Atoms to Humans Unit 2
Most stars (approximately 99%) found in the known universe are which kind of star? Low-mass stars Intermediate mass stars High-mass stars Neutron stars
Low-mass stars
Which type of stars have the lowest luminosities? No-mass stars Intermediate-mass stars Low-mass stars High-mass stars
Low-mass stars
If a normal star's diameter were to suddenly increase through the addition of mass (and subsequent increase in gravity), which of the following would also increase? Apparent brightness Fragmentation Temperature Potential energy
Temperature
The development of the Universe is described by which well-known theory? The Theory of General Relativity String Theory The Big Bang Theory Chaos Theory
The Big Bang Theory
Which of the following is NOT true about The Big Bang Theory? The Big Bang Theory currently explains humanity's observations of the Universe. The Big Bang Theory is at the very least a useful preparatory truth. Out of all the explanations humanity has created so far to explain the Universe, The Big Bang Theory is the only one that has yet to be falsified. The Big Bang Theory goes against the doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints by claiming there is no God.
The Big Bang Theory goes against the doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints by claiming there is no God.
Which property of light determines which colors we see? Doppler Effect Amplitude Wavelength Luminosity
Wavelength
Scientists have observed that old stars gradually have more heavy elements over time. What does The Big Bang Theory predict about the change in the composition of stars over time? When stars first form the are composed primarily of heavy elements that then undergo radioactive decay and fission to become lighter. When stars first form, they are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium and form heavier elements over time. The composition of stars will stay essentially the same as it undergoes chain reactions that are cyclical. The stars found toward the center of the Universe will be concentrated with heavier elements and stars found on the outer edges will be composed primarily with lighter elements, like hydrogen and helium.
When stars first form, they are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium and form heavier elements over time.
Because of their large mass, outer planets were able to trap large amounts of ________________ that was blown outward from the Sun by strong solar winds. dust rock metal gas
gas
Nebulae consist of . planets and stars gas and dust heavy elements ice and dust
gas and dust
The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are composed primarily of . air and ice gas and ice metal and ice metal and rock rock and gas rock and ice
gas and ice
The scientists who hypothesized that dark matter and dark energy existed asked the scientific community to help identify the errors in their observations. So far, other scientists __________________. have found several errors in the work they have put forth have not been able to falsify the work they have put forth have found mostly insignificant errors with their work have not really been interested in checking their work
have not been able to falsify the work they have put forth
Atoms in your body were once part of a ______________. high-mass star black hole neutron star white dwarf
high-mass star
Dark matter is currently just a ___________ because it has never actually been ___________. myth; predicted phenomenon; hypothesized hole in space; compressed hypothesis; observed
hypothesis; observed
Newton introduced the idea that the Universe was eternal and . finite infinite expanding collapsing
infinite
The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are composed primarily of . air and ice gas and ice metal and ice metal and rock rock and gas rock and ice
metal and rock
When a stellar object shifts position a lot when observed from two different places, we call this __________________, and it suggests that the object is relatively close to our location. luminosity extra-sensory perception blueshift parallax
parallax
For a low-mass star, the stage following the giant star stage is the ______________ stage. mini star supernova planetary nebula giant star
planetary nebula
Before the Cosmic Microwave Background was discovered, scientists had ______________ . proven its existence proven it did not exist predicted its existence not imagined its existence
predicted its existence
The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are known as _________________. the silicon spheres the rock giants the liquid lads the gas giants the opaque orbs
the gas giants
Higher mass normal stars have larger diameters and higher luminosities but they also have ____________________. the highest temperatures the longest lifetimes the lowest fusion rates the lowest mass
the highest temperatures
Dark matter is hypothesized to significantly affect the Universe by allowing matter to cluster together. What percentage of matter is dark matter (in other words, matter that has not been observed)? 33% 85% 12% 60%
85%
The least massive normal stars have the smallest diameters and the lowest temperatures but they also have . the highest fusion rates the highest luminosities the highest gravitational pull the longest lifetimes
the longest lifetimes
Copernicus introduced the idea that the Universe was large and that _______________. the Earth was the center of the Universe expanding the planets orbit the Sun there are other galaxies in the Universe
the planets orbit the Sun
When we observe Mars through our telescope we are looking primarily at . the thick gassy atmosphere of Mars the rocky surface of Mars the icy shell of Mars the metal shell of Mars
the rocky surface of Mars
When we observe Jupiter through our telescope we are looking primarily at _______________. the thick gassy atmosphere of Jupiter the rocky surface of Jupiter the icy shell of Jupiter the metal shell of Jupiter
the thick gassy atmosphere of Jupiter
We use scale models of the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy, and the Universe because __________________. we think it is fun to confuse students with talk of candy sprinkles and DVDs the true size of these regions is incomprehensible to the human mind the true size of these regions is pretty small we think it is fun compare the Sun to a basketball and a galaxy to a DVD
the true size of these regions is incomprehensible to the human mind
