"Basic Statistics"- Exam #1
The dependent variable in an experiment is defined or identified as _________.
"IQ", in an experiment studying the effect of Early Education on IQ
What is the relative frequency for seniors?
.1
What is the relative frequency for the 33-37 age group?
.10
What is the frequency for juniors?
.2
A psychologist is interested in the social interactions of preschool children. She measures the number of verbal interactions that each child at the preschool engages in during the day. The resulting data are shown in the following frequency distribution. The relative frequency is for the interval 76-85 is _________.
0.13
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following table. What is the value of i?
10
What is N for the above table?
10
What is the percent for seniors?
10
A psychologist is interested in the social interactions of preschool children. She measures the number of verbal interactions that each child at a preschool engages in during a day. Here is the frequency distribution of the data. The cumulative frequency for the interval 46-55 is ________.
13
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following data. How many occurrences fall below the upper real limit of the interval 70-79?
130
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following table. N equals _______.
139
What is the cumulative frequency for the 28-32 age group?
18
Your new Mercedes weigh 1850 kilograms when measured to the nearest kilogram. The real limits of its weight are ______.
1849.5-1850.5
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following table. How many occurrences are there for the interval 60-69?
21
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following data. What percentage of cases fall within the class interval containing the most cases?
26.62
A psychologist is interested in the social interactions of preschool children. She measures the number of verbal interactions that each child at a preschool engages in during a day. Here is the frequency of the data. The cumulative % for the interval 46-55 is ________.
28.89%
A researcher has collected some data on the amount of time in seconds (to the nearest 0.1 second) that it took trained rats to run through a maze. The data is shown below arranged in a frequency distribution of grouped scores. The cumulative percentage for the interval 5.2-5.5 is _______.
36.11%
What is i for the distribution above?
5
What is the frequency for sophomores?
5
A psychologist is interested in the social interactions of preschool children. She measures the number of verbal interactions that each child at a preschool engages during a day. Here is the frequency distribution of the data. The real limits of the interval 56-65 are _______.
55.5-65.5
What are the real limits of the observation of 6.1 seconds (measured to the nearest second)?
6.05-6.15
The true limits of 7.0 are _________.
6.95-7.05
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following table. The cumulative frequency of 115 indicates that 115 scores fall below _______.
69.5
Given the distribution of grouped scores shown in the following table. The cumulative frequency of 115 indicates that 115 scores fall below______.
69.5
What is the cumulative percent of the 23-27 age group?
70
What is the cumulative percent for the 28-32 age group?
90
A parameter is defined as _________.
A number calculated on population data that quantifies a characteristic of the population
A statistic is defined as ___________.
A number calculated on sample data that quantifies a characteristic of the sample
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from the 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. 150 epileptics constitute __________.
A population
Pick the best answer from the following statements.
All of the statements are true
If the scale upon which A, B, C, and D are arranged is an interval scale, we can say _________.
B-A= D-C
If the scale upon which points A, B, C, and D are shown in an ordinal scale, we can meaningfully say ___________
C>B
Your boss tells you to blindly choose three departments from the ten departments in the company's database. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Cluster random
A researcher wants to know if race and income are related. Which research strategy should he or she use?
Comparative
A researcher wants to know if women live longer than men. Which research strategy should he or she use?
Comparative
The goal of this type of study is to determine if two or more levels of categorical variable differ with respect to a quantitative variable?
Comparative
A nutritionist uses a scale that measures the weight to the nearest 0.01 grams. A slice of cheese weighs 0.35 grams on the scale. The variable being measured is a __________.
Continuous variable
Which is not a goal of science?
Control
A professor chose everyone in his class to be in his study (at least the students who are willing). Which sampling technique did she use?
Convenience
Your boss tells you to interview the first ten people who are willing to be interviewed. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Convenience
A researcher wants to know if injecting testosterone increases aggression. Which research strategy should he or she use?
Correlational
A researcher wants to know if naturally occurring testosterone levels are associated with aggression. Which research strategy should he or she use?
Correlational
A researcher wants to know if injecting testosterone increases aggression. Which role is aggression playing?
DV
Which is the measured variable in a experiment?
DV
In order to estimate the amount of TV watched by New York City adults, a sociologist surveys a random sample of adults from this city. The obtained raw scores are called _______.
Data
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. The weight of each Dallas Cowboy is(are) called __________.
Data
In order to estimate the height of all students at your university, let's assume you have measured the height of all psychology majors at the university. The resulting raw scores are called _________.
Data
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from the 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month without the drug. Being compulsive, you also record the number of seizures for the remaining 130 epileptics for one month. The number of seizures for each of the 130 epileptics constitutes __________.
