Art Hist 120 Midterm Edit

"Birth of Venus" (Sandro Botticelli)

1486. Italian Gothic. Tempera on Canvas. •commissioned by Medici's • Uffizi Florence, Italy. It marks marks the culmination of the revival of ancient myths, within the context of a humanistic Renaissance art.

Neo-Platonic Ideas

An ancient school of philosophy based on the ideas of Plato, revived during the Renaissance and modied by the teachings of Christianity.

Guilds

An association of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members.

Tempera Paint

An opaque paint that dries almost immediately, made by mixing powdered pigments with an egg solution in equal parts. Was used for panel painting and illuminating manuscripts in the Middle Ages in Europe, until it was replaced by oil paint.

Terribilita

Awesomeness or emotional intensity of conception and execution in an artist or work of art, originally as a quality attributed to Michelangelo

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Sfumato

From the Italian word for "smoke", a technique in painting in thin glazes to achieve a hazy, cloudy, atmosphere, often to represent objects or landscape meant to be perceived at distant from the picture plane.

Mannerism

In early 1520s, leading artists of the post- Leonardo, post-Raphael generation began to explore new modes of artistic expression. from word "maniera", meaning "style". Among the features most closely associated is artifice. Renaissance artists generally strove to create art that appeared natural,less inclined to disguise the contrived nature of art production. Artists of this style : Parmigianino, Pontormo.

The Medici

• Bankers to the Pope. Controlled Florence in 13th century. Great Patrons (supporters) of the Arts and Sciences. Paid for many great works of art. Beginning in 1434 with the rise to power of (or Cosimo the Elder), the family's support of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, a cultural flowering rivaled only by that of ancient Greece. Giovanni _______, the first patron of the arts in the family, comissioned: • Masaccio and Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. • Cosimo the Elder's notable artistic associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. • The most significant addition to the list over the years was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), who produced works for this patron family.

Giotto de Bondone

• Known as the father of the Renaissance. (1267-1337). Florence. Italian painter and architect in the late Middle Ages. He drew all his figures and their postures according to nature. • Work: Madonna Enthroned, Lamentation (Arena Chapel),

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and dark in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

Bruges

The word is french for stock market and it was the wealthiest city in 15th century Flanders. Originally its wealth came from wool trade then expanded into banking.

Masaccio's Holy Trinity

What was first known painting to show linear perspective?

True Linear Perspective

When parallel lines appear to converge at a single point in the distance it's called ________________. It was calculated and discovered by Brunelleschi.

Rome and art

With regard to art this city cared about design and clarity

Pope Paul III

•Called the Council of TrentOrdained a priest at the age of 51, he dedicated his life to reforming the Church. He appointed excellent bishops and cardinals, studied the problems of the Church, approved the Jesuit Order, excommunicated Henry VIII, got a 10-year truce called between Protestants and Catholics in Germany. •reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica. •Commissioned Michelangelo to paint The Last Judgement

Dominicans

(1216). Another religious order like the Franciscans founded by priest Dominic. They were important in defending church teaching from heresy, beliefs contrary to official church doctrine. Important also because they were known for their roles of the Holy Office.

Nicola Pisano

(1220-1284). Pisa, Italy. was an Italian sculptor whose work is noted for its classical Roman sculptural style. He and his son both sculpted a version of... • The Annunciation, Nativity and Adoration of Shepherds. • work: Pulpit of Pisa baptistery. Annciation...

Giovanni Pisano

(1250-1320). Son of a sculptor. He was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, who worked in the cities of Pisa, Siena and Pistoia. • influenced by French Gothic Style. Compared to his father his sculptures had deeper relief and were more loose and dynamic. • work:Facade of Siena Cathedral, Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds (relief panel on the pulpit of the cathedral).

Simone Martini

(1284-1344). Italian painter born in Siena. He • International style, known for •was a pupil of Duccio's and may have assisted him in painting the Maestà altarpiece. By adapting the elegant and luxuriant pat- terns of the Gothic style to Sienese art and, in turn, by acquainting painters north of the Alps with the Sienese style, • Work: Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus.

