus in a photograph. c. The area and time that the photograph is exposed to light. d. The area of a photograph produced by light falling on a light sensitive surface.

b. The area of sharpest focus in a photograph.

The Sabattier effect is _____________________ a. a picture that includes the full face or another feature with much detail. b. a darkroom technique to create surreal images, which is made by re-exposing a partially developed print to light during the processing. c. a printing process in which an image is photographed through a screen on to a sensitized printing plate that after development is etched. d. a process of combining several distinct images to produce a blended or combined picture. This is done by blocking out certain parts during processing, while in the dark room.

b. a darkroom technique to create surreal images, which is made by re-exposing a partially developed print to light during the processing.

A(n) ____________________ is responsible for the composition and lighting of each shot in a film. a. actor c. director b. cinematographer d. producer

b. cinematographer

Because of ____________, the creation process has been sped up, both time and cost have been reduced, and new feats have been achieved that would not have been possible in the past. a. stop motion animation c. storyboard animation b. computer animation d. 21st century animation

b. computer animation

The production of two dimensional images transferred onto a screen for viewing is referred to as ________________. a. panning c. recording b. projecting d. advertising

b. projecting

Before commercial photography, the fashion industry advertised ______________ a. only on the radio using live entertainers during live broadcast. b. relied on artistic drawings to persuade the buyer. c. through written advertisement in women's journals. d. by mailing samples with written explanations of new products.

b. relied on artistic drawings to persuade the buyer.

The special effect where time appears to have decreased its speed in order to create suspense is called _____________. a. release motion c. go motion b. slow motion d. stop motion

b. slow motion

This artist was hired by the Sierra Club to create a book of photographs of American parks. The book was distributed to Congress, and successfully convinced its members to pass legislation that would preserve American parks by creating a number of national parks and preserves. a. Keith Cottingham c. Ansel Adams b. Anna Atkins d. Henry Fox Talbot

c. Ansel Adams

Which of the following is not true about digital photography? a. Digital photography has allowed artists to manipulate images and create images or scenes that may never have existed. b. Digital photography is a process in which there is no film. c. For each image captured using a digital camera, a tonal inversion of a positive image is created, in which light appears dark, and dark appears light. d. With digital photography, the charge-coupling device is exposing light to thousands of little dots that record the light into pixels.

c. For each image captured using a digital camera, a tonal inversion of a positive image is created, in which light appears dark, and dark appears light.

______________ is a printing process in which an image is photographed through a screen on to a sensitized printing plate that after development is etched. a. Daguerreotype c. Photogravure b. Cyanotype d. Digital imaging

c. Photogravure

_____________ was a very early use of photography. While this was traditionally used by rulers and the wealthy, photography made this type of art less expensive. a. Close up photographs c. Portraiture b. Montage d. Straight photography

c. Portraiture

_________________ allow(s) for increasing creativity and uniqueness in advertising. a. Government tax-cuts c. Technology b. Higher buyer incomes d. An increased in advertising locations

c. Technology

Examine the photographic image above. Which of the following is true? a. This is an example of a portraiture because the artist has recorded facts about the world to provide others with information. b. This is an example of a montage because the artist has captured the likeness of a person through photography, usually in great detail of the facial expression. c. This is an example of a montage because the artist has combined several distinct images to produce a blended or combined picture. d. This is an example of a portraiture because the artist has created surreal images, which by re-exposing a partially developed print to light during the processing.

c. This is an example of a montage because the artist has combined several distinct images to produce a blended or combined picture.

Rotoscoping _______________ a. allows animators to create virtual characters and pose them. b. creates self-contained, self-sustained explosions, fires, flames, and fireworks used in live performances, film, and other forms of entertainment. c. creates animation using live footage as guides. d. is process of layering images together.

c. creates animation using live footage as guides.

Special effects could include all of the following, except which? a. fires or explosions c. elaborate costumes b. computerized deletes (ex: wires) d. color correction

c. elaborate costumes

The advertisement above is attempting to not only sell the product, but also to convince the buyer that _____________________ a. he/she needs a motorcycle in order to travel to the beach. b. this only motorcycle worth buying because of its engine size. c. he/she will experience freedom, power, and independence by riding and owning this bike. d. a motorcycle is necessary to achieving independence from being just a regular person.

c. he/she will experience freedom, power, and independence by riding and owning this bike.

