GEOG 150 Key Terms

anti-Black racism and global capitalism

- "Capitalism first emerged as a world system through the anti-black racism generated by the transatlantic slave trade, and it has depended on racism to ensure its perpetration and reproduction ever since." - "Fanon repeatedly emphasizes that anti-Black racism is not natural but is rooted in the economic imperatives of capitalism-beginning with the transatlantic slave trade and extending to the neo-colonialism of today." - "Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit." - Bledsore and Jammal, "Anti-Blackness and Global Capital" → Journal Article - Although global capital accumulation manifest differently around the world, "anti-blackness conditions and the possibility of capitalist reproduction across different contexts...anti-blackness is NOT a mere result of global capital but actually scaffolds the ground when capitalism stands" - Anti-Blackness is NOT an effect of capitalism, but it is a precondition for capitalism to withstand - Capitalism needs "empty spaces" for appropriation (This connects to the reading, Race and the City by Cheryl Harris) - Whiteness carries a privilege sense entitlement to space fundamentally defined by exclusion and subjugation - The maintenance of White property and the sense of entitlement that accompanies White identity cannot be divorced from the historically systemic exclusion of people of color - Connects to our class theme in how capitalism functions through race to create inequality and shaping one's urban experience - Black urban experience -> quality of life super poor :( - Capitalism's ideology is founded on anti-blackness The two authors Blesdoe and Jammal are basically just arguing that global capitalism is happening right now throughout the world in different contexts. Originally, we think that anti-blackness is the "effect" of capitalism, but they two argue that "anti-blackness" is the precondition in order for capitalism to prevail. In order to subjugate, the dominant class needs a population to exploit and use for the source of labor. The pre-condition part is arguing like in order for that to capitalism, you have to have this anti-blackness mentality instilled within you before you even implement capitalism; as a member of the elite who's in charge of producing and controlling these spaces, they're thinking who are we going to exploit, and they automatically chose Black people as their group - It also relates to colonialism; they had that "anti-blackness" mindset historically and therefore you can see it translate into why basically Whites / the dominant group still have this anti-black and entitlement mentality today why global capitalism still spreads in the underdeveloped countries because we have this mindset of conquering and that Westernization is so superior - "Without slavery you have no cotton; without cotton, you have no modern industry. It is slavery that gave the colonies their value; it is the colonies that created world trade, and it is world trade that is the precondition of large-scale industry." - Which is basically stating that anti-blackness, from the origin of slavery in the US until now, has been perpetuated as the precondition of capitalism and its sufficient rise and success around the world (as well as in the US) - "Since workers are robbed of any organic connection to the means of production in their being reduced to a mere seller of labour-power, they find themselves alienated from the substance of civil society. This is because what matters to capital is not the subjectivity of the living labourers but rather their ability to augment wealth in abstract, monetary terms. There is only one 'self-sufficient end' in capitalism - and that is the augmentation of (abstract) value at the expense of the labourer." - "Since capitalism dehumanizes the labourer, the alternative to capitalism is nothing less than a new humanism" - Basically meaning if racism didn't prevail, neither could capitalism - Current examples: Gentrification, deportation, unnecessary Western intervention → demolishing culture

speculation

- (a way in which gentrification is guided by) - the investment in buildings or land, not primarily for use, but to hold for a period of time, in the hope that their price on the market will increase so that they can be sold again for profit

gig economy

- mentioned during example about how power differentials affect the way that code space unfolds inequalities in the gig economy with things like Uber/Lyft - based on neoliberalization of labor practices entrepreneurial people becoming drivers, but inequality between the platform and the rights of drivers; entrepreneurial people becoming drivers, but inequality between the platform and the rights of drivers; if something bad happens to the driver, company doesn't have their back (can't choose their riders, can't choose routes, don't know where they're going until they pick up a rider, etc.)