Arena Chapel-Padua

(1305). The Scrovegni Chapel, is a church in Padua, Veneto, Italy. It contains a fresco cycle by Giotto, completed about 1305, •one of the most important masterpieces of Western art.

"Maesta Altarpiece" (Duccio di Buoninsegna )

(1308-1311). Tempera and gold leaf ,wood. •commissioned by the city of Siena Cathedral •This religious art is a vast, horizontal style, two-sided wooden screen, originally • Formality and symmetry of his composition from Byzantine painting, but relaxed the rigidity and frontally of the figures, softened the drapery, and individualized the faces.

Or San Michele

(1337). Florence. •Sculptural project that was to contain 14 niches. Only 5 were created due to turmoil and siege by King Ladislaus of Naples. Florence escaped unscathed and the guilds organized the completion of the statues. •It originally built as a grain market. Between 1380 and 1404, it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. •By 1423 statues by Ghiberti and other Florentine artists were on display in the 9 remaining niches of _____________________. •The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums.

Hundred Years War

(1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian Era War (1337-1360); the Caroline War (1369-1389); and the Lancastrian War (1415-1453).

"Effects of Good Government" (Ambrosia Lorenzetti)

(1338-1339). series of three fresco panels •Sala Dei Nove, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. •six different scenes. Commissioned by the Council of Nine (the city council) was a political warning, aimed at members of the Council to reduce corruption and misrule, these mural paintings offer a pictorial contrast between the peace and prosperity of honest rule, versus the decay and ruin caused by tyranny. •The subject matter in this work is not religious like most artworks of the time, but civic.

Duke of Berry (Duc du Berry)

(1340-1416). He was the third son of King John II of France, his brother was King Charles V of France. He is primarily remembered as a collector of the important illuminated manuscripts and other works of art commissioned by him, such as the Très Riches Heures by Linbourg Brothers.

Philip the Bold

(1363-1404) Duke of Burgundy. He was a big art patron who commissioned art to reinforce power and sophistication. He commissioned Claus Sluter to carve the Well of Moses in Chartreuse del Champmol in Dijon, France. His political allegiance was to the king of England during the 100 years war because of the reliance on raw materials for wool industry.

Gentile de Fabriano

(1370 - 1427). an Italian painter • International Gothic style. He worked in various places in central Italy, mostly in Tuscany. • his work foreshadowed the birth of the Renaissance. Richly patterned surfaces and people with soft, full faces, heavy-lidded eyes, and dreamy expressions. • Work: Adoration of the Magi.

"Portinari Altarpiece" (Hugo van der Goes)

(1475-1478). Oil:wood :Uffizi, Florence •Adoration of the Shepherds & Holy Family •Important because it came from Netherlands to Florence. • INSPIRED Italian painters realism/naturalism, luscious color and details, intense moving humanity in the facial expressions of the shepherds .

Filippo Brunelleschi

(1377-1446). He was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor. He was the oldest amongst the founding fathers of the Renaissance. •He is generally well known for developing a technique for LINEAR PERSPECTIVE. •Was influenced by Ibn al Haytham who wrote 7 volumes on optics. •Built dome of the Florence Cathedral. •Lost the competition to Ghiberti to design the E. doors of the baptistry of San Giovani in Florence. • His accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering, and ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy. • Work: Interior of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy; Dome for Florence Cathedral

Lorenzo Ghiberti

(1378-1455). He was a Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise. •Artist revealed a genuine appreciation of the nude male form and a deep interest in how the muscular system and skeletal structure move the human body. •Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal. •He won the commission to decorate E. doors of Baptistery of San Giovani Florence over Brunelleschi. Sacrifice of Isaac •Was known as the first Renaissance art historian. His book of Commentari contains important writing on art, as well as what may be the earliest surviving autobiography by any artist.

Chartreuse de Champmol

(1383). A Carthusian monastery on the outskirts of Dijon, which is now in France, but in the 15th century was the capital of the Duchy of Burgundy. It was originally planned as a dynastic necropolis. •Claus Sluter was a chief sculptor. His elaborate and symbolic fountain known as the Well of Moses is there. •Phillip the Bold commissioned this.

