ASTB Personal Study Guide part 1!

Heating a closed container of boiling water increases the ....

pressure of the water vapor (steam) inside the container and increases the temperature of the water.

When aircraft of same category are converging, the aircraft to the others____ has right of way

right

Aircraft in approach for landing has______over others in the pattern and those on the ground.

right of way

A bridge crosses a river that is 1520 feet wide. One bank of the river holds 1/5 of the bridge and the other holds 1/6. How long is the bridge?

(1/6)*x + (1/5)*x + 1520 = x Common denominator: 5x + 6x + 45600 = 30x Solve for x = 2,400 feet long

If a driver completes a trip of 120 miles at a rate of 30mph, at what rate would the driver have to travel on the return trip in order to average 40mph for the round trip?

30mph for 4 hours = 120 miles. So round trip is 240 miles. 240 miles @ 40mph would take 6 hours. She used up 4 hours on the way there, so she has to complete the last 120 miles in 2 hours. D=R*T, R=60mph

A tank that holds 450 gallons of water can be filled by 1 pipe in 15 minutes, and emptied by another in 30. How long would it take to fill the tank if both pipes are open?

450 / 15 = 30 gallons per minute fill rate 450 / 30 = 15 gallons per minute empty rate 30 gpm - 15 gpm = 15 gpm with both pipes open so 450gallons/15gpm = 30 minutes

Boating Right of way : 2 powered vessels

head on, both vessels give-way starboard (right) crossing paths, vessel on operators left is give-way vessel. vessel on operators right is stand-on and can maintain course. overtaking, the one overtaking is the give-way, pass on either side

power vs sail

powered is always give-way vessel, sailing vessel is stand-on overtaking, whichever one is overtaking is the give-way, pass on either side

sail vs sail

wind on same side; the leeward (downwind) is the stand-on vessel and maintains course wind on different sides; head on, the vessel with wind on its starboard side is the standon.

Amount of discount / Original price =

% of reduction

P3*V3 =

(X+volume of first solution)*volume of final

Metrology means ...

(measuring)

Heat: Convection occurs when...

- occurs in liquids and gases by circulating currents caused by a difference in density

4 quarts =

1 gallon

8 pints =

1 gallon

16 ounces =

1 pound

2000 lbs =

1 ton

solve for X o Example: How much pure acid must be added to 12 ounces of a 40% acid solution in order to produce a 60% acid solution?

100x + 480 = 60(12+x), x=6

In a ________, the movable pulley will only move up half the distance, and spin half as much as the fixed pulley.

2 pulley system

If 2 times r exceeds one-half of t by 5, which of the following represents the relationship between r and t

2r - .5t = 5 or.. 4r - t = 10

If 3 times x exceeds 1/3 of y by 9, which of the following is the equation that shows the relationship between x and y?

3x- 1/3*y = 9 or.. 9x - y = 27

A field can be plowed by 9 machines in 5 hours. If 3 machines are broken and cannot be used, how many hours will it take to plow the field?

9*5 = 45 total machine hours to finish job , 3 broken, so 6 will be used, 45 / 6 = 7.5 hours

I=Q/T

; Current = charge / time

Vise : ideal MA =

= (2*pi*length of handle)/(pitch of thread)

Red right returning nun even, On your way inland, the____ side has a red light, numbered _____ increasing, the buoys are nun, ____ tops ____ hand is green,___ numbered, and the buoys are can, cylinders, square.

right,evenly,triangle left,odd,

Placing salt into water increases the _____ of the solution and lowers its_____

specific gravity, freezing point

Water flows faster through narrow areas than it does through wider. Think of putting your thumb on the end of a hose to make it spray..

But.. the same amount of water will flow through the smaller and larger part of the pipe in a given time

Gear revolutions r = (D*R)/d ; r*d=R*D

D: # of teeth on gear A R: revolutions of gear A d: number of teeth on gear B r: revolutions of gear B

Current: Direct = Alternating=

Direct - flows continuously in the same direction Alternating - periodically reverses direction

2 springs holding the box at different ends of the box. each spring holds...

