AS219 Final
What nutrient is not considered an essential nutrient?
Carbohydrates
What are the three nutrients that provide energy to the animal?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
During amino acid oxidation, what entered the TCA cycle?
Carbon skeleton
Brush border enzymes are responsible for digesting (breaking down) what type of compounds?
Disaccharides
What is the correct order of the regions in the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is coprophagy and why do some animals practice it?
- When a species eats their own feces - Nutrients could be lost in the feces so they consume it again to get all nutrients
Explain the difference between essential and non-essential nutrients
...
Ruminant animal's saliva contains bicarbonate, how does bicarbonate change the pH?
...
What nutrient is not directly or indirectly measured in proximate analysis?
...
Why are carbohydrates the predominant source of energy in livestock diets?
...
Why are ruminant animal's diets not balanced on amino acids?
...
Malnutrition is ________________ that causes measurable adverse effects on body function and clinical outcome:
....
What factor does the ruminant animal not provide for the microbe?
....
What is one factor that influences the rate of starch digestion in the small intestine?
....
Whta digestion process occurs in the large intestine of the horse?
....
From the list below, which one is not directly measured from eh proximate analysis?
.....
What are the end products produced by microbes in the rumen that must be removed to maintain a healthy rumen enviroment? Provide 5 of the 6 end products.
1. CO2 2. CH4 3. Butyrate 4. Propionate 5. Maltriose
What are the three fates of protein in the rumen?
1. Undegradable (RUP) by microbes passes unchanged to abomasum 2. Deaminated & used to produce new microbial protein 3. Unused NH4 recycled or passed to urine
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to what?
2 pyruvates
Overall, about ______% of the worlds land area is not suitable fro tillage.
67%
What is a proenzyme and how does it become an enzyme?
A proenzyme is an enzyme that hasn't been activated yet. It becomes an enzyme by connecting with the product that activates it.
Glucose catabolism yields _______?
ATP
Too much heat changes site of protein digestion to _________ in ruminant animals?
Abomasum and small intestine
What are the primary volatile fatty acids produced by the microbes?
Acetate, butyrate, and propionate
What is the purpose of the reticular groove (esophageal groove)?
Allow milk to bypass the rumen in newborn goats
What of these metabolic systems is no important to carbohydrate metabolism?
Amino Acid Oxidation
What is the primary enzyme used to digest CHO in the form of starch in the small intestine of ruminants?
Amylase
The Cory cycle is part of what metabolic system? `
Anaerobic respiration
Why does gluconeogenesis not occur when the monogastric animal in is fed state?
Animals are absorbing glucose from the small intestine in the fed state
Why are first limiting amino acids only essential amino acids?
Animals commit synthesize them
What is the lowest nutrient composition in the body?
Ash (mineral)
What is a reason that proteins are considered an expensive energy source?
Because converting amine groups into urea takes ATP
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose molecule in _____ 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Beta
Microbes utilize what enzyme to breakdown (digest) cellulose?
Cellulase
A chicken's ration is formulated to include 75% lysine, 90% tryptophan, and 80% methionine. How would growth be influenced?
Chickens would grow at 75% of expected performance.
What country produces the most pork?
China
What is the purpose of rennin?
Clot milk in the stomach
What is the first milk called hat contains immunoglobulins?
Colostrum
Define nutrition
Consuming nutrients/feeds and using it to grow, reproduce, heal, and/or create product
What are the two proximate analyses that measure carbohydrates?
Crude fiber and nitrogen free extract
The Kjeldahl proximate analysis allows the calculation (indirectly measures) of?
Crude protein
What management strategies are not used to shift VFA production to propionate?
Decrease amount of fat in diet
Water content of the body ___________ as the animal reaches maturity.
Decreases
What effect does high moisture (water) diets have on water consumed through drinking?
Decreases amount of drinking water.
Why are there so many protein enzymes in the small intestine?
Each enzyme can only cleave at a specific amino acid
What is the reason there are so many different bacterial species groups in the rumen?
Each species can digest only specific substances
What is the primary protein type of digestion in the small intestine?
Enzymatic
What is the primary protein type of digestion in the stomach of abomasum?
Enzymatic
What is the different between passive and simple diffusion and passive facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires a specific channel for nutrients to pass through
All herbivores have pre-gastric fermentation.
False
Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration of obtaining energy from the oxidation of glucose.
False
Brazil does not include corn in swine diets, it is replace with wheat bran.
False
Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and supply energy in livestock diets.
False
If water is safe for livestock, it is ALWAYS safe for human consumption..
False
Lactic acidosis is caused by feeding a high fiber diet.
False
Lignin can be digested by microbes.
False
Pancreatic amylase is able to cleave alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
False
The US population consumes less park than Brazil.
False
The ruminant animal produces cellulase.
False
What is no t a precursor to make glucoses thorough gluconeogenesis?
Fatty Acids
What are the compounds/substrates that are availble for digestion in the stomach of a monogastric animal?> ?
Feed protein
What is not a reason fro having surplus amino acids in the body?
Feeding to meet the animal's requirements
What is he end product of protein digestion that is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine?