Donatello

(1386-1466). He was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. •Brought back Contraposto •Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. He apprenticed early with well-known sculptors and quickly learned the Gothic style. Before he was 20, he was receiving commissions for his work. Over his career he developed a style of lifelike, highly emotional sculptures and a reputation second only to Michelangelo's.

Jan van Eyck

(1390-1441). Belgium. He was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and one of the most significant Northern Renaissance artists of the 15th century. The first painter to achieve international fame. • first used International Gothic style, but he soon eclipsed it, in part through a greater emphasis on naturalism and realism. • Work: Ghent Altarpiece, Man in a Red Turban.

"Well of Moses" (Claus Slutter)

(1395-1403). outside of Dijon, France. •commissioned: Phillip the Bold, the duke of Burgundy. Originally was to become a ducal mausoleum. Carthusian monastery of Chartreuse de Champmol, as a burial site Duke Philip the Bold . There is a lot symbolism. Original name Fons Vitae, a fountain of everlasting life, was supposed to symbolize the blood of Christ flowing over the grieving angels and Old Testament prophets. It also symbolized redemption to all those who would drink water from this well. •more naturalism was used in sculpture by rendering the prophets with very exact detail. •He observing natural appearance and giving different textures to different parts of the sculpture. Each prophet has his own distinct personality and wardrobe which was rendered with heavy draperies in a life size appearance. •Were also painted which brought to life

Claus Sluter

(1395-1406). • most important northern European sculptor of his age and is considered a pioneer of the "northern realism" of the Early Netherlandish painting that came into full flower with the work of Jan van Eyck and others in the next generation. His later work is highly emotional, using facial expressions, figural stance, and drapery. • Work: Well of Moses.

Philip the Good

(1396-1467). Duke of Burgundy as Philip III from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty. During his reign Burgundy reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts. He is known in history for his administrative reforms, patronage of Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck, of Franco-Flemish composers such as Gilles Binchois, and the capture of Joan of Arc.

Fra Angelico

(1400-1455). Tuscany. in Ufitzi •Domican friar and painter famous for his fresco paintings. Italian monk who never retouched a painting for the fear of tampering with the will of God. He joined the Dominican convent in 1418, trained by a famous painter of the Gothic style called Lorenzo Monaco. His early paintings are located on the Carthusian Monastery altarpiece. His paintings are calm and have a focus on religion made with great devotion. Some scenes he has depicted are: The Annunciation, the Coronation of the Virgin, and the Deposition of Christ. His altarpiece Coronation of the Virgin was also very.He has been praised by Giorgio Vasari who said "it is impossible to bestow too much praise on holy father...whose pictures were painted with such facility and piety." He was also praised prominently by Pope John Paul II who said his work had "almost divine beauty".

Masaccio

(1401-1428). He was the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. The artist was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality. • Work: San Giovenale Triptych, Brancacci Chapel,

Leon Battista Alberti

(1404-1472). He was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man. • His first major architectural commission was in 1446 for the facade of the Rucellai Palace in Florence.

"Les Très Riche Heures du Duc de Berry" (Limbourg Brothers)

(1412-1416). French Gothic manuscript illumination best example •International Gothic phase of the style. It is a book of hours: a collection of prayers to be said at the canonical hours. The book was created for the extravagant royal bibliophile and Its miniatures helped to shape an ideal image of the Middle Ages in the collective imagination, often being interpreted to serve political and nationalist agendas.

Marquis Ludovico Gonzaga

(1412-1478). Was the ruler of the Italian city of Mantua from 1444 to his death in 1478. •Married to Isabella d'Este a great art patron collector

Giovanni Bellini

(1430-1516). • Leading Venetian painter of the school in the High Renaissance. •He came from a family of Venetian painters. His father was Jacopo, his brother was Gentile , and his brother-in-law was Andrea Mantegna. •He is considered to have revolutionized Venetian painting, moving it towards a more sensuous and colouristic style. Through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints. He created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings. His sumptuous coloring and fluent, atmospheric landscapes had a great effect on the Venetian painting school. •Teacher of Giorgione and Titian. • He is known chiefly for his altarpieces and his Madonnas. • Work: Madonna and Child with Saints, Feast of the Gods.