As a preparatory truth, The Big Bang is __________. not useful at all useful in that is likely has many elements of truth that we can use as building blocks for future theories useful for now, but all elements of it will all be thrown out once we find a theory to replace it not worth paying any attention to
useful in that is likely has many elements of truth that we can use as building blocks for future theories
If the Sun were the size of a candy sprinkle, what would be the average approximate distance to the next closest solar system? 328 feet/100 m (the length of one soccer pitch) 984 feet/300 m (the length of three soccer pitches) 1320 feet/400 m (the length of four soccer pitches) 656 feet/200 m (the length of two soccer pitches)
1320 feet/400 m (the length of four soccer pitches)
If the Sun were the size of a 12" (30 cm) ball, at this scale what would be the average approximate distance between the Sun and Jupiter? 50 feet/15 m (1 bus length) 550 feet/168 m (12 bus lengths) 5500 feet/1680 m (120 bus lengths) 50,000 feet/15,240 m (1100 bus lengths)
550 feet/168 m (12 bus lengths)
If the Sun were the size of a 12" (30 cm) ball, at this scale, what would be the average approximate distance to the next nearest solar system? 7241 miles/11,653 km (the distance from Honolulu, Hawaii to London, England) 6500 miles/10,461 km (the distance from Los Angeles, California to Shanghai, China) 11,500 miles/18507 km (the distance from Quito, Ecuador to Bangkok, Thailand) 5680 miles/9141 km (the distance from Salt Lake City, Utah to Paris, France)
5680 miles/9141 km (the distance from Salt Lake City, Utah to Paris, France)
Define a normal star
A star tha fuses hydrogen to helium in its core
Which of the following best describes a globule as an astronomical term? A section of a nebula that is rounded and protrudes from the rest of the nebula A collapsing region found in the denser regions of a nebula An area in space that appears to have no matter but has gravity The bright areas found in dark nebulae
A collapsing region found in the denser regions of a nebula
Which definition best describes an irregular galaxy? A galaxy comprised of a relatively-thin, pinwheel-shaped disk of stars and nebulae that orbits a central bulge consisting mostly of older stars A spherical-to-football-shaped galaxy comprised mostly of stars orbiting the galactic center in all directions A galaxy whose shape is distorted by interactions with a neighboring galaxy(ies) A large group of galaxies close enough to interact with each other
A galaxy whose shape is distorted by interactions with a neighboring galaxy(ies)
According to the text, which definition best describes a star? A large (several light years wide) gas cloud composed of hydrogen and helium gas and dust grains Any spherical object that is large enough to draw large amounts of other matter toward it through gravity Any object in space that either emits or reflects light A gaseous object large enough to fuse (or have fused) elements in its interior
A gaseous object large enough to fuse (or have fused) elements in its interior
Which definition best describes a galaxy cluster? A galaxy comprised of a relatively-thin, pinwheel-shaped disk of stars and nebulae that orbits a central bulge consisting mostly of older stars A spherical-to-football-shaped galaxy comprised mostly of stars orbiting the galactic center in all directions A galaxy whose shape is distorted by interactions with a neighboring galaxy(ies) A group of galaxies close enough to interact with each other through gravity
A group of galaxies close enough to interact with each other through gravity
You observe a star that is 25 times the size of the Sun. Which kind of star is it? A low-mass star An intermediate-mass star A high-mass star A super star
A high-mass star
Which of the following best describes dark matter? All the blackness that we see when we look up at space A hypothetical type of matter that interacts with other matter only through gravitation The small percentage of heavy elements that are found in our Universe Matter that exists in regions that are currently unobservable by our telescopes
A hypothetical type of matter that interacts with other matter only through gravitation
Which of the following best describes dark energy? A hypothetical , as-yet-unobserved force that causes light from distant stars to scatter making the night sky appear dark A hypothetical, as-yet-unobserved force that causes other matter in space to form clusters of matter A hypothetical, as-yet-unobserved repulsive force that counteracts gravity, and causes the Universe to expand at an accelerating rate An as-yet-unobserved negative force that produces all of the negativity in the Universe such as pessimism, anxiety, and self-loathing
A hypothetical, as-yet-unobserved repulsive force that counteracts gravity, and causes the Universe to expand at an accelerating rate
Which definition best describes a nebula? A large region of the Universe that is unknown to us A large (several light years wide) gas cloud composed of hydrogen and helium gas and dust grains A gaseous object large enough to fuse (or have fused) elements in its interior A group of galaxies close enough to interact with each other through gravity
A large (several light years wide) gas cloud composed of hydrogen and helium gas and dust grains
What stage comes after the giant star stage in a star's life cycle? A supergiant star A mini star A normal star A massive star
A mini star
Which of the following systems is the least organized in terms of its matter? An asteroid belt A solar system A nebula A galaxy
A nebula
When a low-mass star goes supernova, which of the following mini stars is produced? A white dwarf star A pulsar A neutron star A black hole
A neutron star
Which definition best describes a planet? A relatively small, irregularly-shaped, solid object that orbits a star A gaseous object large enough to fuse (or have fused) elements in its interior A large gas cloud composed of hydrogen and helium gas and dust grains A relatively large (>100km), spherical object that orbits a star
A relatively large (>100km), spherical object that orbits a star
Which definition best describes a planetesimal? A relatively small, irregularly-shaped, solid object that orbits a star A gaseous object large enough to fuse (or have fused) elements in its interior A relatively small, solid or icy object that orbits a planet A relatively large (>100km), spherical object that orbits a star
A relatively small, irregularly-shaped, solid object that orbits a star
