ASD

Which of the following would be a description of a child exhibiting the "flattened effect" of characteristic of childhood-onset schizophrenia?

Caleb stares impassively at pictures of things he used to like, such as goldfish, cupcakes, and Thomas the Tank Engine. According to her mother, Felice will not smile when told she looks pretty, even after brushing her hair and attempting to reinforce her positive image by showing her a picture in a fashion magazine.

Paraphrasing an old saying, to say that a child with ASD sees "this one blade of grass through the forest" is indicative of a deficit in what area?

Central coherence

Imagine being a therapist working with the parents and a child with ASD. You suggest a form of role-playing on the part of the parents, in which they behave in a way their child would in the classroom with his teacher. Which function(s) might role-playing games improve most?

Joint attention, imitation, and reciprocal interaction

Because of the challenges of testing the intelligence of children with ASD, the assessment tool most often used is?

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

The DSM-5 uses the term "avolition" to describe

a lack of motivation

Annie was born premature. When she was diagnosed for ASD, this information from her medical records was indicated as __________.

a specifier associated with her disorder

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia attributes __________ as causing disruptions in the early development of the brain.

gene mutations

For children with ASD who cannot speak normally, encouraging them to make spontaneous, word-like sounds with their mouths can be used specifically in __________.

learning language through operant speech training

By medicating children with ADS, the chief benefit is

managing specific behavioral symptoms of ADS and comorbid behaviors

The genetic cause of COS can be attributed to which gene?

none

Which of the following medical specifiers in diagnosing ASD is the most common?

sleep disturbances

Manon, who is being diagnosed for ASD, more often ignores the other children at the play-table stacking blocks. She seems not to notice them or the blocks and only looks over with a startled expression when she "decides to hear." What is the best way to describe her deficit based on this anecdotal description?

. Manon is not monitoring the social interactions around her

One of the most common precursors to childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is

ASD

Which of the following is not a similarity between children of COS and children with ASD?

Children with COS present symptoms during infancy.

Why did the APA reduce the number of domains from three to two for diagnosing ASD?

Clinicians found it hard to separate deficits in communication and social interaction, such as where to assign a deficit if a child could only speak but while looking at the ground rather than at the person addressing him.

Which of the following is a logical theory for a cause of autism that is now obsolescent?

parental neglect

Dean, a therapist who specializes in children with ASD, often attempts to "play" with his clients not unlike one of their age-mates. What important "first building block" of teaching is he attempting to cultivate between himself and the child?

rapport

In addition to co-occuring intellectual disability, a coexisting medical condition may play some part in about __________ percent of children with ASD.

10

For a positive ASD diagnosis, ______ in the domain of restrictive and repetitive behaviors are/is required.

2 of 4 types

Autism spectrum disorder is found in found __________ to ___________ in boys than in girls.

4/5 times more

According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), __________ of the children with ASD have co-occurring intellectual disability.

70 percent

Despite the rigorous, two-domain standard for diagnosing ASD, why is it important not to see ASD as an "all or nothing" condition?

ASD is a spectrum disorder.

Dr. Hans Asperger studied the Austrian poet Georg Trakl, who wrote lyrical but fatalistic poems over again, some just a minor variation of an earlier poem or a different poem with the same title. What features of Asperger's syndrome did Trakl present?

An obsession with sameness and intense interests

At what age do normally developing children actually comprehend when a parent is making a face at them and expecting a response?

Around 12 months

Family members of children with ASD have been shown to express certain ASD-like traits that are mild enough to be simply interpreted as eccentricities. These traits, however, may be genetic evidence for ASD and are called __________.

Broader autism phenotypes

What is the most common attribute of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that virtually everyone can agree on, laypersons, clinicians, and therapists alike?

Children with ASD vary wildly in the core features of the disorder.

Carlo's gaze routinely drops to Dean's beard whenever Dean gives Carlo a "searching look." Instead of meeting Dean's eyes, Carlo follows the beard. What deficit of ASD does Carlo exhibit?

Carlo's fixation on the beard suggests that Carlo has a problem in processing Dean's face and facial expression.

Children with ASD who are most likely to improve over time exhibit which characteristics?

Children who acquire speech at a young age

What does research reveal about the ability of children with ASD to form bonds with their parents and like caregivers?

Children with ASD can tell the difference between their primary caregivers and other adults and tend to bond with them

The Centers for Disease Control as well as other sources suggest the prevalence of children with ASD in the world's population.

Estimates range as high as 1 percent to 2 percent of children

As a toddler, whenever Hannah needed "Puff the Bear," she walked over to the television—where he had to be or else the stuffed animal "didn't exist"—and extended her hand and "grasped at empty air without looking at me," according to her mother. What kind of gesture did Hannah demonstrate?

Hannah demonstrated a protoimperative gesture.