"Ghent Altarpiece" (Hubert van Eyck and brother Jan van Eyck)

(1432). Tempera, Wood, Oil paint. •large and complex early 15th-century Early Flemish polypthyc panel painting. The altarpiece comprises 12 panels, eight of which are hinged shutters. It was commissioned to__________. He was most likely responsible for the overall design, but have been principally executed and completed by his younger and better known brother__________ between 1430 and 1432. •The altarpiece was commissioned by the merchant, financier and politician, Jodocus Vijd. •While was International Gothic as well as both Byzantine and Romanic traditions, it represented a "new conception of art", in which the idealization of the medieval tradition gave way to an exacting observation of nature and unidealized human representation.

Antonio del Pollaiuolo

(1433-1498) One of the first artist to also be an anatomist (dissect bodies) for the sake of better understanding the human form. Famous for his sculpture depicting the battle between Hercules and Antaeus. Early Renaissance Painter, sculptor, engraver, goldsmith. Created small bronze scultpures for medici family. • Work: Battle of the Ten Nudes, Hercules and Antaeus,

Michel Wohlgemuth (Wolgemut)

(1434-1519). Was a German painter and printmaker, who was born and ran a workshop in Nuremberg. He taught Albrecht Dürer. He was a leader among the artists reviving the standards of German woodcut at this time. Artists paintings show Flemish influence.

Hugo van der Goes

(1440-1482). Belgium. He was a Flemish painter. One of the most important of the Early Netherlandish painters. He was accepted as a dean in the painters' guild in Ghent. His art, with its affinities to Mannerism, and his tortured personality have found a particularly sympathetic response in the 20th century. Work: Poltinari Altarpiece.

Bramante

(1444-1514). •Architect of St. Peters Bascilica. • He was considered by his contemporaries to have restored the true principles of ancient architecture •acknowledged today as the founder of the High Renaissance architectural style. •Rome's heritage was symbolized by artist re-designing St Peter's Basilica as "the dome of the Pantheon over the vaults of the Temple of Peace". •Although much of his life was devoted to fine art painting, he was the creator and greatest exponent of cinquecento Renaissance architecture, and therefore an important contributor to Renaissance art and culture. •Tempietto is a small temple he designed. It is important because it shows the direction where architecture will go. •Santa Maria Novela

Martin Schongauer

(1445-1491). This artist known in Italy as Bel Martino or Martino d'Anversa, was a German engraver and painter. He was the most important German printmaker before Albrecht Dürer. His rare existing pictures closely resemble, both in splendour of color and exquisite minuteness of execution, the best works of his contemporaries in Flanders. • Work: Engraving Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons; Madonna in the Rose Garden.

Sandro Botticelli

(1445-1510). He was an Italian painter and draughtsman of the Early Renaissance. • He was one of the most acclaimed painters in Italy, being summoned to take part in the decoration of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and earning the patronage of the leading families of Florence, including the Medici. •His paintings were highly esteemed from about early 1470s through the mid 1490s, and primarily in one city, his native Florence. •By the time of his death the artist had fallen out of fashion and remained largely forgotten until his rediscovery in the late 19th century. From that time on, he has been appreciated primarily for the delicacy, gracefulness, and linear beauty of his mythological works from the 1480s, • Primavera and the Birth of Venus, Both works reveal his poetic sensibilities, but his contact with Florentine poets.

Pietro Perugino

(1446-1523). He was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. •Raphael was his most famous pupil. • Work: The Delivery of the Keys, God the Father and Angels.

Girolamo Savonarola

(1452-1498). An Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, became known for his prophecies of civic glory, destruction of secular art and culture, and calls for Christian renewal.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519). Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, architect, sculptor, astronomer and much more. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, he filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. His view of the world was logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time. •The artist used Chiaroscuro (The treatment of light and dark in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth). •As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). • He influenced: Raphael, Peter Paul Rubens, Antonio da Correggio, Pontormo, Bernardino Luigi.

