ART 76
What is corporate identity?
'a unified look that encompasses everything from logo, to stationery, to architecture'. The idea of corporate identity did not first emerge in 1950s, with the designs for AEG by Peter Behrens in the early 1900s it was in use.
Purism
An art movement led by Ozenfant and Le Corbusier that sought to create a new artistic style based upon cubist principles combined with a classical aesthetics.
Linotype
An industrial machine, developed in 1880s, that facilitated mechanical typesetting by setting an entire line of type
What is Art Nouveau Movement/Style?
Art Nuova or New Art became an umbrella term to designated the various design movements of the late 19th century in Europe and the United States. • Like other art movements in 19th century, art nouveau was developed against to the industrialization
New Utopian Movements in Russia in Revolutions Era
1. SUPREMATISM 2. RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTIVIMS
Digital Typefaces in postmodern era
1980s>Introduction of Computer Systems > Revolution in Typography! Designers of the Earlier Digital Typefaces Zuzana Licko > Émigré Typeface • Invention of the new forms by/for the new technology. • Bit-mapped Typefaces • A ratio based on using pixels. • Emperor 8 > minimum number of pixels • Emperor typefaces cannot be rescaled into another size, must turn to another typeface.
Jugendstil
A German synonym for Art Nouveau meaning 'young art' derived from the name of the Magazine
Johnston Typeface
A Sans Serif typeface designed by Edward Johnston for the London Underground and it was popular in the early 20th century.
Architectonic
A composition structured in such a way that its forms are suggestive of the elements of architecture.
Dada
A constellation of social protest and art movement that originated in Zurich, Switzerland, which was a protest, against World War I, as well as the European culture that had fomented.
Vienna Secession
A group of young artists in late 19th century Vienna who rejected the conservative artistic conventions of the era.
What is the new typography and layout by Jan Tschichold with its book 'The New Typography' Die Neue Typographie
A handbook published by the educational departments of a printer's union. The New Typography was intended to set out in clear terms the history, theory and the practice of the New Typography. One of the most famous sets of illustrations from Die Neue Typographie shows how asymmetry functions to enliven the page. Tschichold renounced axial symmetry as one of the most problematic elements of what he called 'old typography'. Tschichold believed that asymmetry represented a sort of 'Controlled Dadaism', expressive of the new freedoms of the modern industrial world while in the orthogonal grid.
Arts and Crafts
A late nineteenth-century decorative arts movement in Europe and the United States that rejected mass production in favor of handcrafted goods.
Secessionstil
A synonym for Art Nouveau as it was practiced in Vienna
Art Nouveau Designers in Austria
ART NOUVEAU MOVEMENT IN AUSTRIA = SECESSIONSTIL Secession Group Led by • Gustav Klimt • Oskar Kokoschka (Expressionist) • Egon Schiele (Expressionist) • Josef Hoffmann • Joseph Olbrich • Koloman Moser
Art Nouveau Designers in Germany
ART NOUVEAU MOVEMENT IN GERMANY = JUGENDSTIL • Thomas Heine • Josef Sattler • Fritz Erler • Henry Van de Velde • Peter Behrens
Art Deco
An English-Language term derived from the name of the 1925 exposition of the decorative arts held in Paris; it is a style characterized by geometric regularity.
Futurism
An Italian art and political protest movement led by Filippo Marinetti.
Cubism
An art movement focusing on painting that originated in Paris in the early 20th century. George Braque and Pablo Picasso were the key figures who developed a new type of abstraction that would influence generations of future artists.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERMANY ART MOVEMENTS
At this time, the members of Berlin Dada did not like the expressionist art, which they believed was hopelessly subjective and romantic in outlook. Dadaists blamed the expressionists not to see the reality of the world. Under the influence of Dadaist Kurt Schwitters and De Stijl Artist Theo van Doesburg, Germany remained the focus for artists who sought to explore the connections between the Dada and the Constructivist modes of making art.
