art appreciation section 3 study questions

What famous French leader tried to keep Islamic invaders from conquering France in the 700's at the Battle of Tours?

Charles "the hammer" Martel

Early Christians argued about the proper place of images in their religion. State the two sides of this argument:

Iconophiles favored images because they couldn't read Iconoclasts rejected images because catholics were praying to images

Thomas More was executed because he refused to sanction the ___________ of Henry VIII.

divorce

Name and briefly describe two symbols in the Arnolfini Portrait

dog means loyalty, green dress means fertility

The High Renaissance, from 1495-1521, is commonly held to have ended with the death of the artist

raphael

In 1500 how old were the following artists? Donatello

114

The pre-Renaissance emerged from the Gothic Period around the year

1400

The King James Bible was composed and published in the year

1611

In 1500 how old were the following artists? Raphael

17

In 1500 how old were the following artists? Michelangelo

25

In 1500 how old were the following artists? Durer

28

In 1500 how old were the following artists? Leonardo Da Vinci

49

Mohammed, the first leader of Islam and the main prophet died in the year

632

There are __ specific traditional Arts in the Hindu worldview

64

Buddhist Mandalas generally consist of the _ levels of awareness encircled by the _ elements.

8, 4

Chakra

A center of physical power represented by a wheel symbol

Compare and contrast Standing Bodhisattva (p. 274) with Standing Buddha (p. 275)

Bodhisattava has material wealth but no nirvana, Buddha does not have material wealth but has nirvana

In general, art in Islam-dominated countries tends to be concentrated in three main areas:

ceramics, textiles, architecture, calligraphy

The original texts of the Bible were written mainly in

hebrew and greek

One way to identify images of the Buddha is that he is at the center of the _______ flower.

lotus

The recurring themes of Hindu art are: Images of the Gods, Multiple Limbs, and the _____ flower.

lotus

Massaccio's Trinity is the first fresco to use what geometric technique?

perspective

In the book of Revelation, the four horsemen of the apocalypse are:

pestilence rides a White horse war rides a Red horse famine rides a Black horse death rides a Pale horse

What is the function of a MIHRAB in an Islamic Mosque?

points toward mecca

Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the church in the year 1517, beginning what became known as the Protestant

reformation

The term "Renaissance" means

revival of something

The subject of the KAMA SUTRA is religious enlightenment through

sex

The smoky effect of blurred edges in DaVinci's paintings is called

sfumato

True or False: The Hindu religion could well be the oldest organized religion on earth.

true

True or false: During the Renaissance, Durer's output was much greater than Leonardo's.

true

Mudra

A particular hand gesture

Contrast the "Three Davids:"

Donatello: victory Michelangelo: decision Bernini: action

Compare and contrast Harappan Male Torso with Greek Spear Bearer.

Male Torso's strength is flexibility, Spear Bearer's strength is muscular power

The three major artists of the Pre-Reniassance were

Painting: massacio Sculpture: donatello Architecture: brunelleschi

In Hindu mythology, Krishna often spends time chasing after the cow maiden:

Radha

Urna

The tuft of hair between the eyebrows of the Buddha

Krishna, the Hindu godhead is often represented as a young man whose skin is the color

blue

The three gods of Hindu worldview are

brahma, vishnu, and shiva

Siddharta Guatama (563-483 BCE) was the founder of

buddhism

What three great world religions were refined during the Middle Ages?

buddhism, christian, islam

By 400 AD, the former Roman Empire had split into two separate political entities, the Holy Roman Empire in what became modern Europe, and the Eastern ____________ Empire.

byzantine

The main message of Durer's Four Apostles was the rejection of

catholicism

One reason Constantine converted to Christianity was because he had a dream in which God promised he would be victorious in battle if he fought under the symbol now called the

chi rho

One major project of the Renaissance was to reconcile _____________ with the ideals of Greece and Rome.

christianity

Cosimo D'Medici set a new standard for patronage in the arts by separating it from both the Royalty and the

church

Because of his wide range of interests and abilities during the Renaissance, Albrecht Durer is sometimes referred to as the _________ of the north.

davinci

One way to recognize Northern Renaissance works is by the impressive level of

detail

One distinguishing factor between the naked and the nude is thought to be

dignity

While many of his peers were doing valiant portraits of military companies, Jan Vermeer painted the quiet _________ of the Dutch domestic space.

dignity

In the Dancing Shiva sculpture Shiva is standing on what?

dwarf of ignorance

It is believed that oil painting was discovered in the early 1400's by the Van ____ Brothers

eyck

One term that could properly be used to describe the period from 400 CE to 1400 CE is the age of

faith

True or False: Early Buddhist sculpture avoided representing the image of the Buddha

false

Animals and portraits of people rarely appear in Islamic art for what primary reason? The ______ commandment.

first

The ICHTHUS is an early Christian Icon in the shape of a

fish

What are the four things Shiva has in his/her hands in the "Dancing Shiva" sculpture?

flame of creation, drum, have no fear mudra, liberation points to lifted foot

During the Middle Ages in Europe, three distinct cultural and linguistic regions arose and dominated. Connect the region with the modern day nation to which it belongs:

franks, france lombards, italy saxons, germany

Because Protestant religious belief prohibited images of saints and religious figures, Northern European artists turned to painting scenes from everyday life. The term for this type of paintings is _______ painting

genre

arly Christian artwork favored the image of Jesus as the

good shepherd

While Dutch artists were concentrating on capturing reality, the Italian MANNERISTS were exaggerating the ________ of their Royal Patrons.