queer

- umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities who are not heterosexual or are not cisgender. - think of queer as a way to denaturalize and destabilize categories

cultural gentrification

- we usually think of gentrification as a process of transformation of physical space and changes to the resident population - gentrification can also occur through commodification of cultural forms - thinking of the food truck vendors, how people how now "gentrified" these food truck experiences to sell gourmet foods while displacing the people that were there doing this kind of food truck work from the start - The cultural gentrification of mobile food vending by local state and proponents of gourmet food trucks is a process where nuanced mobile street food practices by mostly young urban entrepreneurs with class mobility are valued differently than immigrant modes of food vending.

gender and the city

- (didn't find anything for gender and the city but found for gender and space) - women in particular: association of violence with certain environmental contexts has profound effect on women's use of space; understanding women's use of space necessitates awareness of geography of fear women assume location of male violence is unevenly distributed through space and time; when in public, women are constantly alert, especially at specific time of the day, like evening/night or large open spaces like parks, woodlands, canals, rivers, or countryside as a product of their fear, many women not only perceive, but also experience their environment differently than men do; women's perception of safety in local neighborhood related to how well she knows social and physical surroundings. when outside comfort zone, women make judgments about her safety in a public space based on preconceived images she holds about certain spaces and its occupants; race and class factor into those images public space is used, occupied, and controlled by different groups at different times; women's inhibited used and occupation of public space is therefore spatial expression of patriarchy or male-dominance

redlining

- A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. - mapping out which cities are good for development and which ones aren't - systematic denial of various services to residents of specific, often racially associated, neighborhoods or communities, either directly through selective raising of prices - ex: to refuse a loan or insurance to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk - redlining (along with urban renewal) set the spatial patterns for disinvestment and reinvestment - It refuses to give loans to someone (people of color) because they lived in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk. - Rothstein argues that this racially explicit policies further determines where Black Americans and Whites would live. - We have created a caste system in this country with African American kept exploited and geographically separate by these racially explicit laws. - Exemplifies de jure segregation, or a process created by law and policy.

racial covenants

- Agreements by a group of property owners, subdivision developers, or real estate operators in a given neighborhood, binding them not to sell, lease, or rent property to specified groups because of race, creed, or color for a definite period unless all agree to the transaction. - property owners and builder created segregated environments by including language both in individual home deeds and in pacts among neighbors that prohibited

real estate state

- Real estate went from being a secondary to a primary source of urban capital accumulation due to de-industrialization. - Investments in land and buildings filled the literal and figurative space left urban industrial flight.

racial banishment

- a framework that highlights the public means of evictions as well as forms of racialized violence, such as slavery, Jim Crow laws, incarceration, colonialism, and apartheid, that cannot be encapsulated within sanitized notions of gentrification and displacement entails more persistent racialization of space - if banishment enacted to uphold norms of "order" and "civility", then necessary to recognize the meaning behind these norms - ex: American home is problematic bc always insecurely possessed by dispossessed subjects (outside the grid of white normativity) racialization is about more than just racial discrimination and racial exclusion. - about foundational dispossession: the subject whose claims to personhood are tenuous (very weak or slight) and whose claims to property are thus always a lived experience of loss

meritocracy

- a political system in which economic goods and/or political power are vested in people on the basis of talent, effort, and achievement, rather than wealth or social class. advancement in such a system is based on performance, as measured through examination or demonstrated achievement. - government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability

geo-racial management

- coined by Katherine McKittrick: drawing attention to how the earth's geography has been managed based on race - stereotypes and attitudes that supported racial discrimination have their roots in the system of slavery in which the nation was founded - African Americans were viewed as "ungeographical", incapable of making place, and valorized solely for their unfree labor as a result of slavery - US was legally segregated: pools, drinking fountains, schools, waiting rooms, etc. until 1965 - Playing into how the US specifically has been leading up to this point, how the ways of the past are still influencing the ways that people of color (racially) are geographically tied to their neighborhoods/landscapes

social movements

- conscious, concerted, and relatively sustained efforts by organized groups of ordinary people (as opposed to political parties, the military, industrial groups, or government officials) to change some aspect about their society by using extra-institutional means - measure social movement impacts by seeing interactions with different people - spaces are made of social relationships, members of these movements, building these relationships, political kinship networks, family relationships, "godparents" - solidified politicized commitment to the care of the neighborhood - Fruitvale was considered incubator for social movement struggles (Oakland)