Angelo Poliziano

(1454-1494). Florentine classical scholar, translator, poet. Advised Botticelli's mythological paintings like the Birth of Venus. His works include translations of passages from Homer's Iliad, an edition of the poetry of Catullus and commentaries on classical authors and literature. It was his classical scholarship that brought him the attention of the wealthy and powerful Medici family that ruled Florence. He served the Medici as a tutor to their children, and later as a close friend and political confidante.

"Torment of Saint Anthony" (Schongauer)

(1470). Engraving. The artist depicted these imagined creatures in a remarkably convincing way. His realistic description of their scales and fur point to his direct observation of animals, yet he compiled these naturalistic details to produce some of the most fantastic and grotesque fabrications in the history of printmaking.

Isabella d'Este

(1474 - 1539). • One of the most important Renaissance art patrons and collector. • The Marquess of Mantua • a leader of fashion and was copied throughout Italy and at the French court. • commissioned portraits by Da Vinci, Mantegna and Titian

"Camera Degli Sposi" (Castagno)

(1474). Located in the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua, Italy.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564). An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, he sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. He is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. He had a very strong personality an it reflected in his art work-tremendously strong, powerful and full of energy. MANERISTIC: Elongeated

Titian

(1477-1576). •Venetian painter the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of color, would exercise a profound influence not only on painters of the Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western art. • Late work had broad brush strokes and thick impasto. •1516 Was appointed The Republic of Venice's official painter after Bellini's death. • teacher was Bellini • Works: Assumption of the Virgin, Venus of Urbino.

Giorgione

(1478-1510). •Venician painter whose career was cut off by his death at a little over 30. Italian Renaissance painter. Introduced new enigmatic pastoral themes (poesie) inspired by literary revival of ancient poetry. Together with Titian, who was slightly younger, he is the founder of the distinctive Venetian school of Italian Renaissance painting, which achieves much of its effect through color and mood, and is traditionally contrasted with the reliance on the more linear disegno-led style of Florentine painting. • teacher was Bellini yet he influenced Bellini and Titian • Work: The Tempest.

"Virgin of the Rocks" (Leonardo Da Vinci)

(1483-1486). •Oil on transferred to canvas. •Central panel of altarpiece for the chapel of Confraternity if the Immaculate Conception in San Francesco Grande. The artist built on Masaccio's understanding and usage of... •CHIAROSCURO, the subtle play of light and dark. Madonna, Christ Child, infant John the Baptist and an angel praying. •Composition is Pyramidal. •(atmospheric) perspective. •achieved what he believed to be the two chief goals of a good painter: "to paint man and the intention of his soul.

Raphael

(1483-1520). He was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Born in Umbria, near Urbino. Learned from his father Giovanni Santi and artist Perugino in Perugia His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Influenced by: Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Pietro Perugino. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace. • Biggest works: Scool of Athens. Madonna of the Meadow.

Antonio da Correggio

(1489-1534). He was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the 16th century. In his use of dynamic composition, illusionistic perspective and dramatic foreshortening. He prefigured the Rococo art of the 18th century. •He is considered a master of chiaroscuro (art is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition). •He was the teacher of Parmigianio. •Inspired Baroque painters: • Work: Fresco "Assumption of the Virgin" Dome of Parma Cathedral.

"Last Supper" (Leonardo Da Vinci)

(1495-1498). Oil and tempera on plaster. Linear perspective. •Milan, in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie • early Renaissance painting traditions in areas such as composition and perspective. Yet, it is innovative in terms of its study of emotional reactions and psychological states, all captured in a type of naturalism which was unknown in Italian painting in the previous century. With this artist we see the beginning of the climactic years of the Renaissance when virtuosity was at its peak, when original ways of depicting figures or scenes came full force, and when the course of European art began to change as we know it. •This was the beginning of the High Renaissance.

Guilio Romano

(1499-1546). He was an Italian painter and architect. •A pupil of Raphael, •his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism. Mannerist architect rejected the balance, order and stability of the High Renaissance. •Work: Palazzo Mantua.

