Atmosphere

Temp Range: Troposphere

(-50 to 50 C), Top of layer is very cold and bottom is very warm

Others

(Neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, ozone, and radon) 0.065%

Temp Range: Exosphere

(Temperature range varies greatly) 500-1500 C

Depth Range (km): Exosphere

(upper limit of atmosphere-- very thin), 500-520 km

Carbon Dioxide

0.035%

Argon

0.9%

Oxygen

20.9%

Depth Range (km): Mesosphere

50 - 85 km

Depth Range (km): Thermosphere

500 - 1,000 km

Nitrogen

78.1% We do not use Nitrogen directly. It has to be fixed by bacteria.

Thermosphere

Above the mesosphere and extends to almost 600 km high, Temperature increases with altitude, Readily absorbs solar radiation, Temperature can go as high as 2000 degrees celsius, Reflects radio waves (you are able to hear the radio from Japan), auroras, air molecules are 1 km apart

Ozone Depletion (Ozone hole): main cause of Ozone Depletion is

CFC pollution

Ozone Depletion (Ozone hole): Radiation causes the

CFCs to break down

Ozone Depletion (Ozone hole): hlorine atom reacts with ozone(O3 ) molecules forming

Chlorine oxide(ClO) and oxygen gas(O2).

Conduction

Conduction is the process of heat being transferred by molecules touching each other. This is because the hotter a molecule gets, the faster it vibrates, so molecules often touch each other and transfer their energy.

Convection

Convection is the process of heat being transferred by a current in either gas or liquid and is also the most important way of transferring heat in the atmosphere. A convection current is created by air being heated by the sun. This makes the air rise, because is it less dense. Then, as the air cools down, it begins to sink again, starting the process all over again.

Magnetosphere: minor

Earth's Magnetic Field Causes Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)

Earth's Second Atmosphere

Earth's second atmosphere is predicted to have originated from Earth. In the past there were many more volcanoes on Earth and the volcanoes released steam (H2O), carbon dioxide, and ammonia into the Earth's atmosphere.

highest layer in the atmosphere

Exosphere

the hottest layer

Exosphere

Stratosphere

Extends from 10 km to 50 km above the ground, Less dense (less water vapor), Temperature increases with altitude, Almost no weather occurrence, Contains high level of ozone(absorbs light, makes it hot), Contains the Ozone layer, planes fly here, top about -20 C, jets and manned balloons

Mesosphere

Extends to almost 80 km high, Gases are less dense, Temperature decreases as altitude increases, Gases in this layer absorb very little UV radiation, meteors burn up here, coldest layer, sounding rockets, -100 C at top

Effects of Greenhouse Gas Pollution

Global warming (Ice in polar caps will began to melt, Water in the ocean expands, flooding in lowlands and coastal areas, Changes in weather patterns)

Why is the Tropospheric ozone bad

In the Troposphere, ozone is a pollutant(smog)

Earth's Third Atmosphere

In the atmosphere we have today, most of the carbon dioxide that was once in our atmosphere is continuously being absorbed by the oceans. In time, bacteria began to form that released oxygen, increasing the oxygen levels in the atmosphere. Also, sunlight broke down the ammonia molecules in the Earth's atmosphere, which left hydrogen and nitrogen. Finally, the hydrogen, the lightest element, rose and escaped Earth's atmosphere.

Earth's First Atmosphere

In the beginning, it is predicted the Earth's atmosphere was mainly made of hydrogen and helium, because those were the main gases where the planets formed. This made it so Earth's temperatures were extremely hot. Since the molecules were very hot, they moved very quickly and were able to exit Earth into space.

reflects radio waves

Ionosphere

Troposphere

Lowest and thinnest layer (16 km at equator, 8 km at poles), 90% of the atmosphere's mass, Temperature decreases with altitude (6 degrees per kilometer), Top of the Troposphere averages -60 degrees celsius, Where weather occurs, highest pressure, densest layer, convection currents

Depth Range (km): Troposphere

Lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, Surface-20 km above sea level

the coldest layer

Mesosphere

Important Features: Troposphere

Most of the mass of atmospheric gases are located here, all weather occurs here, As the altitude increases, temperature, density, and pressure decrease (that's why the cabins of airplanes must be pressurized), Clouds are mostly located here because of the high amount of water vapor and dust particles, The layer is heated from below; the sun's radiation heats the surface, the warm air then rises

Fun Facts: Mesosphere

Movement in the mesosphere is from the waves of air that come from the troposphere and stratosphere. Some of the gases in the mesosphere split up depending on what elements are in it(nitrogen and oxygen).