Which of the following best describes an elliptical galaxy? A pinwheel-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of nebulae A spherical or football-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of stars A cylindrical-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of planetary bodies A spider-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of comets and debris
A spherical or football-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of stars
Which definition best describes an elliptical galaxy? A galaxy comprised of a relatively-thin, pinwheel-shaped disk of stars and nebulae that orbits a central bulge consisting mostly of older stars A spherical-to-football-shaped galaxy comprised mostly of stars orbiting the galactic center in all directions A galaxy whose shape is distorted by interactions with a neighboring galaxy(ies) A group of galaxies close enough to interact with each other through gravity
A spherical-to-football-shaped galaxy comprised mostly of stars orbiting the galactic center in all directions
The density of matter throughout our solar system is most similar to which of the following? A cookie A sponge A piece of granite A spiderweb
A spiderweb
Which of the following best describes a proplyd? An expanding region in a dense part of a large nebula A spinning disk of gas and dust that surrounds a central star The collapsed matter that will eventually form a star The collapsed matter that will eventually form a planet
A spinning disk of gas and dust that surrounds a central star
Which of the following best represents the way that galaxies are distributed in the Universe? Seashells A sponge Sandstone A frisbee
A sponge
Which of the following best describes a normal star? A star that is in a balanced state between the outward push from fusion and the inward pull of gravity A star that is close to the same size and shape as our Sun A star that is surrounded by a proplyd and is in a slightly disordered state A star is that is running out of fuel (nuclear fusion) and is beginning to collapse
A star that is in a balanced state between the outward push from fusion and the inward pull of gravity
Define a mini star
A very dense star produced at the end of a star's life cycle; a type of stellar remnant
Eltanin and Aldebaran have about the same luminosity (true brightness), but Eltanin is much farther from Earth than Aldebaran. What difference would we expect to observe between Aldebaran and Eltanin? Eltanin will appear brighter than Aldebaran. Aldebaran will appear brighter than Eltanin. Eltanin's light will be redshifted and Aldebaran's light will be blueshifted. Aldebaran's light will be redshifted and Eltanin's light will be blueshifted.
Aldebaran will appear brighter than Eltanin.
Western Civilization's perception that the Universe is huge and finite and contains numerous galaxies—most of which are separated by vast distances, do not interact, and contain enormous numbers of stars is the prevailing idea today. Which of the previously-held notions helped lead us to our current understanding of the Universe? Copernicus' use of celestial observations and math to create a simpler, more logical model of a Sun-centered Universe Newton's reasoning that a net gravitational force on all matter would require the same amount of mass to exist equally in all directions, thus implying an infinite Universe Hubble's observations that the Universe is expanding and proof that there are ordered galaxies in addition to the Milky Way Einstein's theories on gravity and spacetime following the discovery that Newton's ideas of space and time didn't match with Mercury's orbit All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true regarding the motion of the planets? All planets move around the Sun at the same speed. The planets all move around the Sun in evenly-spaced orbits. All planets orbit the Sun in the same direction. The inner planets move in one direction around the Sun and the outer planets move around in the other direction.
All planets orbit the Sun in the same direction.
Which type of galaxy could often be classified as a transitionary galaxy; in other words, what type of galaxy represents a transition between a young galaxy and an old galaxy? An elliptical galaxy An irregular galaxy A spiral galaxy An elliptal-spiral galaxy
An irregular galaxy
Which definition best defines a stable isotope? An isotope that has fused with another isotope An isotope that has equal number of protons and electrons An isotope that does not experience spontaneous decay An isotope that decays relatively slowly An isotope that experiences spontaneous decay
An isotope that does not experience spontaneous decay
Which definition best describes a radioactive isotope? An isotope that has fused with another isotope An isotope that has equal number of protons and electrons An isotope that does not experience spontaneous decay An isotope that glows in the dark An isotope that experiences spontaneous decay
An isotope that experiences spontaneous decay
Which of the following best describes an irregular galaxy? A bird-shaped galaxy that doesn't exhibit any motion A spider-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of comets and debris rather than nebulae and solar systems A cylindrical-shaped galaxy that consists primarily of planetary bodies An oddly-shaped galaxy that is distorted due to interactions with other nearby galaxies
An oddly-shaped galaxy that is distorted due to interactions with other nearby galaxies
What is the biggest reason that most, if not all, scientists currently believe in The Big Bang Theory? Because the scientific community took a vote and voted it in as the prevailing theory Because they want to prove that God doesn't exist Because it explains some of the observations that have been made and the ones that falsify the Theory are really minor Because it is currently the best explanation for the development of the Universe and is based on a high number of observations
Because it is currently the best explanation for the development of the Universe and is based on a high number of observations
The Universe has no edge, but even if it did and you put the coordinates into your ultrafast spaceship, you could never get there due to Hubble's Law. Explain. Because the farther away you move in space, the slower you go. Because the path of your spaceship would curve due to spacetime. Because the Universe is constantly expanding faster and faster, moving the edge away from you. Because the edge is defended by sith lords wielding cosmic lightsabers.
Because the Universe is constantly expanding faster and faster, moving the edge away from you.
