ASCP_MB3

You are measuring the volume of a liquid that is 20.31 mL. What are your certain digits in this measurement?

2, 0, and 3

How would you define a dihybrid cross?

A cross between two individuals heterozygous at two different genes.

The best term to describe the incorporation of a random mistake into the DNA sequence at a specific point is _____.

A point mutation

silent mutation

A point mutation that has no overall effect on a protein's function. Sometimes a silent mutation results in the same exact sequence of amino acids.

The locus is _____.

A specific location on a chromosome.

Which statement is TRUE about transduction?

A virus is required.

PCR to detect single nucleotide variations, which are variations in one nucleotide position creating different alleles.

Allele specific PCR

How are microarrays being used to test the effectiveness of cancer therapies?

By comparing gene expressions before and after therapy

Which of these has not been used as an RNA probe?

Cellular probes

Quantitative variables

Continuous variables; discrete variables

Which is the enzyme that attaches daughter nucleotides to the parent strand during DNA replication?

DNA Polymerase

the technique that uses multiple spots on a microarray that each represent a different gene that will be analyzed by computer.

DNA microarray

---are used to quickly measure the gene expression of a large number of genes at the same time. They are created by putting short segments of probe DNA onto a plate or small bead and then allowing the test DNA to hybridize to the probe. The test DNA is fluorescently labeled so that it can be identified by a detector, and the amount of fluorescence detected corresponds to the amount of gene expression.

DNA microarrays

Place the following terms in order building out from the most basic subunit to the entire genetic unit:

DNA；chromatin；nucleosome；Gene

A _____ is a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous at two loci.

Dihybrid cross

In which step does the polypeptide continue to grow as amino acids are added to the chain?

Elongation。 Elongation is just what it sounds like: a chain of amino acids grows longer and longer as more amino acids are added on. This will eventually create the polypeptide.

Which of the following DNA-binding proteins is used to store DNA?

Histones

You could draw which of the following conclusions from a dihybrid cross which produces a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes? I. The alleles of one gene sort independently of another gene. II. The alleles of the two genes in question exhibit a simple dominant/recessive relationship. III. The animals which were crossed were both homozygous with respect to at least one locus in question.

I and II

Evaluate each of the following sets of data separately. Which of them provide evidence that the trait is polygenic? I. The genotype at loci A, B and C each produces a protein that influences the length of an organism by an average of 0.6, 0.4 and 0.3 cm, respectively. II. Three different alleles of gene D affect the length of an organism by an average of 0.6, 0.4 and 0.3 cm, respectively. III. Loci E, F and G each modulates an independent pathway, which plays a role in determining the length of an organism.

I and III

Which of the following statements is true? I Lab safety only involves wearing protective gear II Under the right conditions, any chemical reaction can quickly get out of control III Lab safety is the responsibility of the lab supervisor only IV If a chemical is not labeled, but looks like another chemical you can safely assume they are the same All chemicals can be stored the same way

II

Which of the following statements is true? I. A dihybrid cross is a cross between individuals heterozygous at one gene. II. The law of independent assortment describes the relationship between alleles of a single gene. III. The law of segregation describes the manner in which genes on different chromosomes segregate. IV. Homologous chromosomes segregate into different gametes.

IV

technique to hybridize genetic material to tissue samples

In-situ hybridization

Components Of A Mass Spectrometer

Ionization Chamber; Mass Analyzer; Detector. These produce a plot of the mass-to-charge ratio against the relative abundance of the ions.

Which of the following BEST explains the function of Taq polymerase during the extension step of PCR?

It binds to a primer and begins adding nucleotides in one direction.

A Punnett square is useful when determining phenotypic output, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

It tabulates potential phenotypes according to frequency.

Which two laws of Mendel help us predict how chromosomes are allotted to the gametes?

Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment

The process by which a bacteriophage integrates its own DNA with the bacterial DNA and passes it to future generations is called:

Lysogeny

Qualitative variables

Nominal variables; ordinal variables; binary variables

technique using a nitrocellulose membrane and DNA probe to find mRNA

Northern blot

assay to detect individual mRNA in a mixture of RNA

Nuclease protection assay (abbreviated as NPA)

An allele is:

One version of genetic variation at a particular locus.

PCR where control DNA is compared to the DNA sample.

PCR assay

Allele specific PCR

PCR to detect single nucleotide variations, which are variations in one nucleotide position creating different alleles.

The MALDI, or Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization spectrometer, applies the force of laser energy to the ionized sample compound and is especially useful for analyzing _____:

Protein compounds of larger mass, like bacteria and yeasts

-----are measurements that result in descriptive values that label attributes of the data.

Qualitative variables

------measure results in numerical values

Quantitative variables

What nucleic acid does an in situ hybridization stain?

RNA

in situ hybridization is utilized by scientists to localize

RNA in a sample. Depending on the researcher's preference, this technique can be utilized using a non-radioactive probe or a fluorescence RNA probe.

technique where mRNA is converted back to DNA and replicated

RT-PCR (or reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)

The trait which is not expressed in a heterozygous state is known as

Recessive

The deletion of a base in the DNA strand will _____.

Result in the deletion of a base in the mRNA strand and a modification to the subsequent amino acid.

mRNA is converted to cDNA by reverse transcription and then the double-stranded cDNA is copied.

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

What does SDS stand for?

Safety Data Sheet

Which does NOT describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Selectively permeable

PCR assay, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Allele specific PCR

Similarities include: All of them are variations of a PCR assay. All still use the same three step process for PCR. Differences include: RT-PCR begins with mRNA and requires the extra first step of converting the mRNA to cDNA. Allele specific PCR requires knowledge of the different allele sequences. RT-PCR amplifies coding DNA only while the other two amplify the entire DNA sequence.