A ______(1)______ is taken by a photographer while the movie is being filmed for publicity including posters, websites, newspapers, and magazines. a. fade out c. movie still b. panning shot d. moving picture

c. movie still

In the 1930s, the introduction of modern film emulsions created cameras that ________________ a. recorded moving pictures using projecting film. b. used modern film emulsions and sound. c. used 35mm film that was rolled into wheels and cranked through while they were recording. d. incorporated lighting and compositions into cinematography.

c. used 35mm film that was rolled into wheels and cranked through while they were recording.

The photograph above was produced by ______(1)______. The process he/she used is the same process used by ______(2)______ to create ______(3)______. a. (1) Ansel Adams; (2) photographers; (3) persuasive documents b. (1) Anna Atkins; (2) building inspectors; (3) blueprints c. (1) Keith Cottingham; (2) mapmakers; (3) different types of maps d. (1) Anna Atkins; (2) architects; (3) blueprints

d. (1) Anna Atkins; (2) architects; (3) blueprints

In a feature animation film, each second of animations contains __________. a. 24 overlays c. 42 maquettes b. 42 cels d. 24 frames

d. 24 frames

Which of the following is true about Computer Generated Imagery (CGI)? a. The computer automatically generates the images in between each frame. b. Even with CGI, animators still need to use and understand basic animation skills. c. The final product is provided by the computer in the form of pixels. d. All of the statements above are true of Computer Generated Imagery (CGI).

d. All of the statements above are true of Computer Generated Imagery (CGI).

___________ is a picture that includes the full face or another feature with much detail. a. Portraiture c. Montage b. Photo essay d. Close up

d. Close up

Which of the following is not true about Alfred Hitchcock? a. He is considered a master at using camera techniques to create special effects. b. His films were highly suspenseful, psychological, and unique. c. He used chocolate, rather than the traditional corn syrup, to create bloody scenes. d. He created the concept of go motion for his masterpiece, The Birds.

d. He created the concept of go motion for his masterpiece, The Birds.

The artist Eadweard Muybridge was revered for his work because he set up a system of trip-wires that would each activate a shutter on a set of cameras. So as a person or animal ran past, he could capture it in a variety of sequenced possess. What was the title of his most famous example? a. Birth of a Nation c. Moana b. A Trip to the Moon d. Horses in Motion

d. Horses in Motion

_______________ is a technique that transfers an actor's motions into a computerized character using a tight suit covered with tiny sensors called markers that read and record each movement, and those recordings are put together to create a realistic computerized image. a. Go motion c. Rotoscoping b. Compositing d. Motion capture

d. Motion capture

______________ was a popular technique used by animator, Tim Burton. With this animation technique, objects/puppets are made by the artist, and each time they are moved, the artist photographs them instead of drawing them. a. Cel animation c. Projecting animation b. Computer Generated Imagery d. Stop motion animation

d. Stop motion animation

Besides advertising new products and services, commercial photography also ____________ a. documents fashion trends at different times in history. b. allows for many artists to work who might otherwise be unemployed. c. encourages the use of new and innovative techniques in photography. d. accomplishes all of the above.

d. accomplishes all of the above.

Animation skills include all of the following, except which? a. layering c. drawing b. sketching d. acting

d. acting

Through the use of stop motion animation, ______________________ a. the animation process has sped up drastically. b. animators no longer have to recreate the same scene each time they want to use it. c. pixels can capture each detail with precision and vibrancy. d. new types of special effects have been created and used.

d. new types of special effects have been created and used.

The "father of journalism" is known for ___________________ a. rallying for government support for photo journalism during the Revolutionary War. b. being the first photographer to create a photo essay for the national newspaper. c. inventing the process of straight photography and the portable dark room. d. photographing battling scenes during the Civil War.

d. photographing battling scenes during the Civil War.

Stop motion uses _____________ which are posed and then photographed in sequence. a. miniatures c. pyrotechnics b. markers d. puppets

d. puppets

The photograph above is an example of _______________. This is a darkroom technique to create surreal images. a. straight photography c. montage b. close up d. solarization

d. solarization

The technique of projecting a film strip was invented by _______________ in 1895. a. Robert Flaherty c. D.W. Griffith b. Eadweard Muybridge d. the Lumiere brothers

d. the Lumiere brothers

In 1861, __________________ a. the first permanent image was created. b. an Iraqi scientist invented the first example of a camera. c. daguerreotype was first used, changing the world of photography. d. the first color photograph was produced.

d. the first color photograph was produced.