Why did Arts and Crafts Movement fail?
By 1890's, arts and crafts couldn't address the problems of industrial mass production. Scholars criticized that the arts and crafts were only small group people by small groups craftsmen. When it came to mass production it failed.
POSTMODERNISM
CHRACTERISTICS No Limits • New Design Ideas & Approaches & Methods • Eclectic (Historicism) - Double Coding (History + Future) • Irrelevant of Stylistic Rules • Experiential • Use of Various Colors - Palettes • Illusions, Illusionist Techniques Postmodern graphic designers: • Push Pin Studios • Milton Glaser • Paula Scher • Hipgnosis • Wolfgang Weingart • Dan Friedman & April Greiman • Studio Dumbar • Neville Brody • Tibor Kalman • Atelier Populaire • Sheila Bretteville • Barbara Kruger Postmodern typography: A few new typefaces were designed as alternatives to the popular serif and sans-serif fonts. Moreover they also used hand-drawn letters/texts.
Calligrammes?
Calligrammes by Guillaume Apollinaire Calligrammes are a form of 'concrete poetry', a type of poem in which the visual structure of the words and the typography are designed to complement the meaning of the text. Experimental poetry • A significant impact on graphic design and typography Visual Dimensions of the Calligrams • Materiality of the Letters • Graphic Shapes • Rhythm • Flow
What are the characteristics of the DADA Movement/Style?
Characteristics: • Absurdity • Random • No Rules • Chaos • Chance • Liberating creativity | No Rational Styles
CONTEMPORARY GRAPHIC DESIGN STYLES
Characteristics: • New Methods | Developing Technologies • New Medium | No Need to Print | PC Screen • Revisiting Expressionism | Unique Style • Rising Eclecticism • No Strict Rules | No Limits • Experimental Design Process • Mixing Technics • Collaborations
SWISS STYLE
Characteristics: • Simplicity • Clean, Uniform Design Elements • Geometric Shapes • Grid System • Asymmetric Lay-outs • Attention to Details • The Use of Photographs • High-quality Printing • The Contrast between Font Sizes • Hierarchy on the Information/Content • The Typefaces: Akzidenz-Grotesk, Helvetica and Univers Designers: • Josef Muller-Brockmann (Based In Zurich) • Hans Neuburg (Based In Zurich) • Richard Paul Lohse (Based In Zurich) • Armin Hoffman (Based In Basel) • Emil Ruder (Based In Basel) • Karl Gerstner & Markus Kutter (Based In Basel)
What is 'chromolithography' and explain the process?
Chromolithography is a printmaking technic with using stones. The process whereby a color image is reproduced using flat stones that have been drawn on with greasy ink or crayons. A separate stone is used for each color.
Geometric architecture
Combines applied geometry and architecture, which looks at the design, analysis and manufacture processes
POST WAR PERIOD IN GERMANY
Conditions of the era in Germany | Postwar Period • Polarized political situation in Germany. • Weimer Republic was the democratic government based in small city in Germany. • The government supported the art and design movements in that period. • There were different art and design movements/initiatives founded after the First World War in Germany. • There were important popular movements in Germany in that period: Dada, Constructivism and Expressionism.
AMERICAN MODERN
Contributors in that period: • William Dwiggins • T. M. Cleland • Margaret Bourke-White • Joseph Binder • Dr Mehemed Agha • Georges Lepape • Cipe Pineles • Alexey Brodovitch • Lester Beall American Magazines, Periodicals • Fortune • Vanity Fair • Harper's Bazaar • Seventeen • PM Magazine
CONTIBUTORS in russian constructavism
Designers / Contributors • Alexander Rodchenko, • Vladimir Mayakovski • Gustav Klutsis • Stenberg Brothers • El Lissitszky (contributed to both Suprematism and Russian Constructivism)
EUROPEAN STYLES AND CORPORATE IDENTITY
Designers in Europe • in the Netherlands: Wim Crouwel • In England: Stanley Morrison (Times New Roman), Jan Tschichold (Penguin Books), Herbert Spencer, Alan Fletcher, Pentagram Design Studio (also in the USA) • In France: no any significant design in that period.