Which of the following is the name for the phenomenon that when a source of light moves toward an observer, the wavelengths of light from that source compress or shorten? Continuous spectrum Redshift Blueshift Spectral bifurcation Spectral emissions
Blueshift
What is the primary characteristic that astronomers use to estimate out how far away a star is? Distance Redshift Blueshift Color Temperature Brightness
Brightness
Where do essentially all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium form? In the cores of planets In the cores of stars In nebulae In meteorites
In the cores of stars
Western Civilization's perception that the Universe had Earth at its center was the prevailing idea before Copernicus. Which idea directly followed to replace this prevailing notion? Copernicus' use of celestial observations and math to create a simpler, more logical model of a Sun-centered Universe Newton's reasoning that a net gravitational force on all matter would require the same amount of mass to exist equally in all directions, thus implying an infinite Universe Hubble's observations that the Universe is expanding and proof that there are ordered galaxies in addition to the Milky Way Einstein's theories on gravity and spacetime following the discovery that Newton's ideas of space and time didn't match with Mercury's orbit
Copernicus' use of celestial observations and math to create a simpler, more logical model of a Sun-centered Universe
Based on current observations of characteristics of the Universe, how does The Big Bang Theory hold up as a scientific theory? Current observations fail to falsify The Big Bang Theory. Current observations raise many doubts about The Big Bang Theory. Current observations falsify The Big Bang Theory. Current observations verifying The Big Bang Theory are obviously made up.
Current observations fail to falsify The Big Bang Theory.
What do we call the hypothetical repulsive force that counteracts gravity in the Universe? Dark static Dark matter Dark pressure Dark energy
Dark energy
What force was hypothesized to exist after it was discovered that there was a certain distance in the Universe at which matter began accelerating away faster? Gravitational force Dark energy Momentum Kinetic energy Potential energy
Dark energy
Which of the following is a hypothetical, as-yet-unobserved form of matter that is unaffected by light but exerts a gravitational pull on ordinary matter? Black holes Normal stars Dark matter Dark energy
Dark matter
We observe that Deneb appears mostly white in color and that the Sun appears mostly yellow. From this observation, what can be predicted about the two stars? Deneb is moving towards us and the Sun is stationary. Deneb is cooler in temperature than the Sun. Deneb is hotter in temperature than the Sun. Deneb is moving away from us and the Sun is stationary.
Deneb is hotter in temperature than the Sun.
Which property can be determined/interpreted from the true brightness (luminosity) of a star compared with the observed/apparent brightness of a star? Distance Redshift Blueshift Color Temperature
Distance
What major evidence for the Big Bang Theory and an expanding Universe did Edwin Hubble contribute? Stars are found at various stages of development throughout the Universe. Distant stars are undergoing faster fusion rates than stars that are closer. Distant stars are mostly all red giants and stars close by are white dwarfs. Distant stars are moving away faster than stars that are closer.
Distant stars are moving away faster than stars that are closer.
Scientists have observed that the forces and matter that comprise the Universe formed as the early Universe cooled. What does The Big Bang Theory predict about the formation of forces and matter in the early Universe? Forces and matter that comprise the Universe formed as the early Universe cooled. Matter that comprises the early Universe formed as the early Universe cooled, but forces developed much, much later. Forces that comprise the early Universe formed as the early Universe cooled, but matter developed much, much later. Forces and matter that comprise the Universe formed long after the early Universe cooled.
Forces and matter that comprise the Universe formed as the early Universe cooled.
What is a low-mass star's response when all the hydrogen atoms have been fused to form helium? It begins to form heavier elements in its outer shell, thus increasing the gravity and drawing in more surrounding hydrogen. It goes completely dark and begins to get very cold as there are no more fusion reactions to emit light and heat. It begins to float away through space and consume more of the surrounding cosmic masses Gas expansion causes lighter material to blow off into space while heavier elements concentrate to form a small, dense star remnant.
Gas expansion causes lighter material to blow off into space while heavier elements concentrate to form a small, dense star remnant.
While gravity works as a force to contract a star, which of the following works to expand the star? Gas pressure Cool temperatures Proplyd Globules
Gas pressure
A normal star that is getting close to dying is in which stage of its life cycle? Giant Protostar Brown dwarf Dark globule
Giant
When nuclear fusion occurs in a star, the energy it creates works to expand the star. Which of the following works as an opposite force to contract the star? Gas pressure High temperatures Solar flaring Gravity
Gravity
What causes a nebula to collapse? Gravity overcomes the opposing force of gas pressure. Gas pressure overcomes the opposing force of gravity. An imbalance of matter in the nebula forms from uneven heating. The nebula gets pulled on by the gravitational field of a nearby solar system.
Gravity overcomes the opposing force of gas pressure.
Western Civilization's perception that the Universe is large, infinite, unchanging, and filled with an infinite number of widely-scattered and randomly-moving stars was the prevailing idea during Newton's time. Which idea directly followed to replace these notions? Copernicus' use of celestial observations and math to create a simpler, more logical model of a Sun-centered Universe Newton's reasoning that a net gravitational force on all matter would require the same amount of mass to exist equally in all directions, thus implying an infinite Universe Hubble's observations that the Universe is expanding and proof that there are ordered galaxies in addition to the Milky Way Bostrom's theory that we are living in a computer simulation that is of an unknown size.
Hubble's observations that the Universe is expanding and proof that there are ordered galaxies in addition to the Milky Way
Which of the following elements were abundantly produced during the early stages of development of the Universe? Carbon and Silicon Hydrogen and Helium Uranium and Strontium Iron and Sulfur
Hydrogen and Helium
What nuclear fusion reaction primarily fuels the Sun? Hydrogen atoms fuse to create helium. Uranium atoms fuse to create plutonium. Helium atoms fuse to create hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms fuse to create uranium.
