basically everything in history Jordan Gentry
Marius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Social War
conflict between rome and its Italian allies, marius led rome and Cornelius led allies, sulla became leader afterwards
hellenistic civilization
conglomerate of Greek Persian, Egyptian, and Indian civilizations oikoumene (world community) outlook.
Three Macedonian Wars led to roman conquest of what places
conquest of macedon corinth and athens
who created the Anabaptist (twice baptized).
conrad grebel
Milvian Bridge
contantine won with Christian symbol dream
miletus
contemporary historian who was the first person who self consciously set out to write an account of his own times in careful unambiguous pros
Cassiodorus
contemporary of benedict, wrote history of the goths and founded a monastery in Italy
alkibiades
convinced the athenians to attack the powerful greek city of syracuse in sicily, failed misreably and causes thousands of warriors to be captured
what was the capital of islamic spain
cordoba spain (400,000 volume library)
settlements of phonecians
cornwall, cathage, cadiz, brittany, brazil
When were hebrews in egypt
New kingdom, empire age
who tried to install a new pope, Alexander V, but this simply resulted in three popes.
council of pisa
what does parlement mean
court
share a pair of electrons
covalent bonds
where were artists not influenced by classical styles
Northern europe
leif eriksson
Norwegian Viking explorer, was the first European to explore the Americas.
Who were in the second triumvirate?
Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus
What did the tragedian Sophocles write?
Oedipus Rex, Antigone
Epicurus
created epicureanism (like stoicism) promoted rational thought as the key to alleviating the anxieties of modern life
facts about antonius pius
created innocent until proven guilty rights for slaves martyrdom of polycarp
carneades
created skepticism
nicholas II
created the college of cardinals which required bishops to go to college for papal policy
Where was the first Aegean (greek related) civilization
crete
what nationality was diocletian
croatian
facts about domitian
crushed revolt in germany sponsored expeditions to britain and dacia (romania) stabilized currency his methods led to assassination
umar
One of the 1st 4 caliphs. Friend of Muhammad. A merchant. Spread Islam to Syria, Egypt, and Persia; redesigned government; paid soldiers; held a census; made taxes more fair; built roads & canals; aided poor
artaxerxes II
cyrus the persians brother, had a coup against him, killed spartan generals
Who resurrected the Holy Roman Empire around 936
Otto the great of Saxony
John Wycliffe
Oxford theologian who played an important role in the peasants revolt of 1381, leader of lollards
who was charles martels son
Pepin the Short
persias capital
Persepolis
Who did the New Babylonian empire fall to?
Persians
who all conquered the palestianians
Persians, Alexander the Great, the Egyptians, the Seleucids
four jewish sects
Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots
Who defeated the English at Bouvines in 1214.
Philip II
Who included non-nobles as royal officials
Philip II
French royal revenues doubled during whos reign
Philip II (augustus)
who is Louis VII's successor
Philip II (augustus)
Who obtained Languedoc
Philip III
Who summoned the first Estates General (quasi-Parliament) to support him against the Pope; Jews expelled (1306
Philip IV
Who had Boniface kidnapped
Philip IV of france
empedocles
Philosopher who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water
Sidon
Phoenician city
Tyre
Phoenician city
beirut
Phoenician city
byblos (papyrus)
Phoenician city
Who painted common people
Pieter Bruegel
Who was Socrates student?
Plato
hydrogen bond
already have a charge already ions or already polar
synoecism meaning
amalgamation of villages
Francesco Petrarca
an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374) father of humanism
pericles
an aristocrat from on of athens' most presitgious families who led the thetes cause
what medical advancement was created during hellenistic science
anesthesiology was practice
What two groups eventually merged into one people within england
anglo-saxons and danes
who dominates england until they are supplaned by the danes in the 11th century
anglo-saxons and jutes
who is supplanted by the danes in the 11th century
anglo-saxons and jutes
reason for religion
answers the question "why?"
what are cynics
anti materialist
cultural centers besides alexandria egypt
antioch, rhodes, pergamum
Casimir III
Polish king who founded a university in krakow and later hungary
Crusaders established some kingdoms during the first crusade where
antioch, tripoli, edessa, and jerusalem
who was emperor after hadrian
antonius pius
Who refused to let kings tax the clergy.
Pope Boniface
Who put France under the interdict
Pope Innocent III
Who coronated Charlemagne?