USA STYLE AND CORPORATE IDENTITY
Designers in the United States • Alvin Lustig • Saul Bass • Paul Rand • Unimark International Corporate Identity Design in the USA • The International Style took hold in the United States in late 1950s. (Corporate Company Patrons) • International Style was depoliticized and more proper to promote their products 'universally'. • Many of the corporate identity logos were designed by the beginning of 1950s. (Still in use today). • This period witnessed the golden age of corporate logos (50s, 60s), when designers such as Paul Rand created some of the most familiar trademarks of the century.
Cubist Designs for London Underground
Designers: Edward McKnight Kauffer Austin Cooper They used cubist abstractionism to promote London Underground Services
ECLECTICISM & HISTORICISM
Designers: • Art Chantry • David Lance Goines A few artists in the contemporary era tried to create new styles with using the elements of previous/historic movements/styles such as Art Nouveau, Japonisme, Sachplakat, Russian Constructivism, Horror Vacui and others
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Designers: • Stefan Sagmeister • Fuel Design Group • Experimental Jetset Some designers seek to find new way of design / or the design ideas. Beside the visual elements and the characteristics, the idea is 'well-designed'.
GRUNGE DESIGN
Developed by David Carson Designers: • David Carson • Tomato • Elliot Earls • Benjamin Savignac 'Grunge' is a term mostly used for a Music Genre and a subculture based in Seattle in the mid 1980s & 90s. Characteristics: Dirty Textures | Chaotic Background Images | Blurred Photographs Irregular Lines | Frames Over-Printed Letters Custom Typefaces | Hand-Drawn Elements Readability is more important than Legibility Use of multiple technics Untidy, messy chaotic images Grunge designers have sometimes run into criticism for their apparent lack of interest in considering graphic design an important part of social activism.
ART DECO in France & Britain > 1920s.
Different type of designers pursuing geometric abstraction. • A Trendy Fashion to be marketed to a broad public. • Art Deco includes some inspirations from cubism, futurism and constructivism. • Considered as the first global decorative works. • Smooth, sleek surfaces in the posters. A. M. Cassandre is the most famous Art Deco Designer
Art Nouveau Designers in the USA
Edward Penfield • William Bradley They used bright colors. realistic details, clean lines. During this period, they got inspirations from France, England. British Magazines such as The Studio, The Yellow Book and Penrose's Annual were significant sources for American Artists
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
Expressionism remained as a dominant force in German post-war culture. Expressionist style was used not only for artworks it was also used to promote commercial goods, events, films, books. Characteristics of the style • Expressionist Themes: Anxiety and Alienation • Distorted Scenes • Spiky Forms • Illogical Spaces • Emotional Tone of Lettering A GROUP FOR ART was founded by Expressionist in that period. The Arbeitsrat fur Kunst | The Workers' Council for Art >The political and artistic activist group, founded in 1918 by the expressionist architect Bruno Taut. The group was designed to serve as a think-tank group, held strong utopian beliefs. With the aim of rebuilding German Society after the WWI. The membership of the group was made up of artists and critics from a variety of fields, but the architect dominated the group. In 1919, the leadership was transferred to architect Walter Gropius (RELATION TO EXPRESSIONISM) Walter Gropius had worked in the studio of Peter Behrens. Then he founded Bauhaus
Comics, Manga, Video Games, Anime in Contemporary Graphic Design.
Fascination with Japanese Comics, Manga, Video Games and Animes: • Glossy Hyperrealism • Dense Kinetic Compositions • Speed Lines • Vivid Colors • Strong Contours The graphic designers in 2000s were influenced by the comics, manga, video games and anime culture in Japan.
