art appreciation section 3 study questions
What famous French leader tried to keep Islamic invaders from conquering France in the 700's at the Battle of Tours?
Charles "the hammer" Martel
Early Christians argued about the proper place of images in their religion. State the two sides of this argument:
Iconophiles favored images because they couldn't read Iconoclasts rejected images because catholics were praying to images
Thomas More was executed because he refused to sanction the ___________ of Henry VIII.
divorce
Name and briefly describe two symbols in the Arnolfini Portrait
dog means loyalty, green dress means fertility
The High Renaissance, from 1495-1521, is commonly held to have ended with the death of the artist
raphael
In 1500 how old were the following artists? Donatello
114
The pre-Renaissance emerged from the Gothic Period around the year
1400
The King James Bible was composed and published in the year
1611
In 1500 how old were the following artists? Raphael
17
In 1500 how old were the following artists? Michelangelo
25
In 1500 how old were the following artists? Durer
28
In 1500 how old were the following artists? Leonardo Da Vinci
49
Mohammed, the first leader of Islam and the main prophet died in the year
632
There are __ specific traditional Arts in the Hindu worldview
64
Buddhist Mandalas generally consist of the _ levels of awareness encircled by the _ elements.
8, 4
Chakra
A center of physical power represented by a wheel symbol
Compare and contrast Standing Bodhisattva (p. 274) with Standing Buddha (p. 275)
Bodhisattava has material wealth but no nirvana, Buddha does not have material wealth but has nirvana
In general, art in Islam-dominated countries tends to be concentrated in three main areas:
ceramics, textiles, architecture, calligraphy
The original texts of the Bible were written mainly in
hebrew and greek
One way to identify images of the Buddha is that he is at the center of the _______ flower.
lotus
The recurring themes of Hindu art are: Images of the Gods, Multiple Limbs, and the _____ flower.
lotus
Massaccio's Trinity is the first fresco to use what geometric technique?
perspective
In the book of Revelation, the four horsemen of the apocalypse are:
pestilence rides a White horse war rides a Red horse famine rides a Black horse death rides a Pale horse
What is the function of a MIHRAB in an Islamic Mosque?
points toward mecca
Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the church in the year 1517, beginning what became known as the Protestant
reformation
The term "Renaissance" means
revival of something
The subject of the KAMA SUTRA is religious enlightenment through
sex
The smoky effect of blurred edges in DaVinci's paintings is called
sfumato
True or False: The Hindu religion could well be the oldest organized religion on earth.
true
True or false: During the Renaissance, Durer's output was much greater than Leonardo's.
true
Mudra
A particular hand gesture
Contrast the "Three Davids:"
Donatello: victory Michelangelo: decision Bernini: action
Compare and contrast Harappan Male Torso with Greek Spear Bearer.
Male Torso's strength is flexibility, Spear Bearer's strength is muscular power
The three major artists of the Pre-Reniassance were
Painting: massacio Sculpture: donatello Architecture: brunelleschi
In Hindu mythology, Krishna often spends time chasing after the cow maiden:
Radha
Urna
The tuft of hair between the eyebrows of the Buddha
Krishna, the Hindu godhead is often represented as a young man whose skin is the color
blue
The three gods of Hindu worldview are
brahma, vishnu, and shiva
Siddharta Guatama (563-483 BCE) was the founder of
buddhism
What three great world religions were refined during the Middle Ages?
buddhism, christian, islam
By 400 AD, the former Roman Empire had split into two separate political entities, the Holy Roman Empire in what became modern Europe, and the Eastern ____________ Empire.
byzantine
The main message of Durer's Four Apostles was the rejection of
catholicism
One reason Constantine converted to Christianity was because he had a dream in which God promised he would be victorious in battle if he fought under the symbol now called the
chi rho
One major project of the Renaissance was to reconcile _____________ with the ideals of Greece and Rome.
christianity
Cosimo D'Medici set a new standard for patronage in the arts by separating it from both the Royalty and the
church
Because of his wide range of interests and abilities during the Renaissance, Albrecht Durer is sometimes referred to as the _________ of the north.
davinci
One way to recognize Northern Renaissance works is by the impressive level of
detail
One distinguishing factor between the naked and the nude is thought to be
dignity
While many of his peers were doing valiant portraits of military companies, Jan Vermeer painted the quiet _________ of the Dutch domestic space.
dignity
In the Dancing Shiva sculpture Shiva is standing on what?
dwarf of ignorance
It is believed that oil painting was discovered in the early 1400's by the Van ____ Brothers
eyck
One term that could properly be used to describe the period from 400 CE to 1400 CE is the age of
faith
True or False: Early Buddhist sculpture avoided representing the image of the Buddha
false
Animals and portraits of people rarely appear in Islamic art for what primary reason? The ______ commandment.
first
The ICHTHUS is an early Christian Icon in the shape of a
fish
What are the four things Shiva has in his/her hands in the "Dancing Shiva" sculpture?
flame of creation, drum, have no fear mudra, liberation points to lifted foot
During the Middle Ages in Europe, three distinct cultural and linguistic regions arose and dominated. Connect the region with the modern day nation to which it belongs:
franks, france lombards, italy saxons, germany
Because Protestant religious belief prohibited images of saints and religious figures, Northern European artists turned to painting scenes from everyday life. The term for this type of paintings is _______ painting
genre
arly Christian artwork favored the image of Jesus as the
good shepherd
While Dutch artists were concentrating on capturing reality, the Italian MANNERISTS were exaggerating the ________ of their Royal Patrons.