Hydrogen atoms fuse to create helium.
What is a star's response when it runs out of hydrogen fuel in its core? It begins to fuse hydrogen to form helium in its outer shell and may form heavier elements in its core. It becomes unstable and either fragments into a planetary nebula or undergoes a supernova implosion. It goes dark and begins to get very cold as there are no more fusion reactions to emit light and heat. It begins to form heavier elements in its outer shell, thus increasing the gravity and drawing in more surrounding hydrogen.
It begins to fuse hydrogen to form helium in its outer shell and may form heavier elements in its core.
Which of the following best describes what Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is? It consists of light leftover from the early Universe It consists of dust leftover from the early Universe It consists of gas leftover from the early Universe It consists of ovens leftover from the early Universe
It consists of light leftover from the early Universe
What is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints' position regarding The Big Bang Theory? It rejects it as going against God and the nature of the Creation. It has no official position on The Big Bang Theory. It accepts it as the current scientific theory for the development of the Universe. It has not decided yet what to do about The Big Bang Theory.
It has no official position on The Big Bang Theory.
The Big Bang Theory is a scientific theory. What does this imply about the amount of testing it has undergone? It hasn't undergone any testing because it is just an idea. It has undergone extensive testing and has yet to be falsified. It has undergone some testing but is primarily based on reasoning It has been proven wrong with testing, but we don't have anything better to replace it
It has undergone extensive testing and has yet to be falsified.
How would you describe the distribution of matter within a galaxy? It is clumpy, but orderly in its distribution. It is evenly distributed through the galaxy. It is clumpy and has no order to it. It Is chaotic.
It is clumpy, but orderly in its distribution.
How would you describe the motion of matter within a galaxy? It is random. It is mostly ordered, but occasionally random. It is highly organized. It is mostly random with some sense of order.
It is highly organized.
What lies at the center of the Universe? The Sun The Earth The Milky Way Galaxy It is impossible to identify the center of the Universe
It is impossible to identify the center of the Universe
Approximately how far away is the edge of the Universe? 300 billion light years away 900 trillion light years away 260 million light years away It is impossible to identify the edge of the Universe
It is impossible to identify the edge of the Universe
If you could throw a ball a distance of 10 light years (wow!), how far would you expect the ball to travel before running into a galaxy? It would probably make it halfway before being stopped by a galaxy, because there are many galaxies in space. It would probably make it to 2 light years away, because the density of galaxies is high in the universe. It would probably make it 7.5 light years away, because galaxies make up about a quarter of space in the universe. It would probably make it the full 10 light years, because galaxies only make up such a small piece (about 4 percent) of space in the universe.
It would probably make it the full 10 light years, because galaxies only make up such a small piece (about 4 percent) of space in the universe.
The natural process that initiates the change of stars from giant star stage to mini star stage is an example of ____________. Agent-designed assembly Self-fulfilled prophecy Chaos Theory Lawful self-assembly
Lawful self-assembly
Which of the following describes the motion of the planetary bodies in the solar system? About half the planetary bodies orbit and rotate in the same direction. Several planets orbit the Sun along an axis perpendicular to the other planetary bodies. Most planetary bodies orbit and rotate in the same direction. Most planetary bodies orbit in the same direction but about half rotate differently than the other half.
Most planetary bodies orbit and rotate in the same direction.
Which of the following accurately describes the life cycle of a low-mass star? Nebula-> planetary nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> white dwarf Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> black hole Nebula -> red giant -> normal star -> supernova -> neutron star Nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> planetary nebula -> white dwarf
Nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> planetary nebula -> white dwarf
Which of the following accurately describes the life cycle of a high-mass star? Nebula-> planetary nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> black hole Nebula -> red giant -> normal star -> supernova -> neutron star Nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> planetary nebula -> white dwarf Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> black hole
Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> black hole
Which of the following accurately describes the life cycle of an intermediate-mass star? Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> neutron star Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> black hole Nebula -> red giant -> normal star -> supernova -> neutron star Nebula -> normal star -> red giant -> planetary nebula -> white dwarf
Nebula -> normal star -> supergiant -> supernova -> neutron star
What do we call the specific places in space where new stars are formed (our star nurseries!)? Solar systems Black holes Nebulae Supernovas
Nebulae
Western Civilization's perception that the Universe was small, finite, and essentially unchanging was the prevailing idea during Copernicus' time. Which idea directly followed to replace these notions? Copernicus' use of celestial observations and math to create a simpler, more logical model of a Sun-centered Universe Newton's reasoning that a net gravitational force on all matter would require the same amount of mass to exist equally in all directions, thus implying an infinite Universe Hubble's observations that the Universe is expanding and proof that there are ordered galaxies in addition to the Milky Way Bostrom's theory that we are living in a computer simulation that is of an unknown size.