Data
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from the 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. The number of seizures for each of the 20 subjects constitute __________.
Data
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. Weight is an example of a(n) __________.
Dependent Variable
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from the 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. Incidence of seizures is an example of a(n) ___________.
Dependent variable
For a list of sample data the lowest and highest score values are examples of ______ statistics.
Descriptive
For a list of sample data the lowest and highest score values are examples of _______ statistics.
Descriptive
Number of bar presses is an example of a(n) ________ variable.
Discrete
The goal of this type of study is to generate a cause and effect statement.
Experiment
Which goal of science corresponds to experimental studies?
Explain
What variables are associated with a comparative study?
Explanatory and Response
A ball shaped curve is an example of a skewed distribution.
False
A dependent variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables.
False
A histogram is like a bar graph except with a histogram the bars don't touch each other.
False
A population is a subset of a sample.
False
All frequency distributions should be of grouped scores.
False
All scales possess magnitude, equal intervals between adjacent units, and an absolute zero point.
False
Annual salaries, on average, are higher for men than women. If the difference in salaries can be explained by hours worked per week, then hour worked per week is a moderator variable.
False
Any summary number computed from population data is called a statistic.
False
Continuous data can be whole numbers
False
Continuous data can be whole numbers.
False
Continuous data is always exact.
False
Convenience sampling is a type of random sampling.
False
Descriptive statistics are used to make inferences about the population.
False
Descriptive statistics would allow us to determine the President's current approval rating.
False
Discrete data is always approximate.
False
Gender is an example of a continuous variable
False
If one computed the mean IQ of all male psychology majors at Troy University in an attempt to estimate the IQ of all male psychology majors in the U.S. the computed mean would be a sample.
False
If one measured the IQ of all male psychology majors at Troy University in an attempt to estimate the IQ of all male psychology majors in the U.S. the male psychology students at Troy University are your statistic.
False
If the effects of hormone treatment improve symptoms in men but make symptoms worse for women, then hormone treatment is the DV.
False
If the effects of hormone treatment improve symptoms of depression in men but make symptoms worse for women, then hormone treatment is the DV.
False
Imagine there is a relationship between rates of lung cancer and being raised in a single-parent home. If the relationship can be explained by the fact that children from a single-parent home are more likely to smoke, then smoking is a moderator variable
False
In a frequency distribution the more intervals the better, regardless of whether some intervals have zero frequency.
False
Inferential statistics involves inferring something about a population from sample data.
False
Inferential statistics involves inferring something about a sample from population data.
False
Interval and ratio data are sometimes called categorical data.
False
It is legitimate to do ratios with interval scaling.
False
Nominal and interval data are sometimes called categorial data.
False
Number of questions on a test is an example of nominal data
False
Number of questions on a test is an example of nominal data.
False
Olympic medals (gold, silver, bronze) is an example of nominal data.
False
Olympic medals (gold, silver, bronze) is an example of ratio data.
False
One generally has to specify the real limits for discrete variables since they cannot be measured accurately.
False
Parameters yield populations.
False
Quota sampling a probabilistic version of stratified random sampling.
False
Random sampling guarantees a representative sample.
False
Random sampling is more widely used than non-random sampling.
False
Systematic random sampling is similar to simple random sampling except intact groups such as churches, schools, or clubs are selected rather than individuals.
False
The DV is the variable that can be randomly assigned by the researcher.
False
The IV is the variable that's affected by the DV in an experiment
False
The IV is the variable that's affected by the DV in an experiment.
False
The average number of children in a classroom is an example of a discrete variable.
False
The dependent variable is the variable that is measured in order to determine how it impacts the independent variable.
False
The goal of descriptive statistics is solely to summarize, and organize data
False
The goal of descriptive statistics is solely to summarize, and organize data.
False
The goal of non-probability sampling is to achieve a representative sample.
False
The lower and upper limits for 40 pounds are 39 to 41.
False
The number of students in a class is an example of a continuous variable.
False
To choose systematic random sample, deliberately select a starting point you find convenient and take every nth piece of data from a listing of population.
False
When a weight is measured to the 1/1000th of a gram, that measure is absolutely accurate.
False
When constructing frequency distribution there must be 12 class intervals.
False
When you have data from the entire population, inferential statistics are very useful.
False
With a stratified random sample, any group of n individuals is equally likely to be chosen as any other group of n individuals.
False
With nominal scales there is a numerical relationship between the units of the scale.
False
With purposive sampling, people or things that are readily available are chosen.
False
With the exception of division, one can perform all mathematical operations on a ratio scale.
False
Which variables are associated with an experiment?