Global Warming

Not connected to the ozone layer, An increase in Earth's average surface temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gases. Caused by Greenhouse effect(look up another name for that)

ozonosphere: minor

Ozone is made of 3 oxygen atoms protects the surface from the suns UV rays humans are causing ozone depletion

Important Features: Stratosphere

Ozone, a molecule of oxygen with the formula O3, is pretty abundant in the Stratosphere. As you go further up into this zone, the temperature increases. the air in the stratosphere contains very little water vapor, so the air in it is very dry. there aren't many clouds in the stratosphere due to the dry air. The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere

Fun Facts: Stratosphere

Polar stratospheric clouds are some of the few clouds that occur in the stratosphere. You can see them in the winter and they are actually contribute to ozone destruction. They are also called nacreous clouds. A rare type of "electrical discharge" called "blue jets" occur in the stratosphere. They appear above thunderstorms.

Radiation

Radiation is the process of energy being transferred by electromagnetic waves, which is how the Sun's energy is transferred. The Sun's energy is used to heat the surface of the Earth and some of that energy is again transferred by radiation into the atmosphere.

keeps most of the UV radiation from the sun from reaching the earth's atmosphere.

Stratosphere

layer where jets fly to minimize the effects of weather.

Stratosphere

the layer above the troposphere

Stratosphere

the ozone layer is part of this layer

Stratosphere

________________ ozone is good ozone

Stratospheric

Man's Activities Here: Exosphere

The Hubble Space Telescope orbits Earth around the exosphere, at 550 km above sea level (has allowed us to learn more able black holes). There are multiple weather satellites orbiting the planet in this layer, gathering atmospheric data which allows scientists to make conclusions about climate patterns. This layer is a perfect place for satellites because of its extremely low amount of friction

Fun Facts: Thermosphere

The Southern and Northern lights occurs in this part. The boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere above it is called the thermopause.

Important Features: Mesosphere

The boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere is called the mesopause. Also, the boundary between the mesosphere and the stratosphere is called the stratopause. The mesosphere is where meteors from space burn up. In the mesosphere near the North and South Poles noctilucent clouds form. Lightning from the mesosphere called spirits and ELVES show up in the troposphere.

Temp Range: Mesosphere

The higher you go up in the mesosphere, the colder it gets. The bottom is 0° C and the top can get up to -90° C.

Temp Range: Stratosphere

The higher you go, the warmer it gets, -50 to -15

Exosphere: minor

The interface between Earth and Space, Atoms and molecules can escape to space, highest temperature, lowest pressure Upper part of the Thermosphere Artificial satellites orbit here

Man's Activities Here: Thermosphere

The space shuttle and the International Space Station both orbit Earth within the thermosphere.

Depth Range (km): Stratosphere

The stratosphere starts at different altitudes depending on the latitudes. Near the equator, it starts at 16 km, but as you get closer to the poles, it starts at 8 km. It goes to 50 km.

Temp Range: Thermosphere

The thermosphere is typically about 200° C (360° F) hotter in the daytime than at night, and roughly 500° C (900° F) hotter. Can range from 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.