Newton's reasoning that a net gravitational force on all matter would require the same amount of mass to exist equally in all directions, thus implying an infinite Universe
Which of the following is NOT found in a typical galaxy? Nebulae Black holes Planets Stars None of the above
None of the above
What is the name of the process that binds two smaller nuclei together (such as binding hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus)? Nuclear Fusion Proplyd True Brightness Globules Normal star expansion
Nuclear Fusion
Rather than all planetary bodies being composed of the same materials, low-temperature materials are far more abundant in the planetary bodies of the outer solar system. What do we call this phenomenon? Ordered ages of solids Ordered distribution of types of matter Ordered distribution of energy Ordered revolution of matter
Ordered distribution of types of matter
If the Sun is mostly made up of plasma and it is also mostly made up of hydrogen and helium, what can we assume about plasma? Plasma is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium or originates from hydrogen and helium. Plasma is a rocky substance that burns on the surface of the Sun. Plasma is the liquid portion of the composition of the Sun. Plasma is the solid metal and rock core of the Sun.
Plasma is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium or originates from hydrogen and helium.
Which of the following materials is NOT a major material that forms planets and planetesimals? Rock Ice Gas Salt Metal
Salt
In the early Universe, there were many more ____________ than today. Black holes Nebulae Red giant stars Spiral galaxies
Spiral galaxies
Which of the following is NOT a way that The Big Bang Theory currently functions well as the prevailing scientific theory on the development of the Universe? The Big Bang theory explains nature. The Big Bang Theory synthesizes vastly different types of observations. The Big Bang Theory shows how nature came about without God and religion. The Big Bang Theory makes predictions that guide future research.
The Big Bang Theory shows how nature came about without God and religion.
What do we know about the distribution of the Cosmic Microwave Background? The CMB is concentrated in the central regions of the Universe. The CMB is concentrated in the outer regions of the Universe. The CMB is fairly evenly distributed throughout the Universe. The CMB is divided evenly between all major galaxies.
The CMB is fairly evenly distributed throughout the Universe.
What do we call the following phenomenon? A shift in observed wavelengths of light (or sound) due to the forward or backward motion of the source or observer. The Wavelength Effect The Doppler Effect The Sonar Effect Parallax
The Doppler Effect
Where is approximately 99.99% of the matter located in our solar system? The inner planets The inner planets and asteroid belt The inner planets and outer planets The Sun
The Sun
Which of the following has NOT occurred in the Universe since its early formation? The Universe has become completely disordered. The Universe has become cooler. The Universe has become more complex. The Universe has expanded.
The Universe has become completely disordered.
Nearly all the stars in galaxies outside our Milky Way Galaxy are redshifted. What does this imply about our Universe? The Universe is getting warmer and more chaotic. The Universe is getting colder and dying. The Universe is expanding and other galaxies are moving away from us. The Universe is collapsing and other galaxies are moving toward us.
The Universe is expanding and other galaxies are moving away from us.
What do we call the following phenomenon? Light travels through 'empty' space at constant speed; as a result, light reaches Earth from nearby objects long before light arrives from distant objects. The Big Bang Theory The age of observed light The age of the Universe The age of the Milky Way Galaxy
The age of observed light
What would you look at if you wanted to know how fast a star is moving? The color of the star The amount of shift of the emission spectra of the star The brightness of the star The parallax of the star
The amount of shift of the emission spectra of the star
Which property can show us the current distance (NOT change in distance) to an observed star? Temperature Emission spectra The apparent shift in position (parallax) Color
The apparent shift in position (parallax)
What is accretion? The polishing of planets to make them nearly perfectly spherical The collision of smaller particles with larger planetary bodies to increase the size of the body The combination of four hydrogens to create a helium atom The development of the proplyd to the point that it begins to spin and pull outside material in
The collision of smaller particles with larger planetary bodies to increase the size of the body
What do we call the combination of wavelengths of light (for example, blue, yellow) emitted from a star? The distance to a star The brightness of a star The position of a star The movement of a star The color of a star
The color of a star
An image from Hubble's Ultra Deep Field (deep space) shows a much higher percentage of spiral galaxies versus elliptical galaxies. When compared to a much closer image of galaxies, we see a higher percentage of elliptical galaxies. How can we infer that, over time, spiral galaxies eventually transition to elliptical galaxies? The concept of lookback time means that the light we observe from more distant objects is from a much earlier time than the light from closer objects. Thus, we see many more spiral galaxies in the earlier image and many more elliptical galaxies in the later image. As we look at images farther away, a warp in spacetime speeds up processes relative to those we see close by; therefore, we can observe the galactic transitions happening in a much shorter time frame. We cannot infer anything from the various observations of deep space versus regions nearby. The images of deep space are newer; therefore, we see how transitions have occurred in galaxies since we observed those older images of nearby regions.
The concept of lookback time means that the light we observe from more distant objects is from a much earlier time than the light from closer objects. Thus, we see many more spiral galaxies in the earlier image and many more elliptical galaxies in the later image.
The Big Bang Theory is a theory about which of the following aspects of the Universe? The origin The creator The center The development
The development
What would you look at if you wanted to know which elements made up a distant star? The color of the star The emission spectra of the star The brightness of the star The temperature of the star
The emission spectra of the star
Which of the following best describes Hubble's Law? Galaxies move in orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy at faster speeds the farther away they are. The farther away the distant galaxy, the faster the galaxy is moving away. The stronger the telescope, the farther back in time you can look. The larger the celestial body, the larger the masses that surround it.
The farther away the distant galaxy, the faster the galaxy is moving away.