Each spring holds 1/2 the weight of the box

When approaching for a landing, the aircraft of ____ altitude has right of way

lower

A can complete a project in 20 days and B can complete the same project in 30 days. If A and B start working on the project together and A quits 10 days before the project is completed, in how many days will the project be completed?

Explanatory Answer If A can do complete a project in 20 days, then A will complete 1/20 th of the project in a day. Similarly, B will complete 1/30 th of the project in a day. Let the total number of days taken to complete the project be x days. Then, B would have worked for all x days, while A would have worked for (x - 10) days. Therefore, A would have completed x-10/20 th th of the project and B would have complete x/30th of the project x-10/20 + x/30 = 1. ; Solving for x, we get x = 18.

Electrical Theory: V=I*R

Finds voltage drop across a circuit or single resistor

Newtons Laws ...

First - object in motion will stay in motion, object at rest will stay at rest Second - force = mass * acceleration Third - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A naval detachment has enough rations to feed 16 people for 10 days. If 4 more people join the detachment, for how many fewer days will the rations last?

First get the total rations, 16*10 = 160. 4 more people = 20 people. So divide 160/20 = 8 days, 8 is 2 less days.

A businesswoman spends 1/5 of her income for rent, and 3/8 of the remainder goes towards salary. How much does she have remaining ?

First take 1/5 away from 1, giving her 4/5. Multiply 4/5 * 3/8 = 12/40 = 3/10. 3/10 is the final answer

Types of Pressure

Fluid pressure Atmospheric pressure

Statics and Equilibrium : Moment =

Force * Distance

Pressure =_____

Force / Area

_________use floats to measure specific gravity. Specific gravity is ________________________. The liquid with the highest specific gravity will cause the float to _____________.

Hydrometers,the weight of a liquid compared with the weight of the water, rise higher in the glass tube.

4-Stroke Engine

Intake, Compression, Combustion, Exhaust

Dont forget to ....

Learn how to read a micrometer!

In a 3 hour examination of 320 questions, there are 40 mathematics problems. If twice as much time should be allowed for each mathematics problem as each of the other questions, how many minutes should be spent on he mathematics problems?

Let x = minutes to be spent on each problem 40*x + 1/2*x*280 = 180 solve for x, x = 1 minute plug back in to initial, 40*1= 40 minutes

P1*V1 + P2*V2 =

P3*V3

Energy :The difference between kinetic and potential (and when one converts to the other)...?

Potential - energy stored in an object Kinetic - energy in motion

V=I*R =

R (current*resistance=Voltage)

Make sure you're using the ______, not the diamete

RADIUS

Mechanical Advantage =

Radius of Axle to handle / radius of drum

Weight =

mass * gravity

Multimeter

measures both

Ammeter

measures current flow in a circuit

Voltmeter

measures voltage

A square metal plate is hanging by 4 wires (one on each corner). One breaks, and it's hanging by only 3 wires now. Does each wire now carry the same amount of weight, or do the 2 diagonally across from each other hold an equal amount that is more than the lone wolf in the other corner?

The lone wolf does no support. The 2 diagonals carry it alone

Pendulums...

The one with the longer string takes the longest to complete 1 swing. The weight doesn't matter for swing time. If string length is the same, swing time is the same.

2 springs holding the box attached as 1 longer spring. They are each .....

They are each holding the entire weight of the box

(# of sides - 2)*180 =

Total # of degrees

P1*V1 would be ...

X*1

Axe is classified as......

a wedge, which is an inclined plane

Mechanical advantage in pistons: a2*d2=a1*d1

a= area, d=displacement smaller D/ bigger D = mechanical advantage

Supplemental angle

add up to 180 degrees

Complementary angle

add up to 90 degrees

Units: Current flow=

ampere, A

sailing vessel must give way to ...

any vessel not under command vessel restricted in ability to maneuver engaged in commercial fishing

if operating power driven, you must give way to....

any vessel not under command vessel restricted in ability to maneuver engaged in commercial fishing sailing vessel unless it is overtaking

When you divide by a decimal, make it a whole number and move the dividend's decimal the same amount. Don't ...

change the decimal in the final answer.

