Basic questions

Continental drift is a unifying theory that explains Earths topography and integrates our understanding of rock formation, mountain building, and terrain modification. 1) True 2) False

false

Earth's diameter is increasing significantly due to the generation of new ocean crust. 1) True 2) False

false

Subduction zones are areas where new seafloor is created 1) true 2) false

false

The driving force for lithospheric plate motion is conduction to the mantle. 1) True 2) False

false

The outermost planets in the solar system (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are small, dense and rocky. 1) True 2) False

false

True or False. At a convergent plate boundary, continental crust will subduct under oceanic crust because it is more dense. 1) True 2) False

false

When a plate capped by continental crust converges with a plate capped by oceanic crust, the continental plate will undergo subduction. 1) True 2) False

false

the Hawaiian islands were formed within the last 2 million years under a hot spot that is now inactive 1) true 2) false

false

the athenosphere is cooler than the lithosphere 1) true 2) false

false

the mantle is subdivided based on its chemical composition 1) true 2) false

false

transform faults are never found at mid- ocean ridges 1) true 2) false

false

lithosphere and convention

lithosphere is a plate that is cooled on the surface layer of a convection current. -> warm magma rises and cool magma sinks

convection

movement within a fluid resulting from differential heating and cooling of the fluid

Density is a measure of relative heaviness and is defined as mass per unit volume 1) true 2) false

true

Studies of rock paleomagnetism have revealed the ancient positions of Earth's magnetic poles. 1) True 2) False

true

The main factors that influenced the evolution of the terrestrial planets shortly after their formation were impact cratering, volcanism, proximity to the Sun, and absence or presence of a biosphere. 1) True 2) False

true

The planets formed when bits of solid matter from the solar nebula were drawn together by gravitational attraction and accretion. 1) True 2) False

true

the earth is density stratified: 1) true b) false

true

the oceanic crust is made of basalt: 1) true 2) false

true

transform fault plate margins are conservative margins, where crust is neither created nor destroyed 1) true 2) false

true

Sediment and particles in quartz sandstone that formed in a desert are typically:

well sorted and rounded.

Divergent (2) : and def

(constructive) 1. *two plates that move apart* - Divergent continental margin - Divergent oceanic margin 2. *formation of an ocean basin*

An ________ is a volcano that has erupted within historic times.

Active Volcano

Who created the ' pangea ' idea and what is it?

Alfred Wegner : thought it was a puzzle piece --> evidence for continental drift

Hazards from volcanic eruptions include: 1. Pyroclastic flows 2. Poisonous gas emissions 3. Volcanic mudflows 4. All of the above

All of the above

sea floor spreading : hypothesis

oceanic crust splits apart to make the seafloor spread

Sand produces sandstone and silt produces siltstone. What does clay produce ?

Shale

Which of the following definitions most accurately pertains to weathering ?

The physical or chemical breakdown of rock exposed to air, water and organic.

I - CLICKER What is one of the reasons why scientists believe the outer core is liquid? a) P and S waves shadow zones b) Core samples were taken by scientists in 1984 c) Outer core fish fossils that have made their way to the surface d) Negative gravity anomalies

a

Fault (earthquakes)

a fracture or zone of fractures in the earth's crust along which there has been movement of the sides relative to one another

what are the primary and secondary hazards of earthquakes?

primary: - ground motion can destroy buildings - surface rupture occurs when fault breaks ground surface secondary: - landslides (sloped regions) - liquefaction = quicksand effect (buildings sink ) - tsunami = a seismic sea wave

What is the nebular hypothesis?

proposes that the sun and its planets formed a huge swirling cloud of cosmic dust and gas