Bellatrix is a star that is about 245 light years away from earth, and Regulus is about 78 light years away from earth. What does this imply about the light we see today coming from these two stars? The light we see from Regulus has been redshifted and the light we see from Bellatrix is blueshifted. The light we see from Regulus has been scattered more and will appear red, whereas the light from Bellatrix will appear blue. The light we see from Regulus is much older than the light we see from Bellatrix. The light we see from Bellatrix is much older than the light we see from Regulus.
The light we see from Bellatrix is much older than the light we see from Regulus.
Because The Big Bang Theory would imply that the Universe is finite and stars do not occupy every line of sight, The Big Bang Theory predicts which of the following? The night sky should be mostly white. There is an edge to the Universe. The night sky should be mostly black. The stars are all a fixed distance from each other.
The night sky should be mostly black.
Which of the following best describes a white dwarf star? The remnant of a low-mass star that has completed all of its possible fusion reactions The remnant of a low-mass star that has completed all the fusion reactions in its core but not its shell A low-mass star that is emitting all the colors of visible light A low mass star that has lost more than half its mass
The remnant of a low-mass star that has completed all of its possible fusion reactions
If the Sun were the size of a 12" (30 cm) ball, at this scale what would be the approximate relative size of Mercury? The size of a grain of sand The size of a golf ball The size of baseball The size of a hydrogen atom
The size of a grain of sand
If the Milky Way Galaxy were the size of a DVD, what would be the average approximate size of some of the largest galaxies? The size of a baseball field (160,000 square feet/14,864 square meters) The size of North America (9.37 million square miles/24,268,189 square kilometers) The size of a dinner plate (10 inches/25 cm in diameter) The size of a merry-go-round (8 feet/2.44 m in diameter)
The size of a merry-go-round (8 feet/2.44 m in diameter)
If the Sun were the size of a 12" (30 cm) ball, at this scale what would be the approximate relative size of Jupiter? The size of a grain of sand The size of a baseball The size of a small BB gun pellet The size of a ping pong ball
The size of a ping pong ball
If the Milky Way Galaxy were the size of a DVD, what would be the average approximate size of some of the smallest galaxies in comparison? The size of a ping pong ball (1.5 inch/3.8 cm diameter) The size of a small BB gun pellet (0.25 inch/6 mm diameter) The size of a tennis ball (2.6 inch/6.6 cm diameter) The size of an average marble (0.5 inch/12 mm diameter)
The size of a small BB gun pellet (0.25 inch/6 mm diameter)
If the Sun were the size of a 12" (30 cm) ball, at this scale what would be the approximate relative size of Earth? The size of a ping pong ball The size of a hydrogen atom The size of a small BB gun pellet or peppercorn The size of a baseball
The size of a small BB gun pellet or peppercorn
You see a red giant star through your amazing (and very expensive) new telescope; what do you know about the star you have observed? The star is much smaller than the Sun. The star is younger than the Sun. The star is getting close to dying. The star no longer has any helium atoms.
The star is getting close to dying.
If a normal star's gravity were to suddenly increase, what would happen to the star? The star would expand The star would collapse The star would cool down The star's gas pressure would decrease
The star would collapse
You observe light coming from a star. Looking at the absorption spectra, you recognize it as the absorption pattern for helium (Figure a) but it is shifted a bit (see Figure b). Which of the following information do you now know about the star based on your finding? Included below is a continuous visible spectrum, for your use. The star you are observing is redshifted; the star is moving away from you. The star you are observing is blueshifted; the star is moving away from you. The star you are observing is redshifted; the star is moving toward you. The star you are observing is blueshifted; the star is moving toward you. The star you are observing is not shifted; the star is stationary.
The star you are observing is blueshifted; the star is moving toward you.
You observe light coming from a distant star. Looking at the emission spectra, you recognize it as the emission pattern for hydrogen (Figure a) but it is shifted a bit (Figure b). Which of the following information do you now know about the star based on your finding? Included below is a continuous visible spectrum, for your use. The star you are observing is redshifted; the star is moving away from you. The star you are observing is blueshifted; the star is moving away from you. The star you are observing is redshifted; the star is moving toward you. The star you are observing is blueshifted; the star is moving toward you. The star you are observing is not shifted; the star is stationary.
The star you are observing is redshifted; the star is moving away from you.
Which definition best describes a half-life of a radioactive isotope? The time required for half of the radioactive atoms to decay The time required for all of the radioactive atoms to decay The time range for which an isotope is useful The time required for each atom to lose half of its radioactivity
The time required for half of the radioactive atoms to decay
As technology and observation have led to additional discoveries about the Universe through time, how has the perception of the density of the Universe changed? The view on the density of the Universe is that it has increased little. The view on the density of the Universe is that it has remained the same since before Copernicus. The view on the density of the Universe is that it has decreased substantially. The view on the density of the Universe is that it has increased dramatically.
The view on the density of the Universe is that it has decreased substantially.
If the Big Bang Theory were true, what would that imply about the ages of the oldest stars and galaxies? Their ages would indicate that they formed gradually over several billion years. Their ages would indicate that they formed within a narrow range around the time the Universe originated. Their ages would indicate that they formed long after the origin of the Universe. Their ages would not show a predictable pattern and relationship to the origin of the Universe.
Their ages would indicate that they formed within a narrow range around the time the Universe originated.
Why did scientists first hypothesize the existence of dark matter? Their calculations showed that there needed to be much, much more mass (in order to hold galaxies together). Through observations of the night sky, they hypothesized that something very immense had to be making it so dark. They saw that light was bending around masses that they could not observe. They thought they could become famous scientists if they discovered something in space and choosing something invisible was a convenient way to do that.