Pope Leo III
Who outlawed simony and clerical marriage
Pope Leo IX
Who created the College of Cardinals
Pope Nicholas II
Gregory VII
Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.
Boniface VIII
Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority
innocent III
Pope who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216)
Who dispensed "grace" through indulgences - financed St. Peter's basilica and debts of Albert of Hohenzollern (archbishop and cardinal).
Popes
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Mycenaeans were known for
Pottery, frescoes, metal working, minute detail in record keeping - great traders
Name of universities that encouraged religious writings (6)
Prague, Heidelberg, Vienna, Louvain, Bratislava, Uppsala
institutions
any organization of people
rubber stamp assembly in sparta called what
apella
Frederick III of saxony
Protected Luther for a year in Wartburg Castle, not because he agreed with Luther but because he was his subject (the weak political control of the Holy Roman Emperor contributed to Luther's success in avoiding the penalties of the pope and the emperor)
hera
Queen of the gods
Tetzel
Raised money by selling indulgences for building of St. Peter's
Who painted Mary (Madonna) and Jesus, School of Athens, Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals
Raphael
what was the name for the movement where Christians expel Muslims from Spain
Reconquista
what does augustus accomplish
appealing army extend citizenship outlawed cults paid civil service based on ability, not class census city of marble (rome) police and fire services forced marriage and childbearing restored temples paid tax collectors
Did Frederick II expand or enact retrenchment
Retrenchment
Jacquerie
Revolt of the French peasantry
who annulled Henry's marriage to Catherine.
archbishop of canterbury thomas cranmer
Hierarchy of Christian church
archbishops, bishops, presbyters, deacons
Henry's oldest son was named what - he did little ruling because he was tied up with Crusades.
Richard I (Richard the Lion-Hearted)
who were the three monarchs of the third crusade
Richard I of England Philip II of France Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
What was the Pax Romana?
Roman Peace prosperity self government order
who led a revolt in miletus that led to other revolts
aristagoras
Peisistratos
aristocrat that established tyranny by instituting solomons reforms
platos background
aristocratic, ideas were reality, what we see is a reflection of reality
who wrote comedies in athens
aristophanes
what philosopher urged middle class government
aristotle
what were forbidden in sparta
art literature and coins
minoan artifacts discovered by
arthur evans
Three Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage
who was murdered, possibly by brother Henry.
Rufus (williams unmarried son, William II)
where did alexanderthe great go after his father died
asia and africa
Name of the womens school in athens
aspasias school
first library established by who
assyrians
who supplanted the kassites
assyrians
miltiades
athenian general who smashed persian forces
Who painted the Birth of Venus?
Sandro Botticelli
Who were harassing Christians on their way to Jerusalem.
Seljuk Turks
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
arginusae
athenians naval victory that ended with a storm that prevented commanders from rescuing salirs whos ships had been wrecked
where were women shelted and domesticated
athens
delian league
athens was leader of it, a group of poleis whose representatives met on the sacred island of delos and pledged to continue the war against persia
the poet pindar focused on what theme
athletics
Lucius junius brutus
avenger of lucretias suicide, killed Julius cesaer
The seat of the papacy moved to where, causing italy to fall apart
avignon france
Who were not bought and sold like slaves - hereditary condition whereby freedom could be bought.
Serfs
who did barons rebellion put into power
Simon De Montfort
The more centralized English experienced victories at Where (four)
Sluys (1340), Crécy (1346), Calais (1347) and Poitiers (1356).
more centralized English experienced victories were where
Sluys (1340), Crécy (1346), Calais (1347), Poitiers (1356)
Calais
Small, coastal town in France that was captured by the English during the 100 years' war and remained in its possession for an additional century.
Big three philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Bartolomé de las Casas
Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.
Conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
Hernán Cortés
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
krypteia
Spartan secret police
Who wrote the Vulgate (latin) Bible?
