B&B Exam 2 Study Guide
A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called ____. a. phantom limb b. ghost limb c. neuralgia d. tingling limb
a
Apoptosis ____. a. is a programmed mechanism of cell death b. promotes the survival and growth of the axon c. promotes the survival and growth of dendrites d. promotes the activity of neurons
a
Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of ____. a. deoxyribonucleic acid b. ribonucleic acid c. autosomal genes d. recombination genes
a
Closed head injury is ____. a. the most common cause of brain damage in young adults b. usually fatal c. the most common cause of Korsakoff's syndrome d. related to Alzheimer's disease
a
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____. a. mechanical displacement b. electromagnetic energy c. chemicals d. vestibular input
a
Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. It depends of the wavelength.
a
Nerve growth factor (NGF) ____. a. promotes the survival and growth of the axon b. is a fuel metabolized by neurons c. promotes programmed cell death d. is a hormone first released at puberty
a
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____. a. rapid mechanical pressure b. low frequency sounds c. horizontal head movements d. slow mechanical movements
a
Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____. a. the periphery; the fovea b. red; blue c. vertebrates; invertebrates d. reading text; reading road signs
a
Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which statement is true in this circumstance? a. Heritability of this trait is high. b. Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment. c. Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected. d. Heritability of this trait is low.
a
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____. a. blind spot b. fovea c. optic chiasm d. ganglion
a
What is strabismus? a. a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time b. a blurring of vision caused by asymmetrical curvature of the eye c. stereoscopic depth perception d. the ability to perceive a flashing light as if it were a moving object
a
Which statement characterizes the fovea? a. It has the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones.
a
An example of a sex-linked trait is ____. a. eye color b. color vision deficiency c. temperament d. intelligence
b
In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____. a. common toward the periphery of the retina b. sensitive to detail c. sensitive to dim light d. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals
b
In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____. a. retina cells b. bipolar cells c. ganglion cells d. spiny cells
b
The function of neurotrophins is to ____. a. inhibit proliferation b. promote survival of axons c. be used as fuel d. signal that an axon has been "rejected."
b
The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to ____. a. overexcited neurons b. apoptosis c. decreases apoptosis d. necrosis
b
Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ____. a. movement of the pinna b. hair cells to displace c. vibrations of the eardrum d. vestibular input
b
After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become: a. hyperactive b. extinct c. dormant d. very complex
c
An axon that does not receive enough neurotrophins from a target cell will ____. a. branch out and form other synapses on other cells b. manufacture its own neurotrophins c. degenerate and die d. fail to reabsorb transmitters that have already been released
c
For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population ____. a. there need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population b. the change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run c. the differences must have a hereditary basis d. the change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species
c
If you are a supertaster, then ____. a. you require high concentrations of a particular taste to be able to identify it b. you have more fungiform papillae in the center of your tongue c. you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes d. your ability to taste makes up for your lack of ability to identify odors by smell
c
In what order does visual information pass through the retina? a.receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells b. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells d. bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
c
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____. a. retina b. cornea c. pupil d. macula
c
Meissner's corpuscles are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple, bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood
c
Morphine is effective in relieving ____. a. pain on the skin b. sharp pain c. slow, dull pain d. pain in the interior of the body
c
Pain receptors of the skin are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings b. also known as Ruffini endings c. simple, bare neuron endings d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles
c
Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____. a. location of sounds b. location of objects c. movement of objects and sounds d. high frequency sounds
c
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____. a. focusing on colored objects b. seeing items located in the left visual field c. recognizing faces d. processing information from more than one sensory modality at a time
c
The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance? a. vitamin B-1 (thiamine) b. substance P c. opiates d. amphetamines
c
The eardrum is also known as the ____. a. pinna b. ossicle c. tympanic membrane d. cochlea
c
The receptors for taste are ____. a. true neurons b. covered in myelin c. modified skin cells d. modified blood cells
c
The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____. a. sight and sound b. sound and touch c. the body and its movements d. the head and movements of the eyes
c
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called? a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness
c
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons? a. They have more than one axon each. b. They have no axons. c. They are replaceable when old neurons die. d. They use more than one neurotransmitter.
c
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____. a. there are only three rods and three cones in each eye b. there are only three colors of light in the world c. rods are important for perception of light colors d. our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
d
How much alcohol, if any, can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child? a. The equivalent of two cocktails a day b. The equivalent of one beer a day c. Anything less than what causes her to appear drunk d. Unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended
d
In development, neurotrophins ____. During adulthood, they ____. a. preserve neurons; produce apoptosis b. produce apoptosis; increase neuronal branching c. facilitate differentiation; facilitate migration d. preserve neurons; increase neuronal branching
d
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ____. a. cochlea b. NTS. c. insular cortex d. olfactory bulb
d
Research on laboratory animals indicates that cannabinoids are most effective if taken ____. a. as soon as the stroke occurs b. within 20 minutes of the stroke c. steadily for one month d. shortly before the stroke
d
The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ____. a. ultimate pitch b. sharp pitch c. tonal pitch d. absolute pitch
d
The field of epigenetics deals with how ____. a. reproductive fitness can be altered b. spontaneous mutations occur c. genes determine behavior d. experiences can turn genes on or off
d
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____. a. cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus c. inferior colliculus d. thalamus
d
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. rods and cones b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d. ganglion cells
d
____ cells axons make up the optic nerve. a. Horizontal b. Amacrine c. Bipolar d. Ganglion
d