Their calculations showed that there needed to be much, much more mass (in order to hold galaxies together).
What needs to happen for a growing star to achieve and maintain a normal star state? There must be a balance between gravity and gas pressure. There must be a balance between electrostatic force and the combined effect of electromagnetic radiation and fragmentation. There must be a balance between gas pressure and temperature. There must be a balance between fragmentation and gravity.
There must be a balance between gravity and gas pressure.
How would one describe the patterns seen in the distribution of matter, motion, and the ages of solids in our solar system? They are disordered. They are ordered. They are chaotic. They are ordered in some large regions and disordered in other large regions.
They are ordered.
For which of the following could we logically use The Big Bang Theory and associated observations to argue our point? To explain that God does not exist To explain the origin of the Universe To explain the development of the Universe To explain that the scriptural account of the creation is false
To explain the development of the Universe
What conditions cause gravity to overcome gas pressure and begin the fragmented collapse of a nebula? When the temperature is relatively high and the gas and dust particles are diffuse When the temperature is relatively high and the gas and dust particles are in close proximity When the temperature is relatively low and the gas and dust particles are diffuse When the temperature is relatively low and the gas and dust particles are in close proximity
When the temperature is relatively low and the gas and dust particles are in close proximity
When you hear a faithful member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints say, "You can't believe in The Big Bang Theory because it doesn't allow room for God," how should you take it? You should take it as doctrine because you are sure they know the official position of the Church on The Big Bang Theory and have studied up on the Theory. You should take it as that person's opinion, as the Church has no official position on The Big Bang Theory and the Theory isn't meant to address the existence of God. You should take it to mean that you can't believe in the Church because no faithful member would be mistaken about science and religion. You should take it to mean that you can't believe in scientific theories because they are providing unreliable evidence and directly attacking God and religion.
You should take it as that person's opinion, as the Church has no official position on The Big Bang Theory and the Theory isn't meant to address the existence of God.
When you hear a scientist say, "The Big Bang Theory does not allow room for nature to have been created by God," how should you take it? You should take it to mean that that particular scientist is of the opinion The Big Bang Theory and creation by God are not compatible with each other. You should take it to mean that you should abandon the idea of creation by God because science has proven it to not exist. You should take it to mean that you should abandon The Big Bang Theory because it replaces God as the Creator, and you know otherwise through revelation. You should take it to mean that both The Big Bang Theory and religion cannot be trusted because they both have too many flaws.
You should take it to mean that that particular scientist is of the opinion The Big Bang Theory and creation by God are not compatible with each other.
When you hear a scientist say, "The Big Bang Theory shows that God does not exist," how should you take it? You should take it to mean that you should abandon the idea of God because science has proven He does not exist. You should take it to mean that you should abandon The Big Bang Theory because you have a sure testimony of God, and you can't believe in both. You should take it to mean that both The Big Bang Theory and religion cannot be trusted because they both have too many flaws. You should take it to mean that the scientist is of the opinion that God and The Big Bang Theory are not compatible with each other.
You should take it to mean that the scientist is of the opinion that God and The Big Bang Theory are not compatible with each other.
When a galaxy is young (newly ordered), it is most likely to be __________________. an irregular galaxy an elliptical galaxy a spiral galaxy in a galaxy cluster
a spiral galaxy
Define a giant star
a star that fuses hydrogen to helium in a shell outside its core and may fuse heavier elements in its core
The age of the Earth and the age of Jupiter are _________________. about a billion years apart about a million years apart about two million years apart about the same
about the same
The age of the moon and the age of Neptune are __________________. about a million years apart about the same about a billion years apart about two million years apart
about the same
When a galaxy is older (a galaxy that has evolved), it is most likely to be . an irregular galaxy an elliptical galaxy a spiral galaxy in a galaxy cluster
an elliptical galaxy
All large objects in our solar system originated __________________. at different times with the first to form being nearest to the Sun around the same time at different times with the largest forming first in two different stages: first, the rocky planets and second, the gas giants
around the same time
Humanity's perception of the Universe has _________________. changed significantly over time changed little over time not changed at all over time changed only in the past few years
changed significantly over time
Cool, somewhat dense nebulae _____________. collapse and remain disordered collapse and become ordered do not collapse and remain disordered do not collapse and become ordered
collapse and become ordered
Although all galaxies originally formed about the same time, new galaxies form(ed) from original galaxies . continuously at various times in regular intervals every hundred years continuously for the first billion years following the formation of the Universe in regular intervals every 300,000 years
continuously at various times
Hubble confirmed the idea that there are multiple galaxies in the Universe and discovered that the Universe is ______________. collapsing expanding shaped like a donut shaped like a rhombohedron
expanding
What materials primarily make up the asteroids in the inner solar system? gas and ice rock and ice rock and metal metal and gas
rock and metal
Following the development of the Big Bang Theory, various scientists determined that if the Theory was accurate, a leftover light they called the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) would fill the Universe. This leftover light was later discovered. This demonstrates the power of ___________ . agent-designed assembly lawful self-assembly carbon dating scientific predictions
scientific predictions
The discovery of neutron stars after their existence was hypothesized is a good example of the power of . scientific theories scientific observation scientific notation scientific dogma
scientific theories