grace
The _______ is a collection of the actions and sayings of Mohammed.
hadith
The largest Byzantine Cathedral was the ________ ________ a structure which still stands today in the city of Istanbul.
hagia sophia
In Durer's Four Apostles, Peter holds a huge key. What does it open?
heaven
One similarity between Christian and Egyptian art is the widespread use of _________ scaling.
hieratic
The Temple in ANGKOR WAT in Kampuchea is the largest temple of which Asian religion?
hinduism
The term Bodhisattva means a person who is on the point of achieving enlightenment, but who
holds back to help others
Islamic Architecture is identified with the __________ arch
horseshoe
The Italian Renaissance is known for the flowering of _____ thought
humanistic
Abbot Suger, the originator of the Gothic Style church thought of darkness as
ignorance
The term for the process of making drawings to illustrate manuscripts is
illumination
Vlad Dracul III, Prince of Wallachia 1456-1466 became famous as Vlad the Impaler and later became the model for Bram Stoker's Dracula, the blood sucking vampire. His extreme tactics could be seen as a last ditch response to the attack of his Christian kingdom by _______ armies.
islamic
The most famous Byzantine Emperor was ___________ and his spouse was Theodora
justinian
In Hindu belief, the term _______ is the force by which deeds from one life influence status in the next life.
karma
One of Michelangelo's artistic goals was to surpass ancient classical verisimilitude because of the discovery of the
laocoon
What is the lesson of Breughel's Fall of Icarus and The Three Marys?
life goes on
The pointed arch made it possible for churches to become taller and filled with
light
The "____________ Effect" is the LeMieux term for the unlucky person who replaces the superstar.
lombardi
The Italian __________ were unlucky to have been the group of artists who were born just after the famous artists of the Italian High Renaissance in 1500.
mannerists
Hinduism is POLYTHEISTIC. Define polytheistic:
many gods
For what reason is it believed that Massaccio's Tribute Money fresco in the Brancacci Chapel was directed to be created?
medici wanted to tax the people for defense spending
One main difference between Leonardo and Michelangelo is that _______________ art focused mainly on the human figure.
michelangelo's
A _________ is a tower from which the five daily calls to Islamic prayer are loudly sung.
minaret
The Byzantine Christian Cathedral Hagia Sophia was converted into a __________ in 1453.
mosque
The term _____________ describes the intricate geometric decorative patterns popular in Spain under Islamic rule
mozarabic
The Chinese __________ is considered a later evolutionary form of the Buddhist Stupa
pagoda
The term ___________ is Greek for "ruler of the Universe"
pantokrater
What do the three panels of Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights Tryptych represent?
past, present, and future
In 1415, a treatise by Alberti is thought to have originated the geometric discipline of linear ____________ which can be seen as an indication that European Christians had changed their worldview and now considered it possible to care about the physical world.
perspective
Durer's main claim to fame was not his paintings, but his
prints
The religious movement that criticized Roman Catholicism in the 1500's was the protestant reformation.
reformation
One main feature of Hindu religion is _____________, the process of eternal rebirth
reincarnation
The Dutch Golden Age circa 1600-1700, is a period in which artists explored the limits of painting surfaces, textures, landscapes, and portraiture. Three of the most famous Dutch Golden Age artists are:
rembrandt, rubens, and vermeer
Italian and French MANNERISM was an exaggerated response to the verisimilitude of the Italian
renaissance
Arabic Script is read:
right to left
Briefly state the five pillars of Islam:
shahada: no god but allah, mohammed pbuh is his prophet sawm: fast during Ramadan zakat: alms to the islamic poor salat: pray five times a day hajj: journey to mecca
In general, are Buddhist STUPAS hollow or solid?
solid
A _________ is a Buddhist monument that contains relics.
stupa
Buddhist architecture consists primarily of three forms: Monasteries, Relic Mounds called ________, and shrines.
stupas
The spiritual goal of the high ceilings of gothic churches is to
suck the soul out of the body
Medieval Christian artwork favored the image of _____________ Jesus.
suffering
Ushnisha
the "Second Mind," a topknot on the head of the Buddha
Shari-a (Islamic Law) is drawn primarily from what two written sources?
the koran and the hadith
For what reason would the creative period of the formation and growth of three major world religions be called the "Dark Ages?"
the renaissance named it this because of religion
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism are:
the truth of suffering, suffering caused by desire, eliminate desire, eliminate suffering, meditation to eliminate desire
One difference between Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance artwork is the same issue that separated the work Plato and Aristotle, the source of _____ as ideal or as material.
truth
A Buddhist Mandala is essentially a diagram of the
universe
As Roman power declined, it was repeatedly looted by Germanic Tribes: name three:
vandals, franks, visigoths
In 1495, the charismatic priest Savanarola urged secular thinkers, poets, and artists to renounce their blasphemy and destroy their profane works in what became known as the bonfire of the
vanities
Using 2 circles and lines, geometrically construct a Pointed Arch. Highlight the Gothic arch in the drawing.
venn diagram
St. Jerome translated the Bible into Latin around the year 400AD. This translation was called the ___________ because Latin was the language of the common people.
vulgate
Islamic calligraphy can be traced to the Christian gospel of John which starts, "In the beginning was the
word