Richter Scale

records the height of waves/ amplitudes logarithmic scale (1-10)

convergent (3) : and def

(destructive) 1. ocean ocean - both plates heavy and dense (one plate older) --> denser. (volcanoes and earthquakes) 2. continent continent - both plates low density, cannot undergo subduction - collide --> continental collision zone (mountains) 3. continent ocean - continental crust less dense than oceanic crust -ocean crust subducts because it is denser --> mountains form - continental crust will *ride up* and over while oceanic crust will be *subducted* beneath

explain divergent boundaries

* two plates move apart: <-- --> * spread centers: <-- --> * make constructive margins * can start out a continent and become an ocean--> they split , form a rift and then start cycle of spreading

explain convergent boundaries

* two plates move toward each other --><--- * destructive margins

Core: (2 layers)

- Inter core: pressure is so great it is solid - Outer core: pressure is balanced so that it is liquid

Body waves - 2 types (earthquakes)

- Primary waves (P) - Secondary waves (S)

Primary Waves (P) (earthquakes)

- cause volume changes in the rock - compression, expansion - *can pass through gases, liquid, and solids* - *first waves recorded (~6km/s)*

what happened to the swirling cloud of cosmic dust and gas (nebular hypothesis)

- collapsed under gravity - center became compressed and nuclear fission began - nebular flattened into star (sun) - steep temp gradient (hot in center, to cold edges)

theory of plate tectonics (3 things)

- continental drift - seafloor spreading - subduction

Secondary Waves (S) (earthquakes)

- sheer wave perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake (side to side) - *do not travel through gases and liquids* - *slower velocity (~3.5km/s)

What are surface waves (earthquakes)

- travel slowly - travel on earth's surface - long wave lengths ^ the amplitude the ^ the damage

Focus (earthquakes)

- where the earthquake happens - the more shallow, less damage

Levels of the earth :

-Crust -Mantel -Core

Crust ( two types)

-Oceanic crust : basalt (heavy) -Continental Crust : granite

Epicenter (earthquakes)

-where it appears on the earth's surface

If two oceanic plates collide at a relatively fast speed, and one is much older and cooler (therefore more dense) than the other, what will happen? 1) a deep trench will form 2) continental mountains will form 3) large earthquakes will occur 4) a volcano will erupt

1)

Japan is located along the pacific ring of fire and experiences many earthquakes. almost all of the earthquakes around japan occur mostly: 1) on the east side of the island where the pacific plate subducts 2) on the west side of the island where the eurasian plate subducts 3) near the pacific spreading center 4) near the mid - atlantic ridge

1)

The emperor seamounts were formed: 1) as islands formed over a hot spot 2) as an island arc that formed along a trench 3) as islands formed over a spreading center 4) islands formed at a convergent zone

1)

Which of these is most abundant on or in the Earth? 1) mantle material 2) granite rock 3) liquid water 4) basalt

1)

The earth as a whole is considered a closed system? 1) True 2) False

1) , True

What are the 5 spheres in earth's system?

1) geosphere 2) hydrosphere 3) atmosphere 4) biosphere 5) anthroposphere

The nebular hypothesis proposes that the solar system formed from a huge, swirling cloud of cosmic gas and dust. 1) True 2) False

1), True

The sun is the center of our solar system. 1) True 2) False

1), True

The perenially frozen parts of the hydrosphere are collectively referred to as the __________. 1) cyrosphere 2) geosphere 3) biosphere 4) lithosphere

1), cyrosphere

Hypotheses are based on our prior understanding of the natural world and how it works. 1) True 2) False

1), true

A "mystery" in our understanding of plate tectonics has been, until recently, the nature of the power source capable of moving the plates and the continents embedded within them. Recent evidence indicates the power source to be: 1) the readjustment of the surface to continual shrinking of the whole earth 2) convection currents within the Earth's mantle is moving the plates 3) the action of ocean currents is dragging along the seafloor, causing the seafloor and the continents to move 4) the continual vibration from the earthquakes and volcanoes slowly moves the continents equator ward under the influence of centrifugal force

2)

Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a fluid by: 1) weighing less than the water surrounding it 2) displacing a volume of water equal in weight to its own weight 3) displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly more than its own weight 4) displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly less than its own weight

2)

The Sun converts mass into energy by: 1) nuclear fission 2) nuclear fusion 3) fossil fuel burning 4) all of the above

2)

What do these things have in common: Paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading, Pangaea, Wadati-Benioff zones, transform faults, fracture zones, seamount chains, and Pacific hotspots. 1) They are used to study earthquakes. 2) They are involved with plate tectonics. 3) They are used to investigate the potential for undersea mining and mineral resource exploitation. 4)They are used to predict earthquake activity and warn people of imminent danger.