Parmigianino

(1503-1540). He was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city of Parma. His work is characterized by a "refined sensuality" and often elongation of forms. • Ist generation of Mannerist period. • He painted a convex self portrait to impress Pope Clement VII • Successor to Raphael • Works: Vision of Saint Jerome (1527) and the iconic if somewhat untypical Madonna with the Long Neck (1534),

St. Peter's Church - Rome

(1506). •Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, •It is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and one of the largest churches in the world. •While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, •regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. •Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the burial site of St. Peter, one of Christ's Apostles and also the first Pope.

"Sistine Chapel" (Michelangelo)

(1508-1512). It is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the residence of the Pope, in Vatican City. •Commissioned by Pope Julius II. It's a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. There are over 300 figures depicting the stories from the book of Genesis. The series begins at the door with Noah and ends with the separation of Light from Darkness. The artist's image of God reaching out to Adam is iconic and has been reproduced countless times.

Andrea Palladio

(1508-1580). He was an Italian architect active in the Republic of Venice. •He was influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, •is widely considered to be the most influential individual in the history of architecture. All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, •The Four Books of Architecture, gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Pastoral Symphony

(1509). Oil painting. The painting was originally attributed to Giorgione, but modern critics assign it more likely to his pupil Titian, due to the figures' robustness which was typical of his style. The painting has been interpreted as an allegory of Nature, similar to Giorgione's Storm, which was undeniably painted by him; •first example of the modern herdsman genre.

"School of Athens" (Raphael)

(1509-1511). Fresco. Paint&Plaster. •Stanza della Signature, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City, Rome, •Commissioned by Pope Julius II. Artist reconciled and harmonized not only the Platonists and Aristotelians but also classical humanism and Christianity.The general theme of the picture, indeed the whole room, is the synthesis of worldly (Greek) and spiritual (Christian) thinking, • finest examples of classically inspired Renaissance art.

"Assumption of the Virgin & Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne" (Titian)

(1516-1518). Vencie: large oil painting Italian Renaissance painter • was a student of Bellini. •executed in 1516-1518.[2] • It is on the high altar in the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari • largest altarpiece in the city.

Tintoretto

(1519-1594). He was Venetian painter. Used high Renaissance style but incorporated elements of Mannerism. For his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed Il Furioso. His work is characterized by its muscular figures, dramatic gestures, and bold use of perspective while maintaining color and light typical of the Venetian School. • Student of Titian • Aspired to combine Titian's color with Michelangelo's drawing. • Work: The Last Supper.

"Assumption of the Virgin" (Antonio da Correggio)

(1522-1430). This fresco is decorating the dome of the Cathedral of Parma, Italy. This piece of art would eventually serve as a catalyst and inspiration for the dramatically-illusionistic, di sotto in su ceiling paintings of the 17th-century Baroque period. The entire architectural surface is treated as a single pictorial unit of vast proportions and opened up via painting, so that the dome of the church is equated with the vault of heaven.

Interior of the Dome of Parma Cathedral

(1522-1530). Correggio's most enduring contribution was the further development of illusionistic ceiling perspective painting at _____________Cathedral. In the Cathedral he painted away the entire dome with his Assumption of the Virgin. Among many other works, Correggio's Assumption inspired Carlo Cignani for his fresco Assumption of the Virgin, in the cathedral church of Forlì; and Giovanni Lanfranco's fresco of the dome in the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle in Rome. Correggio's • Assumption would eventually serve as a catalyst and inspiration for the dramatically-illusionistic, ceiling paintings of the 17th-century Baroque period.

"Madonna of the Long Neck" (Parmigianino)

(1534-1535). Also known as Madonna and Child with Angels and St. Jerome. It has unusual spatial compositions and elongated figures. This painting was commissioned by the noblewoman Elena Baiardi for her family chapel in the church of Santa Maria dei Servi in Parma. Artist takes the beauty and naturalism of the Renaissance and exaggerates it into an elegant mannerist depiction.

"The Last Judgement" (Michelangelo)

(1535-1541). Paint, Plaster. fresco •Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. His groundbreaking concept of the event shows figures equalized in their nudity, stripped bare of rank. The artist portrayed the separation of the blessed and the damned by showing the saved ascending on the left and the damned descending on the right. The fresco is more monochromatic than the ceiling frescoes and is dominated by the tones of flesh and sky.

