PSY FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Joshua, a ten-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in _____.

hierarchies

T/F: In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions.

FALSE

T/F: In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.

FALSE

T/F: Saccadic eye movements occur once a second but iconic memory holds icons for up to four times a second.

FALSE

T/F: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions.

FALSE

T/F: The method of savings is a measure of time taken for short-term memory to become long term.

FALSE

Some people with psychological disorders believe in ideas of persecution. They might fear that the FBI is after them. Which criteria of psychological disorders is reflected here?

Faulty perception or interpretation of reality

__________is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.

creativity

Which of the following characteristics is true of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?

the groups belief in its rightousness

According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to:

the populations of events that they appear to depict

T/F: In modern psychodynamic therapies, there is more focus on the id and less emphasis on the ego.

FALSE

T/F: Perls's ideas about conflicting personality elements owe much to__________.

FALSE

T/F: Psychotherapy is used to exclusively treat people with severe psychological disorders.

FALSE

T/F:In the context of psychoanalysis, catharsis provides relief by assaulting the ego.

FALSE

Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?

Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on what people think and feel, whereas behavior therapists tend to focus on what people do.

Which of the following is true of the method of free association?

In this method, clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.

T/F: Anxiety is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive.

TRUE

T/F: In rational emotive behavior therapy, Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them.

TRUE

T/F: Sigmund Freud believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day. Correct!

TRUE

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?

Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in__________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.

absolutist thinking

Cognitive therapists, like psychoanalytic and humanistic therapists:

aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current cognitions.

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

an antidepressant

To help people control alcohol intake, tastes of different alcoholic beverages can be paired with drug-induced nausea and vomiting or with electric shock. This best exemplifies _____.

aversive conditoning

Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations.

babbling is paralinguistic

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.

bipolar disorder

People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

body disphormic disorder

Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats people with psychological disorders as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n) _____.

community mental health center

_____ is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems.

creative intelligence

In psycholinguistic theory, the__________is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

language acquisition device

In Gestalt therapy, a therapist:

leads clients through planned experiences to heighten their awareness of inner conflict.

Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic, energy, which Freud labeled__________.

libido

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was successfully cured and he reentered society to lead a normal life. He was most likely admitted to a(n) _____.

metal hospital

Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n)__________of the dog concept.

negative instance

Some people stay at home for fear of having an attack in public. They are diagnosed as having__________with agoraphobia.

panic disorder

Perls's ideas about conflicting personality elements owe much to__________.

psychodynamic theory

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

rebound anxiety

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems:

reflect early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

A person's ability to recall a historic event, like the American Civil War of 1861-65, would be an example of _____.

semantic memory

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.

semantic memory

__________is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

sensory memory

_____ is the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays

short term memory

__________is associated with client-centered therapy.

unconditional postive regard

Identify a true statement about the heritability of intelligence.

Being reared together is related with similarities in intelligence quotient.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage.

FALSE

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.

FALSE

t/f: Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned.

FALSE

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?

It focuses on learning by observation

The Electra complex involves:

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

A man cancels an important business trip to a mountainous country because he is afraid of the steep roads. He is also terrified of cable cars and the venue of the meeting is accessible only by cable cars. The man most likely suffers from _____.

acrophobia

Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:

acute stress disorder

During a math test, Jacob is given the lengths of two sides of a right triangle and is asked to find the length of its third side. He uses the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the length. In this scenario, Jacob has used a(n) _____ to calculate the length of the third side of the right triangle.

algorithm

__________includes problem-solving skills such as encoding information, combining and comparing bits of information, and generating a solution.

analytical intelligence

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

archetypes

According to__________, we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior.

cognitive dissonance theory

__________is judgment of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors.

conditional positive regard

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.

context dependent memory

Jane has episodes where she cannot remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothes in her closet that does not belong to her. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane is most likely to be diagnosed with:

dissociative identity disorder

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _____ is the tendency when people seek explanations for their behavior to themselves in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it.

effort justification

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n)__________is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

heirarchy

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:

human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates__________.

maintenance rehearsal

__________is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.

obsessive compulsive disorder

In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled _____.

overextension

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.

People describe Sarah as peculiar. She mixes up random words from different languages and strings them together in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world made of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.

schizotypal personality disorder

Rogers believed that we have mental images of what we are capable of becoming. These mental images are termed__________.

self ideals

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to Bobby's expectations, he did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.

unconditional positive regard

The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

unconscious

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

western cultural prejudice

T/F: According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation.

FALSE

T/F: According to psycholinguistic theory, environmental influences do not affect language acquisition.

FALSE

T/F: Adoptee studies show that adoptive parents with anxiety disorders place their children at greater risk for anxiety and related traits as compared to biological parents.

FALSE

T/F: An intelligence quotient (IQ) is independent of his or her chronological age (CA).

FALSE

T/F: Cross-cultural studies on mate selection find that men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children.

FALSE

T/F: In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization.

FALSE

T/F: In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.

FALSE

Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _____.

displacement

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of__________.

dispositional attributions

Cory was driving when his car met with an accident. His best friend, who was sitting in the car with him, was killed in that accident. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he could not recall where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:

dissociative amnesia

People with depersonalization-derealization disorder:

experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal.

A(n)__________is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

icon

Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, is known as _____.

implicit memory

Greg, a 27-year-old man, has a habit of biting his nails. He developed this habit when he was young. Now he wants to stop it, but has no control over himself. He starts biting his nails unconsciously whenever he is anxious or bored. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

oral stage

Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and cannot stand being apart. However, they do not have future plans for their relationship. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.

passion

Extreme, irrational fears of objects and situations, such as hypodermic needles and public speaking are examples of _____.

phobias

__________enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.

practical intelligence

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the_____.

primacy effect

According to Louis Thurstone,__________are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

primary mental abilities

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he is trying to remember Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.

proactive learning

Joy speaks Spanish as she had learnt the language when she was in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.

retroactive interference

T/F: In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, fear appeals are most effective when the audience believes that the risks are insignificant.

FALSE

T/F: In the context of creativity and intelligence, creative problem solving demands convergent rather than divergent thinking.

FALSE

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Altruism

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

T/F: In the Milgram studies on obedience, lack of social comparison was a factor contributing to why people complied to perform immoral tasks.

TRUE

T/F: Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities contain the types of items measured on the most widely used intelligence tests today.

TRUE

T/F: Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants.

TRUE

T/F: The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old.

TRUE

Which of the following statements is true of chemistry involved in aggression?

Testosterone appears to affect the tendencies to dominate and control other people.

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?

Valuing being right over being liked.

In the elaboration likelihood model, _____ inspires thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence.

central route

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced choice format

In 1904, British psychologist Charles Spearman suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlying factor called__________, which includes broad reasoning and problem-solving abilities.

general intelligence

__________is characterized by feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration.

generalized anxiety disorder

People with__________insist that they are suffering from a serious physical malady, even though no medical evidence of it can be found.

illness anxiety disorder

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as__________.

interference theory

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

intimacy

Observational learning is one of the foundations of__________.

social cognitive theory

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall,__________is a source of prejudice.

social conflict

Alex wants to be physically fit. As he cannot workout effectively at his home, he goes to a gym with this friends. At the gym, he works out better when his friends work out along with him. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of _____.

social facilitation