2)

We experience seasons due to the extreme changes of earth's orbit around the sun. 1) True 2) False

2) False

the mantle is subdivided based on its chemical composition 1) true 2) false

2) false

Earth's moon is a result of a comet captured within Earth's gravitational field. 1) True 2) False

2), False

Water vapor is considered to be part of the hydrosphere. 1) True 2) False

2), False

New crust is being generated: 1) in deep trenches 2) in submarine canyons 3) in rift valleys of the mid- ocean ridges 4) at the centers of large continents

3)

Oceanographers believe the breakup of Pangaea occurred about: 1) 1 mya 2) 25 mya 3) 200 mya 4) 750 mya

3)

The mid-ocean ridges are: 1) subduction zones 2) transform or lateral plate boundaries 3) divergent plate boundaries 4) convergent plate boundaries

3)

The ___________ includes all of the earth's organisims, as well as any organic matter, not yet decomposed 1) geosphere 2) hydrosphere 3) biosphere 4) atmosphere

3), biosphere

What supports and sustains almost all life on earth? 1) Carbon dioxide 2) Radioactive decay 3) Sunlight 4) Gravitational Forces

3), sunlight

Roughly how fast do most lithospheric plates move? 1) about 5 kilometers per hour 2) about 5 kilometers per thousand years 3) about 5 centimeters per hour 4) about 5 centimeters per year

4)

What is the accepted age of the universe: 1) 4.7 byo 2) 20 byo 3) 18.5 byo 4) 13.7 byo

4), 13.7 byo

The ___________ includes the total amount of water on earth. 1) geosphere 2) atmosphere 3) anthoposphere 4) hydrosphere

4), hydrosphere

which of the following is an example of the complete scientific method? 1) using satellites to map city lights at night 2) considering past temperature patterns on the earth and stating the sun is causing the changes without testing further predictions 3) observing that volcanic eruptions are associated with cooler global temperatures 4) using knowledge of chemistry to predict the ozone hole, and then making measurements that agree with these predictions

4), using knowledge of chemistry to predict the ozone hole, and then making measurements that agree with these predictions

How much of the Earth's crust is made up of sedimentary rocks?

5%

Which of the following pairs of words about sedimentary rocks do NOT belong together? -Bedding and stratification -Clay and mud -Conglomerate and breccia -Detrital and clastic -Chemical and sandstone

Chemical and sandstone

Molten rock that forms when temperatures rise and melting occurs in the mantle or crust is _____.

Magma

Earthquakes 3 parts

Epicenter Focus Fault

T or F Along the Ring of Fire, volcanoes can occur, but not earthquakes.

False

Granite is an extrusive igneous rock

False, it is an intrusive rock that crystallizes below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form

A ______ is a point on Earth's surface where lava erupts above a plume.

Hotspot

Which of the following is NOT true frost wedging in rocks?

It only occurs in the polar regions on earth.

A _______ is a volcano that emits both tephra and viscious lava and that builds up conical mounds.

Stratovolcano

Mount Vesuvius is an example of what type of volcano?

Stratovolcano

A loose assemblage of pyroclasts is known as ________.

Tephra

T or F Beneficial aspects of volcanism include the production of new volcanic rock from which rich soils develop as well as creation of new land in coastal areas.

True

T or F Magma that reaches the Earh's surface through a volcanic vent is called Lava.