Fun Facts: Troposphere

The transitional area between the troposphere and the stratosphere is called the tropopause. Just below this is the "jet stream," or "river of air.", The word 'troposphere' is derived from the Greek word 'Tropos' which means "change.", The troposphere is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, neon, krypton, argon, helium, and hydrogen

Greenhouse Effect

The trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere

Fun Facts: Exosphere

There are a number of objects floating at the edge of this layer (where interplanetary space begins). The air in the exosphere is made up of mostly hydrogen and helium (which is interesting because this where those gases escaped from our original atmosphere) The molecules in this layer do not collide like the other layers, causing molecules to escape very easily.

Thermosphere boundary

Thermopause

Man's Activities Here: Stratosphere

This is the layer that has a lot of man-made thing that go to it. Most planes fly in the stratosphere because the air is stable and there is not much turbulence. Weather balloons also are sent up and reach the stratosphere, however, not many planes or balloons can reach the top of the stratosphere because the air is so thin up there.

Important Features: Exosphere

This is the region where molecules escape out into space; so, this is where hydrogen and helium would've escaped from. Layer farthest from Earth's surface; it fades gradually into space, so there is no clear boundary line of where the layer ends (it's about halfway to the Moon). Helium and hydrogen (with faint wisps of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Man's Activities Here: Mesosphere

This layer is very hard to study, because the mesosphere is very high and jet planes and weather balloons that scientists send up can not reach it. However, scientists we have been able to use a sounding rocket to get measurements.

Boundary between the troposphere, and the stratosphere is called the

Tropopause

lowest layer in the atmosphere

Troposphere

the layer where weather occurs

Troposphere

_______________ ozone is bad ozone

Tropospheric

Important Features: Thermosphere

Very very hot and includes wave and tides. The aurora is in the thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen and helium are the main components of the air. Air in the lower atmosphere is mainly composed of the familiar blend of about 80% nitrogen molecules and about 20% oxygen molecules.

Man's Activities Here: Troposphere

We live and function in this layer, Animals release carbon dioxide into air, plants and bacteria release oxygen (photosynthesis), Marine cumulonimbus formation, Airplanes/jets will play at this layer

Greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide (from every living thing, burning fuels for energy), sulfur dioxide (from volcanoes, cars, fossil fuel burning power plants), ozone, CFCs, and water vapor

Ozone Depletion (Ozone hole): releases one

chlorine atom

frying an egg

conduction

mug hot to hand

conduction

spoon is warmed in a mug

conduction

For liquids and gases. When warmer/less dense particles rise and cooler/more dense particles sink

convection

hair dryer

convection

refrigerator

convection

As altitude increases, the air pressure

decreases

Heat is form of

energy

Because particles of an object are always moving, ________________ _______________ is always happening

heat transfer

Heat always flows from

hot to cold

The thermosphere layer of the atmosphere is divided into the

ionosphere and exosphere

Why is the Stratospheric ozone good

it Protects Earth from Harmful UV radiation, Depletion is detrimental to life

The Thermosphere will not feel hot, because

it is not very dense, so there are not a lot of particles to collide into you.

Ionosphere: minor

lower part of the thermosphere radio waves bounce back to Earth's surface

All ______ has heat

matter

Boundary of Mesosphere

mesopause

Compared to warm air, cold air is

more dense

Heat is caused by

particles in an object that vibrate.

Boundaries between the layers are called

pauses

CFCs

pollutant, air saw cans, apart of the atmosphere

Heat being transferred through space/distance in waves

radiation

fire

radiation

microwave

radiation

With __________ objects, heat transfers when the objects come into __________ ___________. This is known as __________

solid, direct contact, and conduction

Upper boundary of the stratosphere is called

stratopause

In which layer(s) of the atmosphere does temperature increase as altitude increases?

stratosphere, thermosphere

Heat transfer will stop once two objects reach the same __________________. This is known as __________________

temperature and equilibrium

Temperature measures

the kinetic energy of the particles

The layer after the mesosphere where air is very thin is called the

thermosphere

The layer closest to the earth, where all weather changes take place is called the

troposphere

The layer in which the temperature drops as altitude increases is called the

troposphere

ozone in this layer is considered to be a bad thing

troposphere

Layers of the Atmosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

The faster the particles of an object vibrate, the

warmer the object will be