IV and DV
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from the 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. The new drug is an example of a(n) ___________.
Independent Variable
A researcher wants to know if injecting testosterone increases aggression. Which role is testosterone playing?
Independent Variable (IV)
The variable the experimenter manipulates is called the _________.
Independent variable
Mathematical methods used to draw tentative conclusions about a population based on sample data are referred as _________.
Inferential statistics
A nutritionist uses a scale that measures weight to the nearest 0.01 grams. A slice of cheese weighs 0.35 grams on the scale. The true weight of the cheese ____________
May be anywhere in the range 0.345-0.355 grams
If the scale upon which A, B, C, and D are arranged is a nominal scale, we can say _________.
Neither a nor b
An individual is measuring various objects. If the measurements made are to determine into which of six categories each object belongs, the measuring scale used must have been a(n)________ scale.
Nominal
Classifying subjects on the basis of sex is an example of using what kind of scale?
Nominal
"Brand of soft drink" is measured on a(n) __________.
Nominal scale
At the annual sailing regatta, prizes are awarded for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th place. These "places" comprise a(n) __________
Ordinal scale
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. The average (mean) weight of all professional football players is called a __________.
Parameter
In order to estimate the height of all students at your university, let's assume you have measured the height of all psychology majors at the university. If you had measured the height scores of all students at your university, the average (mean) of these scores would constitute a __________.
Parameter
In order to estimate the amount of TV watched by New York City adults, a sociologist surveys a random sample of adults from the city. All of the New York City adults constitute a _______.
Population
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. All professional football players constitute a _________
Population
In order to estimate the height of all students at your university, lets assume you have measured the height of all psychology majors at the university. If you had measured the height scores of all students at your university, these scores would constitute a _________.
Population
Which goal of science corresponds to correlational studies?
Predict
Which variables are associated with a correlational study?
Predictor and Criterion
A researcher wants to know if motivation levels and grades are related. Which role is motivation level playing?
Predictor variable
Your boss tells you to choose every employee in the company's database who has been with the company for at least 20 years. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Purposive
Your boss tells you to interview ten Democrats and ten Republicans. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Quota
Reaction time in seconds is an example of a(n) ________ scale.
Ratio
A researcher wants to know if gender and grades are related. Which role is grades playing?
Response variable
In order to estimate the attention level of college undergraduates in the United States, a psychologist measures the attention span of the undergraduates at a local university. The undergraduates at the local university are a ________.
Sample
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. The Dallas Cowboys are a ___________
Sample
In order to estimate the height of all students at your university, let's assume you have measured the height of all psychology majors at the university. The height score of all psychology majors constitute a _______.
Sample
In order to estimate the ratio of white to black students in his college, a professor determines the proportion of whites and blacks in his class. The students in the professor's class are called a _________.
Sample
In inferential statistics the object is usually to generalize from a _________ to a ___________
Sample; Population
A professor randomly chose ten students in his class to observe while they took an exam. Which sampling technique did she use?
Simple random
Your boss tells you to blindly choose ten employees from the company's database. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Simple random
In order to estimate the amount of TV watched by New York City adults, a sociologist surveys a random sample of adults from this city. The average (mean) of the raw score is a _______.
Statistic
In order to estimate the amount of TV watched by New York City adults, a sociologist surveys a random sample of adults from this city. The average (mean) of the raw scores is a _______.
Statistic
In order to estimate the attention level of college undergraduates in the United States, a psychologist measures the attention span of the undergraduates at a local university. The mean of these scores is a ___________.
Statistic
In order to estimate the average (mean) weight of all professional football players, an investigator determines the weight of the "Dallas Cowboy" players. The average (mean) weight of the Dallas Cowboys is called a ____________
Statistic
In order to estimate the height of all students at your university, let's assume you have measured the height of all psychology majors at the university. The average (mean) value of the measured height scores constitute a __________.
Statistic
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptic from 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. The average (mean) number of seizures for the 20 subjects is called ___________
Statistic
When one analyzes data based on a sample, one calculates a _______.
Statistic
A professor randomly chose ten questions from each of the eight chapters in the test bank to be included on the final exam. Which sampling technique did she use?
Stratified random
Your boss tells you to blindly choose five employees from each of the ten departments in the company's database. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Stratified random
Descriptive Statistics are helpful in ___________ and ___________ raw data
Summarizing; Characterizing
After choosing a random starting point, a professor chose every 20th question in the test bank to be included on the final exam. Which sampling technique did she use?
Systematic random
Your boss tells you to choose every 5th employee in the company's database after randomly choosing a starting point between 1-5. Which sampling technique do you need to use?
Systematic random
Data is defined as ______.