predatory inclusion

- describes how African American homebuyers were granted access to conventional real estate practices and mortgage financing, but on more expansive and comparatively unequal terms - big regulated banks still favored lending to more expensive housing in the white suburbs and were unwilling to take the "greater risks" in the urban core - African American urban buyers to the use of unregulated mortgage banks that were indiscriminate in the dissemination of loans because their profits were based on volume sales - unregulated mortgage: a mortgage that avoids the supervision of the federal government and state mortgage regulators; allowed homeowners who fell short of banks' strict lending rules to borrow money against their homes - market often viewed as neutral space where capital or credit flattens or eradicates difference, market as great equalizer. the consumer experiences of African Americans, however, painted much different picture. - financial actors offer needed services to Black and brown households, but on exploitative terms that limit or eliminate their long-term benefits. this perpetuates racial inequalities contemporary market - ex: (HOUSING) - ex: Corinthian Colleges Inc.'s target demographic: disabled veterans, single mothers trying to get people from marginalized communities to come to their college to make money off of them

Black Panther Party

- emerged from dissatisfaction felt by many African Americans despite the fact that their civic membership in the US had been fortified anew in the Civil Rights Act of 1962 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965; starting in Oakland - despite de jure (practices that are legally recognized, regardless whether practice exists in reality) protection, most Black folk still experienced de facto (situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognized) discrimination and policies - argued that the continuation of urban poverty, excessive policing, and discrimination meant greater action was needed - organized programs for self-defense and community protection not emphasizing violence, rather potential for programs for community protection - demand for Completely Free Health Care for all Black and Oppressed People - established the People's Free Medical Clinics → all party headquarters needed to have medical facility

gang injunctions

- example of how land enforcement is used to police borders in gentrifying cities - injunction: a judicial order that restrains a person from beginning or continuing and action threatening or invading the legal right of another, or that compels a person to carry out an act - Coined by Margaret Ramirez - Latinx WOC Geographer (What happens when gentrification is heightened in these areas?) - Mirrors the US-Mexico borders. - She redefines borders, you see what forces are trying to force who gets in and out. Who's good, or who's bad? - Builds off Theorist Gloria Anazaldua - Borders are produced structurally, socially, and spatially in gentrifying cities and are placed. - Gang injunctions in Oakland are an example of how land enforcement is used to police borders in gentrifying areas. - These policies register Black and Brown life as criminal for being perceived as "out of place."

mobilities

- how gender shapes a person's ability to move and how gendered processes create, reinforce, or change patterns of daily mobility - "a contemporary paradigm in the social sciences that explores the movement of people (human migration, individual mobility, travel, transport), ideas (see e.g. meme) and things (transport), as well as the broader social implications of those movements. Mobility can also be thought as the movement of people through social classes, social mobility or income, income mobility."

health activism

- major component of Black Panther movement and other large social groups - push for more equitable and more holistic delivery of healthcare - Black communities were subject to a myriad forms of health inequality for generations (included lack of access to healthcare resources, exclusion from white-only hospitals, refusal of admission to certain professional schools, associations, and organizations, subpar medical care, and in some instances, deliberate neglect and medical abuse (ex: infecting Black men with syphilis)) - health politics also important feature of broader conceptualization of civil rights movement

neoliberalism

- markers of neoliberalism that companies look for to see which cities get funding (free market capitalism; no regulation (?) → no rent controls; eliminating concept of "public good"; weak unions) - definition: referring to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing state influence in the economy, especially through privatization and austerity (austerity: set of political-economic policies that aim to reduce government budget deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both; measures used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts) - obsession with privatization (better for private industries to do what the state is doing)

settler colonialism

- settler colonialism differs from other, more familiar forms of colonialism because it isn't organized around resource extraction or labor exploitation (though both do occur) - settler colonialist projects fundamentally seek land seek to build new, permanent, reproductive, and racially exclusive society - view prior forms of livelihood as unproductive and backward (think: native Americans) - settlers invade in order to stay and reproduce while working in order to remove, dominate, and ultimately replace indigenous populations - in addition to native elimination, settler societies strive to block, erase, or remove racialized outsiders from their claimed territory. - ex: LA colonists didn't imagine a community without Natives; rather, colonists' identities, families, and economies depended on Native laborers subjugation (the action of bringing someone or something under domination or control) was end goal, not complete elimination