What is FAP> style? Designers? Goal?
Federal Art Project | FAP One of the branch of Works Project Administration: Federal Art project | FPA FAP viewed the poster as a democratic art form. They produced several posters to promote governmental projects and institutions. 1/3 posters were produced poster were produced in New York City. Designers: • Richard Floethe • Carken • Lester Beall
Supermatism
Founded by Kasimir Malevich in 1915. Malevich's Suprematist designs and paintings carried cubist abstraction > Squares, rectangles that appear float in an infinite space, often diagonal, dynamic movement. • Fragments • Simple Geometric Shapes • Different Scales in one composition Malevich wanted to invent a new universal style like De Stijl members in the Netherlands. Like the mature works of De Stijl artists, Suprematist compositions are entirely non-objective, meaning they bear no representational relationship to the natural world.
De Stijl Movement, Netherlands, 1917
Founded by: • Theo Van Doesburg • Piet Mondrian • Bart Van der Leck • Gerrit Rietveld Principles/Rules/Characteristics • Basic, fundamental geometric elements such as squares, rectangles and other orthogonal compositions. • The use of intersecting lines and planes in an angle. • The use of primary colors: yellow, red, blue and non-colors: gray, white and black. A visual language consisting of precisely rendered geometric forms, patterns (usually straight lines, squares, and rectangles-orthogonal-) and primary colors. Abstraction is the key element/technic.
What are the characteristics of Arts and Crafts Movement?
Founders: William Morris & Joh Ruskin Where it was founded: London When it was founded: Late 19th Century The founders were advocating handmade good as a solution to the ugliness of the design of mass-produced products in an industrial society. Organic forms • Hand-crafted • Decorative • Materials and technics are important • Detailed drawings and decorations.
WWII War Posters > comparison Countries and Style > Message + Technics ?
Germany: War Images + Photomontage • Britain: Motivation, Positive Message Posters + Photography • Russia: Realism, Expressionism + Illustration Technics • United States: Poster related to production/industry + Illustrations
Teaching Philosophy by Walter Gropius
Gropius wanted to recrate the craftsmanship, wanted to destroy the barriers between artists and working craftsmen. He claimed that every art discipline should unite as one.
How the magazine cover designs, and layouts had changed in that period? What are the styles of these designers?
IDK
Difference between Zurich and Basel Swiss Style?
In Basel, artists did not limit themselves with the rules like in Zurich. They were freer than the Zurich artists (regarding the rules of Swiss Style).
MEANING OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
In that period, some preferred to say the term 'visual communication' instead graphic design. During 1920s, the profession of graphic designer and art director increased their visibility in the United States.
Difference between Russian Constructivism and International Constructivism
International Constructivism, often called just constructivism, is distinct from the Russian Constructivist movement in that it was not always associated with revolutionary ideology. But both used similar visual elements and principles.
Purism Where & Founders
It was founded by Le Corbusier and Ameede Ozenfant, France, 1920 Based on reinterpretation of cubist principles Built on cubist facets They used Layers / Layering Purism Characteristics • Pure, Basic Forms • Rational Order • Symmetry and Asymmetry • Cubist Principles • Composition • Clarity • Functionality • Machine Aesthetic | Machine Idealism • Clean Geometric Shapes • Smooth Surfaces • The Modern World of the Industry
Vorticism Where & Founder
It was founded by Wyndham Lewis in 1914, in England. New Revolutionary Art Movement in fact was a complex amalgam of Futurist, Cubist and Expressionist principles.
Web graphics in 90s. Profession & Products
It was hard to design a website like today. It was not easy. Why? There were two problems: The first one is the lack of memory to design and develop high resolution screens and the second one is the speed of the internet. It was not sufficient to download the image from text coding to image. Web Layouts in 90-94. • A front Page with no image or a basic image at the top • Default font Times New Roman • Purple/blue Links (Hyperlinks) In 90s, One of the first examples of graphic design trends appeared: the illusion of tactility. This trend was evident in different forms of bulging and 3D effects on the search engines pages.