The measurements that are made on the subjects of an experiment
Data is defined as_________.
The measurements that are made on the subjects of an experiment
The independent variable in an experiment is defined or identified as __________.
The variable that is systematically manipulated by the experimenter and "Early Education", in an experiment studying the effect of Early Education on IQ
A discrete variable is always exact.
True
A response variable is also an outcome variable.
True
A sample is a subset of a population.
True
A statistic is to a sample as parameter is to a population.
True
All things being equal, larger samples are more representative.
True
An interval scale is like a ratio scale, except that the interval scale doesn't possess an absolute zero point.
True
Any summary number computed from population data is called is called a parameter.
True
Classifying students whether they are good, fair, or poor speakers is an example of ordinal scaling.
True
Cluster random sampling is similar to simple random except intact groups such as churches, schools or clubs are selected rather than individuals.
True
Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability sampling.
True
Descriptive statistics involves making sense of obtained data.
True
Determining the number of students in each section of introductory psychology involves the use of a ratio scale.
True
Discrete data can only assume whole numbers.
True
Discrete data is always an integer.
True
Estimation and prediction are two primary uses of inferential statistics.
True
IQ is an example of interval.
True
If a curve is negatively skewed, most of the scores occur at the higher values and the curve tails off toward the lower end of the horizontal axis.
True
If differences in aggression between males and females can be explained by testosterone levels, then testosterone levels are a mediator variable.
True
If one measured the IQ of all male psychology majors at Troy University in an attempt to estimate the IQ of all male psychology majors in the U.S. the male psychology students at Troy University are your sample.
True
If one measured the height of all the women at a university and took an average of the data, the university women would be a sample of the population of all university women in the world.
True
If the effects of hormone treatment improve symptoms of depression in men but make symptoms worse for women, then gender is a moderator variable.
True
If the effects of hormone treatment improve symptoms of depression in men but make symptoms worse for women, then symptoms of depression is the DV.
True
In a frequency distribution of grouped scores, all intervals should be of exactly the same width.
True
In addition to using a random or probability sampling technique, sample size is also very important in achieving representativeness.
True
In an experiment conducted to determine the effect of caffeine on reaction time, caffeine is the independent variable.
True
Inferential statistics uses the sample data to generalize to populations.
True
Inferential statistics would allow us to determine the Congress current approval rating.
True
Inferential statistics would allow us to predict how many hurricanes we will have next year
True
Interval and ratio data are sometimes called numerical data.
True
Limits or boundaries are often found for continuous data.
True
Measurement is always approximate with a continuous variable.
True
Most standardized tests yield data at the interval level
True
Most standardized tests yield data at the interval level.
True
Most studies in psychology use convenience samples.
True
Movie type (mystery, action, comedy) example of a discrete variable.
True
Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes called categorial data
True
Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes called categorial data.
True
Number of questions on a test is an example of ratio data.
True
Olympic medals (gold, silver, bronze) is an example of ordinal data.
True
Order of finish in a race is an example of ordinal data.
True
Quota sampling a non-probabilistic version of stratified random sampling.
True
Sampling is the process of assigning participants to the various conditions to study.
True
Sampling is the process of selecting a sample from a population.
True
Statistical methods that use sample data to make statements about populations are called inferential statistics.
True
Temperature is an example of a continuous variable.
True
The goal of probability sampling is to achieve a representative sample.
True
The goal of probability sampling is to achieve an unbiased sample.
True
The goal of random sampling is to achieve an unbiased sample.
True
The limits for 4.00 hours are 3.995 to 4.005.
True
The limits for 4.99 hours are 4.985 to 4.995.
True
The lower and upper limits for 50.00 miles are 49.995 to 50.005.
True
The percentile rank of a score is equal to the percentage of scores in the distribution that fall below the score in question.
True
To choose a stratified random sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a proportionate number from each stratum.
True
To choose systematic random sample, randomly select a starting point and take eery nth piece of data from a listing of the population.
True
When data has not yet been analyzed, this is called raw data.
True
When purposive sampling, the researcher uses his or her judgment to select participants.
True
When you have data from the entire population, descriptive statistics are very useful
True
When you have data from the entire population, descriptive statistics are very useful.
True
With an ordinal scale one cannot be certain that the magnitude of the distance between any two adjacent points is the same.
True
With convenience sampling, people or things that are readily available are chosen.
True
Let's assume you are conducting an experiment to determine the effect of a new drug on the incidence of epileptic seizures. You select 20 epileptics from 150 epileptics being treated at a nearby hospital and administer the drug to them. You record the number of seizures in each of the 20 subjects for one month. The 20 epileptics constitute_________.
the Sample