Whenever he pulls off one of the wheels of his favorite toy-a plastic fire engine-Henry brings it to his therapist to fix. However, he doesn't bring the wheel. If his therapist points to the wheel on the other side of the play room, he doesn't turn to look for it. How might you describe this impairment?

Henry has an impairment in joint attention.

The predominant form of treatment for children with COS is

Medication and psychosocial intervention

Which of the following developmental precursors was not listed or discussed for children with COS or who develop schizophrenia later in life?

Pica (eating nonnutrivie substances)

Lourdes is being seen by her child therapist for the first time. She can answer his simple questions (favorite color and the name of the family cat) but when she does, she rolls her eyes in an exaggerated, counterclockwise motion, without ever looking at the therapist. Which symptom domain of ASD does she exhibit?

Possibly both, social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

Why might a therapist describe Julie's inability to look into her teacher's eyes as a "defense mechanism"

Research suggests that children with ASD avoid looking at the eye region because it is perceived as threatening.

How do medications as clozapine and risperidone act on the central nervous system of children with COS?

Such medications block dopamine transmission.

The DSM-5 lists three required symptoms for social communication and interaction. Which of the following is most likely not an example of the diagnostic criteria for this domain?

Shouting the name of a companion animal more than once whenever it is observed 3 required: Hysterical refusal to be toilet trained An inability to follow a gesture, such as pointing at an object Pointing at mouth to indicate that one is hungry

Polly only meets the first domain of diagnosing autism spectrum disorder. She cannot empathize with others when they tell her how they feel. She parrots them and becomes totally self-referential. If she has a disorder, what label does the DSM-5 provisionally give to her?

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Given the anecdotal observations of their own children, what do parents tell us about the earliest point of onset for ASD?

The age of onset seems to be no later than the second birthday, after the first symptoms in most children diagnosed with ASD have presented and are seen by parents as a cause for concern.

Which of the following best describes the extreme male brain theory of ASD and what it proposes about the disorder?

The alleged dominance of the systemizing dimension of the male brain and the alleged dominance of the empathy dimension of the female brain might explain the high ratio of males with ASD.

Research has localized what regions of the brain that likely contribute to the neurological impairments of ASD?

The cortical and subcortical levels

Why do premature infants exhibit a higher incidence of ASD than children born full term according to some studies?

The exact reason is unknown beyond their gestational age being less than 26 weeks.

Despite the fact that some children with ASD have fragile-X anomaly and other chromosomal defects, why hasn't a "ASD gene" been identified?

There is no "ASD gene" because ASD has been associated with more than one chromosome

Shifting certain speech behaviors from the communication to the repetitive behavior domain in diagnosing ASD doesn't mean that echolalia and perseverative speech are not important to social interaction on a therapeutic level. Why?

These so-called pathological behaviors are seen as important for learning how to talk.

The Interactive Autism Network estimates that people with ASD use __________ different therapies, behavioral programs, and other kinds of treatment.

about 400

For a child with ASD, a lack of pragmatic competence can be simply described as

being unable to interpret the context of what is spoken to him or her

COS is rare in children, but it is more common in __________ rather than __________.

boys/girls

One theory about the intelligence of autistic savants, which closely aligns with their ability to excel in one thing, like playing any piano composition after hearing it only once, states that

children think in images rather than abstract ideas, which allows them to record what they experience

Despite remarkable examples of high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder, most people with ASD

exhibit most of the core features of the disorder and rarely display special talents or high intelligence

When his father has Logan on the weekends, the boy will not hold his father's hand in the park because, as he puts it, "I feel monster fur!" Logan, who is being diagnosed for COS, could be experiencing a __________ when he touches the hairs on his father's skin.

hallucinations

Using the same diagnostic criteria for children as well as adults in diagnosing schizophrenia makes it easier to

identify continuities in the onset of schizophrenia in children, adolescents, and adults compare cases of childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia

Which of the following is more likely to be a postnatal environmental factor that may interact with a genetic susceptibility to COS?

older paternal age

Charles takes copious notes when he meets with the parents of a child with ASD who has been known to kick them and others. Charles usually asks if he can share a favorite food or candy with the child. He has a purpose, which is to __________.

research his options for rewarding positive behaviors

What does stimming stand for?

self-stimulation

Which of the following would not be characteristic of the early stages of COS?

talking to oneself

In the movie Rain Man (1988), the first film that brought autism into the mainstream of popular culture, Dustin Hoffman plays Raymond, an autistic savant whose talent for perfect recall gets him and his brother (Tom Cruise) into trouble in a Las Vegas casino. Raymond's fictional talent exaggerates but exhibits one of the most fascinating features of some people with ASD

the extraordinary perceptual abilities that certain individuals have in rare instances

What is the concept of "social stories"?

to preview how something will happen in the future that is different from their usual routine