Units: Charge =

coulomb, C

Voltage is constant in parallel, current is...

current is not constant

Compressing air in a closed space will ...

decrease the volume and raise the temperature

Buoyancy: The deeper you go with an inflated ball, the more ______it is to hold it under water The deeper you go with the same ball, the more ______ the ball is.

difficult buoyant

Aircraft Right of way: Aircraft in ____always has the right of way

distress

reduction * 100=

final answer %

Levers : First class: Second class: Third class:

first class=Fulcrum is in the middle (scissors, pliers) Second class: Fulcrum is at one end, load is in between (nutcracker, wheelbarrow) Third class: Fulcrum is at one end, effort is in between (tongs, tweezers)

P2*V2 is volume of...

first*percentage of first

heat ALWAYS moves from...

from hot object to cold object

The rate of transfer is greater for the _____ temp difference.

greater

The farther away the fulcrum is from the resistance arm, the ....

greater amount of force that is required to lift the weight and the higher the resistance arm will travel.

Rate of heat exchange is faster through objects of ...

greater temperature difference

If you place an object evenly on 2 scales, each scale will read ....

half of the total weight

Approaching ____ - both aircraft give way to the right

head on

Take miles traveled / average speed =

hours

By _______ the length of the lever arm, the effort is increased enabling a valve to blow off at a higher pressure. Move the weight further away to do this.

increasing, (Think of the picture from the practice exams.. Lever left causes less effort and lets valve blow up at lower pressure. Lots of L's)

The circuit with the greater resistance is usually in series, because .....

it forces the current through all resistors

In pulleys, the smaller pulley will turn faster than those larger than it. It has to "______" and therefore turns faster

keep up

When two aircraft are converging or approaching from the side, the aircraft to the ____ must give way to the aircraft on the right.

left

Port = starboard = fore = aft =

left; right; in front of; behind

If weights hang from a string attached to a bar, ____ pull is exerted by the weight of less weight. The length of the string doesn't matter.

less

Only MOVABLE pulleys provide...

mechanical advantage.

Overtaking aircraft -

must pass slower aircraft to the right and stay well clear

Conduction -

occurs in solids and stationary fluids. depends on the temperature difference

To find an rpm necessary ....

take number of rods on the wheel, divide that from the needed contacts per minute. (ex. twice per second = 120 contacts per minute. 10 projection rods on wheel. 120/10=12. must rotate at 12 rpm

If a board is placed in the water with 1 weight at each end, the end with the weight closest to the center will ....

tend to float more than the one furthest from the center

If a driver wheel is present the _________wheels will rotate according to how close to the center the driver wheel makes contact with them. The closer to the center, the ____ it will move

the adjacent, faster

General rule regarding converging aircraft of different categories,

the least maneuverable aircraft has right of way Balloon > Glider > Aircraft Refueling > Airship > Airplane / Rotorcraft

Take the gallons of gas used * miles per gallon to get...

total miles traveled

Aircraft will take off on a treadmill, regardless of _____ setting

treadmill

Current stays the same in series Current is constant in series, the voltage is ...

voltage is not constant

No electricity flows through burnt out bulbs, but a ______ can bypass it if connected on both sides. It tells you the total voltage in a circuit.

voltimeter;It tells you the total voltage in a circuit.

Power=

volts * amperes

A purchaser paid 17.16 for an article that had recently been increased in price by 4%. What was the price before the increase?

x / 100 = 17.16 / 104, solve for x = 16.50

Time actually needed / Time needed to do the job alone = 1 Ex. One recruiter can complete a certain assignment in 40 minutes; another can complete the same assignment in one hour. How long would it take to complete the assignment if they worked together?

x/40 + x/60 = 1, x=24 minutes