The law of independent assortment states that:

The alleles of one gene sort into the gametes independently of the alleles of another gene

What is hybridization?

The binding of complementary strands of DNA.

What is the principle that allows mass spectrometry to work?

The molecules that make up an unknown compound have different molecular weights

DNA polymerase has three main domains that mediate interaction with DNA.

The palm contains the active site where new nucleotides are added to the growing strand. The fingers help position the template DNA into the palm and the thumb binds the new double stranded DNA and guides it out of DNA polymerase.

The replication of DNA is a complex process; all of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT

There is one replication forks in one replication bubble.

Some people have blue eyes and some people have brown eyes. Which answer best explains why this is the case?

They have different alleles.

an important mechanism for horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

Transduction

binary variables

Variables that can only take the form of one defined option or another, like yes or no

dihybrid cross

a cross between individuals heterozygous at two different loci.

An in situ hybridization

a molecular technique used by scientists to study the localization of the RNA of a gene.

There are two main types of microarrays available today. The first is called -------and it is made by putting tiny spots of DNA onto a glass, plastic or silicon plate. These tiny DNA fragments are called------ and they will be used to bind to specific DNA sequences in the test sample. Hundreds or even thousands of short segments of DNA can be placed by robotic machines onto a single array. In a similar process,

a solid phase array ; probes;

MALDI-TOF

analyze protein compounds of larger mass, like bacteria and yeasts

Lambda phages

are an example of temperate phages.

T-phages

are examples of virulent phages.

discrete variables

are finite measurements that follow a hierarchy from one end of the spectrum to the other, like a rating system.

Transduction is carried out by bacterial viruses called---, which infect and kill the host cell.

bacteriophages

Transitions

base substitutions that swap a purine for another purine or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine. Since guanine is a double-ring, it can be replaced with an adenine.

RT-PCR amplifies

coding DNA

Temperate bacteriophages

do not kill their host but use it to reproduce itself by a process called lysogeny

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

folds inward to form these extra surfaces for cellular respiration.

What is the term for a distinct section of DNA that codes for one protein?

gene

where the virus randomly chops up the host chromosome and accidentally packages chunks of the genome, transferring them to new host cells.

generalized transduction

diploid organism

have two copies of every gene

DNA in the test sample that is complementary to the probe will bind to it strongly, and DNA that is different will not bind. This process of DNA binding to complementary DNA is called .

hybridization

This process of DNA binding to complementary DNA is called

hybridization

Of the following, which mitochondria part is responsible for creating more space for cellular respiration?

inner membrane。 Mitochondria are membrane-bound structures and are where cellular respiration occurs. The inner membrane is responsible for creating more space for it.

outer membrane

is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria.

bacteriophage

is a type of virus that attacks only bacteria.

PCR assay

is when a PCR is done to detect mutations, conditions, and/or diseases. In this instance, the PCR is performed following the same three basic steps, but at the end, control DNA that is normal is compared to the sample DNA to detect any mutation or change in that DNA that could lead to the condition or disease that is suspected. So in PCR assay, the only change from the typical PCR comes at the end of the PCR process.

Virulent bacteriophages

kill their host bacterial cell by causing it to go through lysis, or burst. T-phages are examples of virulent phages.

Allele specific PCR requires

knowledge of the different allele sequences.

Electron Impact, or EI spectrometer is useful for

low-mass samples of high volatility.

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

mRNA is converted to cDNA by reverse transcription and then the double-stranded cDNA is copied.

Mitochondria are

membrane-bound structures where cellular respiration occurs

switches one amino acid in the chain for another

missense mutation

sickle-cell anemia

missense mutation,

Which type of mutation results in an incomplete polypeptide because of an early stop signal?

nonsense

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

nonsense mutation

results in a shorter chain because of an early stop codon

nonsense mutation

Which of the following only applies to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction?

only amplifies coding DNA

---------put DNA probes onto tiny plastic beads that can be mixed with a test sample of DNA.

polystyrene bead arrays

Nominal variables

refer to data by a name or label and can be listed in any order

ordinal variables

result in labels that are ranked by importance, such as worst to best.

Which type of mutation does NOT change the overall function of the protein?

silent

the protein's function doesn't change at all

silent mutation

the virus going dormant by inserting itself in the host chromosome. At some point in the future it reactivates, cutting itself out of the host DNA and sometimes accidentally taking some host genes with it.

specialized transduction

Continuous variables

take on an infinite possibility of numerical values.

The cristae are

the folds created by the inner membrane - or the restaurant booths themselves. which contain proteins and molecules that participate in cellular respiration.

Applications of mass spectrometry

the identification of pesticides in food as well as detection of toxic nerve gases in blood and urine.

The matrix of the mitochondria is

the space surrounding the cristae, which also includes molecules that participate in cellular respiration as well as ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA.

Allele Specific PCR

this PCR is used to detect variations in a specific location on a gene. These variations are called single nucleotide variations. There are genes that contain what are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are gene sequences where there are different nucleotides that appear in a specific location in the gene. The different nucleotides that can occur in that position are called the single nucleotide variations.this type of PCR may be most useful when detecting genetic disorders and diseases, and that you would have to already know the expected DNA sequence for each allele before this type of PCR would be useful. it has been used for years to detect conditions like sickle cell anemia, and in genetic counseling to help parents understand their risks for having a child with a genetic disorder.

RT-PCR which is short for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

this is useful in the lab when they are studying DNA from eukaryotes because it is more specific and won't duplicate the non-coding regions of DNA.

DNA microarrays

used to quickly measure the gene expression of a large number of genes at the same time. They are created by putting short segments of probe DNA onto a plate or small bead and then allowing the test DNA to hybridize to the probe.

Of the following, which type of bacteriophage destroys its host?

virulent

There are two types of bacteriophages:

virulent; temperate