St. Jerome
imhotep
Step pyramid architect
Eridu
Sumer city
Ur
Sumer city
geneva
Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland
Calvin's TULIP
T- total depravity U- unconditional election L- limited atonement I- irresistible grace P- perseverance of the saints
during the english reformation, Henry VIII did not really change anything ______ about the church
THEOLOGICAL
what did aristophanes write
The Birds, the clouds
Romulus and remus
in virgils story aeneid, raised by wolves and then founded rome
what book did the church issue that remained until 1966
index of prohibited books
how far did alexander go before his men mutinied
india
helots
indigenous people of messenia
psychoanalytic perspective
influence of the subconscious Sigmon Freud
Polybius
influenced our government, also he argued that historical developments follow regular cycles, and that nations pass inevitably through stages of growth and decay
William conducted an _______ of his kingdom in 1085 - Domesday Book
inquest
caligula facts
insane attempted statue in jerusalem assassinated dictator after tiberius
what is byzantium today
instanbul
polemic
intentionally not giving all of the facts propoganda
what led to visigoths being supplanted by muslims in 8th century
internecine fighting
who conquered East Anglia (Danelaw), Frisia (Netherlands), and Rhineland.
danes
Giotto created frescoes that are
dark and light shadowing
what happened during the greek dark ages
decline in cities - no written records - movement from North to South, mainland to islands
what are capitularies
decrees
epaminondas
defeats spartans at Leuctra
In athens, what did the youth train for
democracy
fuedalism, fief
denotes abuse of official priveleges for personal gain. fief is a gift or grant that creates a contract between the giver and reciever
Dead Sea Scrolls
description of the life of jesus
type of metal used for equipment during medieval
iron (plows, pitchforks, horse shoes, and collars, and paired horses)
fascism
dictatorship, military enforced
Who postponed the collapse of the Roman empire with reforms?
diocletian and constantine
who was the leader of cynicism
diogenes
archimedes
discovered law of floating bodies, pi, and theory of levers
why did ranks of romes poor increase during expansion
discplaced farmers went into cities
what set of the peloponesian war
dispute between athens and corinth
what happened to alexanders empire after he died
divided among the ptolemies in egypt, seleucids in mesopotamia, and antigonids in greece, later pergamum was created
women rights in egypt
divorce and have their own land
what did romans invent within the realm of architecture
domes
What type of comedies did the poet menander write?
domestic comedies
who was emporer after titus
domitian
Ulpian
domitius ulpianus, famous jurist in second century, helped with first philosophy of law
Synoecism
early process of urbanization as the "bringing together of dwellings
The significance of the crusades lay in what
economic consequences
what was romes goal when conquering
economic exploitation
who began the Hundred Years War by claiming descent from French monarchs.
edward III of england
who was a boy-king - move to Protestantism - Book of Common Prayer (1549), married clergy, justification by faith
edward VI
what were nomarchs
egyptian provincial rulers
What led to the old babylon
elamites and amorites supplanted ur dynasty
Marcus Porcius Cato
elderly patrician who urged striking, nickname was cato the censor (to advise) basically caused the cathaginians to have to move and starting the third punic war
what and where does gerousia mean
elders (sparta)
who played henry II of england and Louis VII against each other
eleanor of aquitaine
who was the middle of the road "Protestant" who fostered English nationalism - 39 articles.
elizabeth I
Charles IV
emperor founded a medieval university in prague and other places
Who tried to appease the visigoths by giving them parts of the empire
emperor theodosius
facts about trajan
empire at its height financial aid for poor children
thalassocracy
empire of the sea
Was Aristotle an Empiricist or a Rationalist?
empiricist, if it was true you had to see it
Theodosius
emporer who prohibited any pagan worship in the empire (persecuted Christianity)
Third Punic War (149-146 BC)
ended with the obliteration of Carthage, but then rebuilt it
what did the norwegians pillage
england and ireland
who renewed the struggle in 1413- allied with HRE and Burgundians
english king henry V
who were the stoic philosophers
epictetus, seneca, marcus aurelius
communism
equal distribution
carolingian era meaning
era of charlemagne
monastacism
eremetic (hermits) monks included Anthony of Egypt, St. John Cassian, St. Simon
What were the humanities that were stressed in renaissance education? 6
ethics, grammar, history, poetry, politics, gymnastics
who occupied the area of rome before romans
etruscans
hellenistic geometry called
euclidian geometry
aristocrats who ruled athens are called what
eupatrids
arete meaning
excellence
clovis
family is merovingians he was a warrior king of the franks
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
farmer who was a positive dictator, helped rome fight, and then returned to farm
the poet hesiod focused on what theme
farmers
what are the five pillars of islam
fasting during ramadan, prayer 5x toward mecca, alms (give 10% of income to charity), monotheism (alla only), hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
Charles VIII, Louis XII
father and son who tried to take france
abu bakr
father n law of muhammad, after muhammad died he became the caliph (representative) of muhammad
patria potestas
fatherly power
leo X
issued a papal edict condemning Luther's publications as heretical and threatening him with excommunication if he did not recant
what happens to art during the hellenistic civilization
it goes from a perfect for to a more real view with visual flaws
why did the carolingian empire fall apart
it was too diverse (and charlemagne died)
where did the ostrogoths live
italy
what group could "guarantee" salvation.