Villa Rotonda

(1550-1570). Palladio's most famous villa near Vicenza, Italy. He build it for a retired mon- signor in the papal court in Rome, Paolo Almerico, who wanted a villa for social events. He designed it, located on a hilltop, as a kind of belvedere (beautiful view). Villa's name _________________ is a reference to Santa Maria Rotonda in Rome. This Villa embodies all the qualities of self-su ciency and formal completeness that most Renaissance architects sought.

"Entombment of Christ" (Caravaggio)

(1602-1603). Oil on canvas. located in Vatican Pinacoteca. Illumination. He uses the chiaroscuro technique, but he takes it to the extreme, by suppressing the intermediate values of light. Like that, his paintings contrast between a bright light and a sepulchral darkness, receiving for the same time the category of "tenebrist". • Influenced the baroque, but a lot of artists after him as well, like Georges de la Tour, Giuseppe Ribera or Rembrandt.

Competition for Florence Baptistery Doors

A jury selected seven semifinalists from among the many artists who entered the widely advertised competition. Only the panels of the two nalists, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455), have survived. Both artists used the same French-style frames and depicted the same moment - "Sacrifice of Isaac". • Ghiberti's was awarded the commission. His depiction of Isaac is considered the first classical nude since antiquity. As contrasted to Brunelleschi's violent high emotional portrayal, he emphasized grace and smoothness with an interest in spacial illusion: rocky landscape, foreshortened angel. Whereas Brunelleschi's emphasizes the planar orientation of space. He also cast his panel in only 2 pieces, thus it was lighter and would cost less to make.

Fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

Poesia

A term describing "poetic" art, notably Venetian Renaissance paintings, which emphasizes the lyrical and sensual.

Disegno

Drawing or design: a term used during the 16th and 17th centuries to designate the formal discipline required for the representation of the ideal form of an object in the visual arts, especially as expressed in the linear structure of a work of art.

Franciscans

Founded by St. Francis of Assis in 1209. Attempted Church reform, for example preaching directly to the people rather than monastic life. Members were called Friars.

Tomb of Julius II

It is a sculptural and architectural ensemble. •Commissioned in 1505 by Pope Julius II, but not completed until 1545. Originally intended for St. Peter's Basilica, the tomb was instead placed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli on the Esquiline in Rome. The most famous sculpture associated with the tomb is the figure of Moses, which was completed during one of the sporadic resumptions of the work in 1513. In artist's dynamic figure of Moses we have a clear sense of the prophet and his duty to fulfill God's wishes. Moses is not a passive figure from the distant biblical past, but a living, breathing, present figure that reflects the will and might of God.

Confraternity

It is generally a Christian voluntary association of lay people created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. _______________of the Rosary.

Colorito

Italian, "colored" or "painted." 16th-century Venetian artists who emphasized the application of paint as an important element of the creative process. Central Italian artists, in contrast, largely emphasized disegno the careful design preparation based on preliminary drawing.

International Style

Simone Martini was instrumental in creating the so-called International Gothic style. is new style swept Europe during the late 14th and early 15th centuries because it appealed to the aristocratic taste for brilliant colors, lavish costumes, intricate ornamentation, and themes involving splendid processions.

Counter-Reformation

The _______________________(also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Florence

The greatest center of Renaissance art in the 15th century was ______________, home of the powerful Medici, who were among the most ambitious art patrons in history.(14th-16th century). The fortunate coming together of artistic genius, the spread of humanism, and economic prosperity nourished the the new artistic culture that historians call the Renaissance—the rebirth of classical values in art and life. • Most famous artists from here were Michelangelo, Botticelli, Giotto, Da Vinci, Donatello and much more.

Rome

•Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Raphael, and other artists contributed to embellish and give a new splendour and grandeur to this city. In this period, the construction of the new Saint Peter's Basilica progressed, even if it was only under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) that the dense, confused, medieval urban pattern began to be modernized.

Venicians and art

•With regard to art this city cares most about color and poetry. • Painted directly on canvas •nudes were neither precise or idealized on math or geometry

Pope Julius II

•commissioned a redesign of modern St. Peter's •Michelangelo's great paintings in the Sistine Chapel. The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies •Raphael from Umbria to papal court