True

T or F Metamorphic rock is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed in mineralogy and /or texture in the solid state.

True

True or False: Lavas formed at continental divergent margins tend to be rhyolitic; they tend to be high in silica content because magma passes through thick continental crust on its way to the surface, melting and assimilating silica-rich crustal material.

True

Igneous rocks that cool and solidify at or near the surface are:

Volcanic rocks

I-CLICKER: Of the following what is true: a) P - waves are faster than s - waves, and p- waves travel through liquids (s cannot) b) S - waves are faster than p - waves and can travel through liquid ( p cannot) c) P - waves travel faster than s - waves and s- waves travel through liquid (p cannot) d) S - waves are faster than p - waves and, and P can travel through liquids ( s cannot)

a)

I-CLICKER: The higher the quantity of silicon dioxide in a magma, the thicker (more viscous) the magma will be a) True b) False

a)

I-CLICKER: Tsunamis traveling across ocean can be monitored, including velocity and size. B/c of this, we can watch it with satellites to monitor the time and arrival of with predicted accuracy. a) True b) False

a)

I-CLICKER: What are the two major gases that are released from a volcano? a) Water vapor and carbon dioxide b) Water vapor and oxygen c) Carbon dioxide and oxygen d) Methane and oxygen

a)

I-CLICKER: Which volcano can be best described as being of typically andesitic composition, steep - sided, and consisting mainly of lava and tephra? a) Stratovolcano b) Shield volcano c) Mud volcano d) Fissure volcano e) A combination not possible

a)

Define system.

any portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest for the purpose of observing and measuring changes

what are seismic waves and why do they happen?

are the result of the recycling of the lithosphere --> lithosphere broken up into plates, and they interact at boundaries.

I - CLICKER Why have no earthquakes greater than a magnitude of around 10 ever been observed? a) We just haven't observed it but it can happen b) Rocks only have enough strength to store a finite amount of elastic energy before they reach their breaking point and release their energy c) The seismograph is not equipped to measure amplitude at that level d) None of these

b)

about how many kilometers is is from the earths center to the outer edge of the outer core? a) 12,523 kilometers (7,827 miles) b) 6,370 kilometers ( 3,980 miles) c) 1,264 kilometers ( 790 miles) d) 2,880 kilometers ( 1,800 miles)

b)

I-CLICKER: Shallow earthquakes, relatively low magnitude, occurring in lines take place: a) In subduction zones (deepest, most powerful, can generate tsunamis) b) In continental collision zones (shallow - deep focus in broad bands, can be very powerful) c) Along spreading ridges d) In areas with transform faults (shallow focus, sometimes very powerful earthquakes)

c)

I- CLICKER The USGS reports that an earthquake with the magnitude M 6.6 hit Japan at 27k east of Tomakomai, at 2018-09-05 18:07:58, at a depth of 33.4km. Which number represents the focus? a) 6.6 b) 27km c) 33.4km d) 18:07:58

c) a) = magnitude b) = epicenter c) = focus d) = time

Conservative margins def

crust is neither created nor destroyed - (plates slide past in a horizontal motion) - san andreas fault

I - CLICKER What does the richter magnitude scale measure? a) The # of tsunami as a result of an earthquake b) The reaction of people during an earthquake c) The amount of damage d) The magnitude of the earth shaking during an earthquake

d)

Mantal: (3 spheres):

dense rocky matter 3 pressure regions: - Mesosphere = middle sphere core - Asthenosphere =weak sphere (deformable) - Lithosphere = rocky sphere (cool, rigid, brittle)

What are the two plate boundaries

divergent (constructive) convergent (destructive)

The movement of material by moving wind, water or ice is a process called______ whereas the process that breaks down solid rock into loose sediment is called____________.

erosion; weathering

Rocks that are brought to the surface from deep down are said to undergo_________ . Near the surface, the resultant pressure release may cause the rocks to form _______.

exhumation; sheet joints