What are the characteristics of the Art Nouveau Movement in France, England and USA?
Japonisme effect • 2D drawings and paintings • Asymmetrical Compositions • Flat Colors • Contour Lines • Hand-drawn typography • Organic and Botanic Lines • Curvilinear Forms • Flowers & Stems • Transparent Natural Forms • Text and Figure Relationship • Mostly promoted events and cabarets
What are the characteristics of the Art Nouveau Movement in Scotland, Austria and Germany
Japonisme effect • 2D drawings and paintings • Mostly Symmetrical Compositions • Flat Colors • Hand-drawn typography • Geometric Lines • Linearity • Abstract a visual language that was overall more symmetric, rectilinear and abstract than the French, English and American contemporaries.
Art Nouveau Designers in France
Jules Cheret • Leonetto Cappiello • Alphonse Mucha • Theophile Steinlen • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
LOCATION OF BAHAUS AND ITS DIRECTORS & CONTRIBUTORS
LOCATIONS Bauhaus in Weimer from 1919 to 1925. Bauhaus in Dessau from 1925 to 1932. Bauhaus in Berlin from 1932-1933. Directors The school was directed by three different architect-designers 1. The school was founded by Walter Gropius and he directed from 1919 to 1928. 2. From 1928 to 1930 the school was directed by Hannes Meyer. 3. Lastly, from 1930 until 1933 (school was closed) directed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Bauhaus Teachers, Masters: • Johannes Itten • Paul Klee • Kandinsky • Oskar Schlemmer • Josef Albers, • László Moholy-Nagy, • Marcel Breuer, • Herbert Bayer, • Joost Schmidt
Russian Constructivism
Led by Alexander Rodchenko + Vladimir Tatlin A blend of futurism and cubism with the revolutionary political climate in Russia. Characteristics: • Block type, thick, dense. • Black, red, gray and white colors. • Expressive and dynamic geometrical compositions. • The use of Perspective + Collage + Photomontage technics The idea of designer as engineer (social role + knowledge of material and industry) Rodchenko used clean lines, primitive shapes, primary colors - flat colors.
DADA Designers? Dada was founded in Zurich why?
Led by Hugo Ball • Richard Huelsenback • Emmy Hennings • Jean Arp • Tristan Tzara • Marcel Janco As a reactional movement, DADA • Against the World War I. • Artists were concerned with shock, protests and oddly, basic nonsense. • They rejected all traditions. • Seeking for a complete freedom of expression **** all committed to using their creativity in order to protest the war and to draw attention to what they saw as the impoverishment of the European middleclass
Art Nouveau
Literally 'New Art' , a late nineteenth-century decorative arts movement in Europe and the United States that favored a unified design style based on organic forms, and featured a significant Asian, particularly Japanese formal influence.
What is Sachplakat? Where was it founded? Who was the founder?
Lucian Bernhard was the first, in 1906, to veer away from decorative tendencies by focusing on one product image and bold yet minimal lettering. This approach called Sachplakat: object poster. Bernhard was the founder of the style in Germany
How MoMa helped to spread of the new modern styles in the United States?
MODERN ARCHITECTURE: INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1931 CURATED BY PHILIP JOHNSON AND HENRY-RUSSELL HITCHCOCK Providing a survey of modern architecture that the organizers grouped under a new term: THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE. 1934 Machine Art Exhibition Machine Aesthetics of modern life The exhibition at MoMA was based on Bauhaus principles of Constructivist functionalism, and the curators rejected the opulent ornament of Art Deco. The Cubism and the Abstract Art Exhibition 1936, Curated by Alfred H. Barr
BAUHAUS 'typo-photo'
Moholy-Nagy introduced photography to the Bauhaus. Photography was the medium of that era. He was drawn to photography in all its aspects as the medium of modernity; photograms, photomontages, film, and the dynamic combination of text and photography that he named "typophoto." This new medium of visual and textual manipulation opened up possibilities for designs like his own Painting Photography Film, that seemed to float in a realm of indeterminate space.