hidden transcripts

- small acts of subordinating domination (David Scott calls "hidden transcripts) - everyday acts of resistance that can usually go unnoticed because they're not organized grand mobilizations - Coined by David Scott. - He studied observed people working in the small fields, agrarian society. - These marginalized groups when the Head Boss was not around, they would talk shit, or would not pick the cotton accurately. - Small acts of disobeying and resistance in their communities. - Coined by Robin Kelley. (similar to David Scott.) - Kelley describes workers in McDonalds. They would eat hamburgers, or give away-free food to their friends. - Again, portrays, small acts of disobeying and resistance against the subjugator. Challenging the system of unequal power relations in their urban spaces.

infrapolitics

- small acts of subordinating domination (Robin Kelley refers to as infrapolitics) - "Infrapolitics designates a set of subtler strategies whose purpose is to study and stealthily infiltrate, rather than loudly denounce and assault, the structures of authority it seeks to subvert."

code/space

- software is bound up in and contributes to complex discursive (digressing from subject to subject) and material practices, relating to both living and non-living, which work across geographic scale and time to produce complex spatialities - the spatialities and governance of every day life unfold in diverse ways through the mutual constitution of software and sociospatial practices - code/space occurs when software and the spatiality of everyday life become mutually constituted, produced through one another - dyadic (describes the relationship between two things; dyad is a group of two people, the smallest possible social group) relationship between code and spatiality - ex: when projector or sound systems wouldn't work code and space is mutually constituted; prof got nervous, we were frustrated; classroom not set up for learning. the space was disastrous; mutual relationship between code and space in this environment was disrupted - therefore, production of space is dependent on code - code space can be territorialized (in case of the classroom) but also can be mobile - ex: traffic lights, electricity grids, wireless technology, etc. - dyadic relationships don't escape realms of power, and power relationships; but not equally across the world. this is dependent on power asymmetries.

Homonormativity

- the assimilation of heteronormative ideals and constructs into LGBTQ culture and identity - the enforcing of dominant middle-class, capitalistic values through regimented schedules of activities and goals - idea of the "good gays": productive members of middle-class, capitalistic society and who uphold notions of personal responsibility (not being promiscuous, straight-passing?) - also uphold dominant white and middle-class relations within society - only "normative" ways of being queer, much like heteronormativity (the belief that heterosexuality, predicated on sexual binary, is the norm or default sexual orientation; assuming sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of the opposite sex; denoting/relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation).

heteronormativity

- the belief that heterosexuality, predicated on sexual binary, is the norm or default sexual orientation assuming sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of the opposite sex - denoting/relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation - most public spaces are disciplined to be heteronormative - bodies that are outside of this heteronormative experience

industrialization

- the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale - responsible for huge movement of people from rural areas to the city - money from the transatlantic slave trade and the production of goods was essential for the accumulation of capital that fueled industrialization - industrialization encouraged the development of cities in the US and Europe - cities were designed to be hubs for industrialization; most of US growth in the 1900's was due to industrialization, then followed by the growth of cities - industrialization moved abroad as new forms of technology allowed better transportation of goods

planning

- the institution that handles much of the processes of organizing and managing urban development - refers to the managing and facilitating flows of investment and people as they circulate around urban landscapes

gentrification

- the process by which capital is reinvested in urban neighborhoods - poorer residents and their cultural products are displaced and replaced by richer people and their preferred aesthetic and amenities - economic, social, and political process planned by states as much as it is produced by developers and consumed by gentrifiers - steps: 1st: investment in built environment (ex: industrial city); 2nd: neighborhood disinvestment and property abandonment (fueled by urbanization); 3rd: reinvestment in that same space for greater profits

emplacement (according to Roy)

- the process or state of setting something in place or being set in place AND a platform or defended - position where a gun is placed for firing fighting for the right for people to stay in their homes