Free amino acids
What are two organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract?
Gallbladder and pancreas
What metabolic system uses the most energy (ATP)?
Gluconeogensis to make glucose
How is glucose stored in the body? Hint: it is stored in the liver and muscle
Glycogen
Explain glycolysis.
Glycolysis is digesting the glucose to create pyruvate and energy for the body to break down.
Describe indirect nutrient transfer
Grain/Beans - fed to animals - animals transfer/convert to meat/milk - meat/milk is consumed by humans
Select the correct statement.
Heteropolysaccharides are comprised of different monosaccharides (sugars).
What species secretes bile directly into the small intestine?
Horse
What is the reaction called that breaks down (digests) disaccharides?
Hydrolysis
Why is standardized ileal digestibility used for mono gastric animals of total tract amino acid digestibility?
It is easier to measure the amount of amino acids.
What is the condition called when glucose synthesis cannot supply enough glucose for brain function and lactose production?
Ketosis
What enzyme is needed for newborn survival?
Lactase
During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______?
Lactate
Digestibility of proteins measures the difference between intake proteins and proteins at the end of _______?
Large Intestine
Where does gluconeogenesis occur in the animal?
Liver
What is the correct order of hierarchy of nutrients use?
Maintenance, Lactation, fattening
How is protein absorbed from the large intestine?
Microbial crude protein is not absorbed, ends in feces
In what part of the call do TCA and oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Mitochondria
Why is feed analysis different between ruminant and monogastrics?
Monogastric's diets are balanced on amino acids
What is the primary end-product and site of absorption of CHO for monogastrics excluding horses?
Monosaccharides and small intestine
What is one reason that swine facilities are located in the southern regions of Brazil?
More desirable temperature for raising swine
What is transported from the TCA to the Oxidative phosphorylation metallic system that yields ATP?
NADH
What nutrient analysis (currently used on forages) provides an estimate of voluntary intake?
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
What element is found in protein but not carbohydrates?
Nitrogen
The proximate analysis that include carbohydrates are:
Nitrogen free extract and crude fiber
How are amino acids classified as groups?
Number of carbons
What metabolic system produces the most energy (ATP)?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What organ produces amylase?
Pancreas
What is the primary structure in a ruminant's stomach that absorbs VFA?
Papillae
The two types of absorption of monosaccharides are...
Passive facilitated diffusion and active transport
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Methionine Trytophan Arginine Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Histidine
Phe Val Thr Met Trp Arg Lys Leu Ile His
Farrowing facilities (crates) are similar between US and Brazil pork operations: however, Brazilian's farrowing crates have wood nests. What is the purpose of the wood nest?
Piglet to keep warm
How is protein status of an animal measured?
Plasma urea nitrogen
What compound/precursor is the primary item used in ruminant animals during the fed state?
Propionate
Define nutrient
Provides nourishment essential for growth and maintenance
What type of true protein should be fed with a high starch (concentrate) diet?
RDP
What are the four phases of rumination in cattle?
Regurgitation, Remastication, resalivation, redeglutition
Within the Hofmann's ruminant classification system, what group spends the most time consuming forage?
Roughage Feeders or Grazers
Volatile Fatty Acids can be absorbed where within the gastrointestinal tract?
Rumen and Large Intestine
What does RUP stand for?
Rumen undegradable protein
What is one reason that ruminants produce more saliva than monogastrics?
Saliva is used to help balance the pH and feed the microbes in the rumen.
The majority of absorption occurs in the region of the gastrointestinal tract for swine?
Small intestine
Describe the "best" feeding system to transform the non-functional rumen of a newborn into a functional rumen
Start with milk, then add hay to the ration. Add grain last
What physiological process(es)/function(s) do not require glucose?
They all need glucose
How does the size of a horse stomach impact their eating habits?
They should have 5-10 small meals a day.
Following a period of exercise which caused anaerobic respiration why should horses be cooled down and slowly exercised?
To avoid lactic acid buildup
Explain what happens in transcription and translation during protein synthesis?
Transcription - mRNA is formed from unwanted double strand DNA in nucleus unwinds Translation - tRNA, mRNA attracts tRNA carrying amino acids
What are the two processes of protein synthesis?
Translation and transcription
What enzymes is responsible for activating most of the protein enzymes in the small intestine?
Trypsin
Select the factor that did not regulate digestive enzyme activity.
Type of feed consumed.
List two ways animal close water.
Urine and sweat glands
What structure in the small intestine increases the surface area for absorption?
Villi
What is the primary method marine fish attain water?
Water associated with the diet (feed/food)
Demand for animal protein is increasing due to:
World population and economic growth increasing
Starch is a polymer of glucose molecules in arrangement of ________ 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
alpha
How is urea recycled in the ruminant animal?
ammonia absorbed in rumen, transported to liver via blood, liver converts ammonia to urea, urea transported to saliva and saliva returned urea to rumen
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur and is oxygen present or not?
cytoplasm with no oxygen
When forage quality is improved, how is rumination influenced?
less time and energy used for rumination
What structure in the small intestine is the primary abosorptive cell?
villi