jesuits
what group provided stellar education (e.g., Georgetown University, Fordham University, Loyola Universities) christian sect.
jesuits
what sect of christianity were non-violent but machiavellian
jesuits
council of nicea
jesus and god are equal
Council of Chalcedon
jesus is all god and all man
Aelia Capitolina
jewish rebellion led to the destruction of jewish city and rebuilt by casear Hadrian and called it aelia capitolina, which was a colony for roman veterans
Who went to the disinherited Charles VII (mother claimed he was illegitimate) and rallied the French with a victory at Orleans
joan
France was at a low ebb when who came on the scene
joan of arc
Who was captured by the Burgundians and martyred at Rouen - incentive for French to fight
joan of arc
who was born in Noyon, France, trained as lawyer and priest - more intellectual than Luther.
john calvin
who challenged scholastacism (two)
john duns scotus, william of ockham
what were the two sets of law for rome, before combining
jus civile (city) vs jus gentium (countryside/provinces)
who was a satirist of social abuses, similarities to current day new york
juvenal
work on term 99 using video slide 143
k
who supplanted the hittites
kassites
Henry the Navigator, Philippa of Lancaster
key figures in the history of portuguese maritime imperialism
muhammad was an orphan who married what widow
khadija
Henry V
king of England during the Hundred Years' War who forced Charles VI to sign away his kingdom and took his daughter, Katherine, in marriage
Charles VII
king of France who created first permanent royal army through taxes
louis VII
king of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180)
Charles V
king of france who led to recovery of 100 years war
how was the greek civilization secularized
kings and nobles rather than priests rule
Medieval society consisted of three major groups
knights, peasants, clergy
what were spies called in sparta
krypteia
minoans had a colony near crete called what
kythera
Who came to dominate Central Europe via intermarriage between the families of Spanish monarchs and Holy Roman Emperors
The Hapsburgs
Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine,
fathers/saints of the church, Jerome translated the bible from Hebrew and Greek into latin. Ambrose helped define relationship between sacred authority of church and secular authority of world rulers. Augustine wrote confessions and tried to answer the question of why man is sinful.
Queen Hatshepsut
female, trade, ostracized
where did greek religion, poetru, and drama link
festival of dionysus
drakon
first Athenian law code. These laws were deliberately harsh and so this Athenian's name gives us the modern word "draconian." written in blood
Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim
first female playwright
Alfred the great
first great king of England, defended from vikings,
frederick I
first king of Prussia
Ur nammu had what
first law code
battle of badr
first major battle between Meccans and Medinans seen as a miraculous victory by the Muslim forces
Crecy
first major battle of the Hundred Years' War
Struggle of the orders
first stage where the plebs (people-98%) challenged the government
sycophants (brown nose)
flatterers
ciompi
florence italy revolt
Manicheans
followers of the Persian propher mani
antioch
The city attacked after Edessa and was considered almost the equal to Jerusalem.
What installed Martin V, who outlived his rivals
The council of constance
What constituted the most important event of the High Middle Ages - part of a larger movement against Islam
The crusades
What ended in 1291 when the Muslims seized Acre (Akko, Israel), the last Christian stronghold.
The crusades
merovingians
The family line that had a Frankish ruling dynasty from 450 to 751. They ruled over the Frankish Empire much of which is now present day Germany. They were founded by Merovech and brought to prominence by Clovis.
Dauphin
formerly, the eldest son of the King of France and direct heir to the throne
What was a response to the Babylonian Captivity.