Machine Aesthetic
Most often used in reference to the art of the 1920s, this term refers to works that reproduce the sleek, shiny surfaces and geometric regularity of actual industrial machines, cars, planes.
BAUHAUS | BERLIN 1932-1933 | AFTER PRIVATE INSTITUTION | Mies van der Rohe | Collective Design
Only lasted for a short time longer. The Bauhaus dissolved itself under the pressure of the new government in 1933. However, its ideas continued to spread all over the world along with the emigrating Bauhaus members - to the USA, Switzerland, Russia, and many other countries. Chicago inherited German Bauhaus design with two famed Illinois Institute of Technology professors: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and László Moholy-Nagy. IIT: The New Bauhaus.
What are the characteristics of Victorian Style Graphic Design?
The Victorian Style refers to complex and ornate objects and this influence was applied to architecture, furniture, interiors, fashion, typography and commercial art. With new aesthetics standards in decline, Victorian artists turned to the past for inspiration. Ornament was a kind of visible evidence of their social status. The Victorian 'look' was deeply influenced by their nostalgia for objects from the past. • Typical design elements of early Victorian style were the use of outer decorative borders and elaborate typography. Symmetry was also used heavily in layout and design For the images, they illustrated mostly: • Nostalgia • Children • Young Ladies • Puppies • Flowers • Traditional Values were symbolized
Cubism
Picasso and Braque
Art Nouveau Designers in Scotland
THE FOUR GROUP • Charles Rennie Mackintosh • Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh • Frances Macdonald MacNair • James Herbert MacNair
Art Nouveau Designers in Scotland
THE FOUR GROUP • Charles Rennie Mackintosh • Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh • Frances Macdonald MacNair • James Herbert MacNair Characteristics of the designs by THE FOUR Group • Rectangular • Elongated • Verticality • Symmetrical Compositions • Inspirations from Celtic Traditional Color Palette.
BAUHAUS MANIFEST
The aim was to train a new type of artist, designer who could wear all hats, a generalist who could be an architect or typographer or a painter or photographer. Architects, sculptors, painters must return to the work of craft : artist and artisan are the same.
Black Letter
The general term for typefaces that resemble the forms of medieval script; the positive space formed by black in overwhelms the negative white space of the paper.
MOVEMENTS IN GERMANY 20th CENTURY
Three popular movements in the period: Dada, Constructivism and Expressionism -Russian constructivism was brought to the attention artist in Germany with the help of Berlin Dadaists.
Futurism Where & Founder
The movement/style was founded by Filippo Marinetti in 1909 with publishing 'Futurist Manifesto' in Italy.
Chromolithography
The process whereby a color image is reproduce using flat stones that have been drawn on with greasy ink or crayons. A separate stone is used for each color.
BAUHAUS | DESSAU 1925-1932 MUNICIPAL INSTITUTION
The school had many partners from industry > 1000 firms to design furniture, to design brochures for the companies After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, the constructivist curriculum championed by Moholy-Nagy was strengthened, with more resources devoted to art forms that could serve a modern industrial society.
Evolution of the 'GRAPHIC DESIGN' profession between 1920s-1940s
The title 'art director' could originally be taken literally, denoting someone responsible for buying and placing art in publications in 1920s. As the field evolved, so-called graphic designers and art directors took on greater responsibility, often coordinating the design and typography of a given publication.
Sachplakat / Object Poster
The work of a groups of poster artists during the early twentieth century noted for their simple, direct mode of expressionism, led by Lucian Bernhard in Germany.