grace

The _______ is a collection of the actions and sayings of Mohammed.

hadith

The largest Byzantine Cathedral was the ________ ________ a structure which still stands today in the city of Istanbul.

hagia sophia

In Durer's Four Apostles, Peter holds a huge key. What does it open?

heaven

One similarity between Christian and Egyptian art is the widespread use of _________ scaling.

hieratic

The Temple in ANGKOR WAT in Kampuchea is the largest temple of which Asian religion?

hinduism

The term Bodhisattva means a person who is on the point of achieving enlightenment, but who

holds back to help others

Islamic Architecture is identified with the __________ arch

horseshoe

The Italian Renaissance is known for the flowering of _____ thought

humanistic

Abbot Suger, the originator of the Gothic Style church thought of darkness as

ignorance

The term for the process of making drawings to illustrate manuscripts is

illumination

Vlad Dracul III, Prince of Wallachia 1456-1466 became famous as Vlad the Impaler and later became the model for Bram Stoker's Dracula, the blood sucking vampire. His extreme tactics could be seen as a last ditch response to the attack of his Christian kingdom by _______ armies.

islamic

The most famous Byzantine Emperor was ___________ and his spouse was Theodora

justinian

In Hindu belief, the term _______ is the force by which deeds from one life influence status in the next life.

karma

One of Michelangelo's artistic goals was to surpass ancient classical verisimilitude because of the discovery of the

laocoon

What is the lesson of Breughel's Fall of Icarus and The Three Marys?

life goes on

The pointed arch made it possible for churches to become taller and filled with

light

The "____________ Effect" is the LeMieux term for the unlucky person who replaces the superstar.

lombardi

The Italian __________ were unlucky to have been the group of artists who were born just after the famous artists of the Italian High Renaissance in 1500.

mannerists

Hinduism is POLYTHEISTIC. Define polytheistic:

many gods

For what reason is it believed that Massaccio's Tribute Money fresco in the Brancacci Chapel was directed to be created?

medici wanted to tax the people for defense spending

One main difference between Leonardo and Michelangelo is that _______________ art focused mainly on the human figure.

michelangelo's

A _________ is a tower from which the five daily calls to Islamic prayer are loudly sung.

minaret

The Byzantine Christian Cathedral Hagia Sophia was converted into a __________ in 1453.

mosque

The term _____________ describes the intricate geometric decorative patterns popular in Spain under Islamic rule

mozarabic

The Chinese __________ is considered a later evolutionary form of the Buddhist Stupa

pagoda

The term ___________ is Greek for "ruler of the Universe"

pantokrater

What do the three panels of Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights Tryptych represent?

past, present, and future

In 1415, a treatise by Alberti is thought to have originated the geometric discipline of linear ____________ which can be seen as an indication that European Christians had changed their worldview and now considered it possible to care about the physical world.

perspective

Durer's main claim to fame was not his paintings, but his

prints

The religious movement that criticized Roman Catholicism in the 1500's was the protestant reformation.

reformation

One main feature of Hindu religion is _____________, the process of eternal rebirth

reincarnation

The Dutch Golden Age circa 1600-1700, is a period in which artists explored the limits of painting surfaces, textures, landscapes, and portraiture. Three of the most famous Dutch Golden Age artists are:

rembrandt, rubens, and vermeer

Italian and French MANNERISM was an exaggerated response to the verisimilitude of the Italian

renaissance

Arabic Script is read:

right to left

Briefly state the five pillars of Islam:

shahada: no god but allah, mohammed pbuh is his prophet sawm: fast during Ramadan zakat: alms to the islamic poor salat: pray five times a day hajj: journey to mecca

In general, are Buddhist STUPAS hollow or solid?

solid

A _________ is a Buddhist monument that contains relics.

stupa

Buddhist architecture consists primarily of three forms: Monasteries, Relic Mounds called ________, and shrines.

stupas

The spiritual goal of the high ceilings of gothic churches is to

suck the soul out of the body

Medieval Christian artwork favored the image of _____________ Jesus.

suffering

Ushnisha

the "Second Mind," a topknot on the head of the Buddha

Shari-a (Islamic Law) is drawn primarily from what two written sources?

the koran and the hadith

For what reason would the creative period of the formation and growth of three major world religions be called the "Dark Ages?"

the renaissance named it this because of religion

The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism are:

the truth of suffering, suffering caused by desire, eliminate desire, eliminate suffering, meditation to eliminate desire

One difference between Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance artwork is the same issue that separated the work Plato and Aristotle, the source of _____ as ideal or as material.

truth

A Buddhist Mandala is essentially a diagram of the

universe

As Roman power declined, it was repeatedly looted by Germanic Tribes: name three:

vandals, franks, visigoths

In 1495, the charismatic priest Savanarola urged secular thinkers, poets, and artists to renounce their blasphemy and destroy their profane works in what became known as the bonfire of the

vanities

Using 2 circles and lines, geometrically construct a Pointed Arch. Highlight the Gothic arch in the drawing.

venn diagram

St. Jerome translated the Bible into Latin around the year 400AD. This translation was called the ___________ because Latin was the language of the common people.

vulgate

Islamic calligraphy can be traced to the Christian gospel of John which starts, "In the beginning was the

word