BAUHAUS | WEIMER | 1919-1925 STATE INSTITUTION
They had developed new approaches to education and training art, architecture, painting, dance, design. The founder Walter Gropius believed in new forms of training/education. The first period of the school education and productions in Weimer had been under the influence of the German Expressionism for a short period. By 1922, the school had strong constructivist ideas/influence. And Later, under the influence of De Stijl and Russian Constructivism in 1923, Bauhaus moved toward a curriculum that emphasized functionalism and a Machine Aesthetics based on reductive geometric abstraction. After Johannes Itten, Moholy-Nagy controlled the metal workshops and other preliminary courses. Students were taught to use the tools of the engineers, the compass and the straight-edge ruler in place of free hand drawing techniques. The new parliament cut the state's financial support to the school and the school in Weimer was closed in 1924
swiss school
Ulm Design School Important for Corporate Design • Max Bill • Otl Aicher • Inge Scholl The design school was founded with a curriculum based largely on Bauhaus principles. The school represented the German version Swiss Style as it was practiced in Zurich. • Precisely measured axial grids • Crisp geometric forms • Sans serif type • Minimum use of text characterized the products of the Ulm Design School
Cranbrook Academy
Weingart (Professor from Basel Design School) also had a significant impact on the work of students at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan > One of the first schools to embrace the postmodern movement. Cranbrook is influenced by the linguistic strategies pioneered by Jacques Derrida. His notion deconstruction was served as an intellectual basis of for a great deal of social activism: race, gender, social inequality. Cranbrook Academy The impact of these theories and Derrida's texts, typography was very important for the Cranbrook Style.
Expressionism
an artistic style that focuses more on reproducing that way the world feels, as opposed to how it looks
Monotype machine
cast single characters from hot metal, invented by Tolbert Lanston
Psychedelic Rock Graphics
chracteristics Counterculture effect > 60s, 70s music • Expressionist visual language • Highly distorted or surreal graphics • Bright colors • Kaleidoscopically swirling color patterns • Political, social and spiritual inspirations Designers: 1. Big Five • Wes Wilson • Victor Moscoso • Alton Kelly • Stanley Mouse • Rick Griffin 2. Hapshash and the Colored Coat • Michael English • Nigel Waymouth 3. Peter Blake & Richard Hamilton
Postmodernism
is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the formality and the standard rules (particularly international style principles). Postmodernists generally focused on visual design and form over function.
Art Nouveau Designers in England
• Aubrey Beardsley • Beggarstaff Brothers
What is the education model in Bauhaus?
• Bauhaus was an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary art school in Germany. • The school was founded by the architect Walter Gropius in Weimer in Germany. • it was founded upon the idea of creating GESAMTKUNSTWERK: 'total work of art' that means all the arts would eventually be brought together. • The curriculum combined the theory & practice and fine arts & applied arts.
What was the aim of Walter Gropius while founding Bauhaus? Gropius' Ideas on the beginning of the Bauhaus?
• Gropius wanted to establish an educational institution that had some ideas on 19th century arts and crafts movement and the Gesamkunstwerk ' total work of art'. • Gropius was able to pursue a curriculum that collapsed the conventional hierarchy between fine and applied arts. • Gropius hoped that the new combined schools would complement each other, the aesthetic theory of the fine arts being dialectically interwoven with the empirical knowledge of the practitioners for the applied arts.
Sachplakat Designer? Characteristics of the style:
• Lucian Bernhard • Julius Klinger • Hans Rudi Erdt • Ludwig Hohlwein It is the simple communication for the declarative message: 'Here is the product and this is its name' • Strong Japanese Influence • Radical Simplification • Clear Messages • Direct Rejection of the Ornamental Complexity • Obvious
BAUHAUS visual design PRINCIPLES
• The Primary Colors: RED, YELLOW and BLUE • The Geometrical Forms: SQUARE, TRIANGLE and CIRCLE • Material is the starting point for design