The great schism
What intermittently pitted France against England
The hundred years war
hippocrates
founded ethics for physicians
dominica of osma
founded the dominican order, (also called order of preachers)
zeno of citium
founder of Stoicism
menno simons
founder of the Mennonites
Amerigo Vespucci
The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him
who usurped the visigoths besides the muslims
franks
who was gaul overtaken by
franks, burgundians, and alemanni
who did Theodoric align the ostrogoths with
franks, vandals, and visigoths
capitularies
from a Latin word denoting a document divided into chapters, Royal laws issued by Charlemagne and Carolingians
First dictator of Rome
gaius marius
who was the physician to marcus aurelius and what did he write
galen wrote the medical encyclopedia
suleiman the magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
reformed church
The name given to the church founded by Calvin
Babylonian Captivity
The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.
What was a response to the conquest of Edessa by Zengi - rivalry of Louis VII and HRE Conrad III
The second crusade
what is simony
The selling of church offices
What was a response to the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin - comedy of errors involving three European monarchs
The third crusade
antigonus
general who established rule and his own kingdom, influenced by stoicism
Calvin created a theocracy (consistory) at where, and there were no stained glass windows or bishops
geneva Switzerland
Erastosthenes
geographer who calculated the circumference of the earth, and created latitude and longitude, big name guy for historians
what advantage did rome start with
geographical advantage, near multiple ports etc
who was successor to the western roman emperor
Theodoric
who was the king of the ostrogoths
Theodoric
Theodoric
Theodoric the ostrogoth, strong barbarian ruler who emperor zeno made run the huns from italy
elevated women near our time
Theresa of Avila, Ursulines, Sisters of Charity
combined forces of Spartans and Athenians held off Persians at _______________ and defeated them at ___________
Thermopylae, Salamis
uthman
Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
ogedei
Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death
Who were a part of the Modern Devotion Movement
gerard groote and thomas a kempis
who had simpler governments than rome, and used roman titles (consul, prefecture, counts)
german kingdom
Who attacked Florentine corruption
girolama savonarola
clare of assisi
This friend of Francis founded a Franciscan-style (order of poor ladies) dedicated to serving the poor and the sick.
edessa
This land was won after the first crusade and four feudal states were carved from it.
what did virgil do
glorified augustus with his book aeneid, and idolized farmers
aphrodite
goddess of love
socialism
government controls economy
where did alexander the great defeat the persians at
granicus river, issus (defeated darius III), and gaugemela
charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
john knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
who created Decretum (canon law) around 1140
gratian of bologna
what does magna gracia mean
greater greece
herophilus
greatest anatomist, detailed description of the brain, proving it was engine of human intellect
author of summa theologica
Thomas Aquinas
hellenistic
greekification
Henry attempted to exert power over church courts, which led to conflict with Archbishop _________ ________
Thomas Becket
What were employed and caused better diets with oats, legumes, meat and milk-warmer temperatures
Three field system and fertilizers
Charles the Bald, Louis the German, Lothair
Three grandsons of Charlemagne who signed the Treaty of Verdun in 843,thus dividing the Empire into 3 kingdoms.
calvin wrote the beginnings of the Institutes of the Christian Religion - worked with who on it
guillaume farel
what requirement made you in the roman army
had to be a citizen who owned land
who was emperor after trajan
hadrian
who went to the Venetian school
Titian
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
hannibal barca almost conqueres rome at battle of cannae
What did the Council of Trent do?
Traditional Catholic doctrines were reiterated. - Church equal to Bible - Faith and works for salvation. Emphasis on charity, Protestant beliefs were anathematized (condemned). Priests were to have more schooling - seminary in each diocese. Church was to be more open with more lay participation, Bishop was to stay in his diocese - no multiple offices
What gave England SW France and Calais
Treaty of Bretigny
What caused the New World to be divided by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of tordeseilles
who did the sumerians come from
Ubaids and Uruk
What are finnish and hungarian derived from
Ugartic
What is abrahams hometown
Ur
Who hoped to reunite the recently divided church and reduce feudal warfare.
Urban II
Who organized the First Crusade - enhanced his credibility
Urban II
During the great schism, Italians selected their own pope, ____________, and French had ________
Urban VI, Clement VII
during the great schism, Italians selected their own pope, named what, and French had who
Urban VI, Clement VII
Thomas More
Utopia is a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.
marco polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
what is a puppet assembly
has no power, the eupatrids pulled the strings of the archons in athens
aristarchus of samos believed what
he believed that the sun was at the center of the universe (heliocentric world view, 800 years before)
eratosthenes
he calculated the diameter of the earth very accurately
Phidippides
he run from marathon to athens to deliver the message that the greece won against persians
Masaccio
he used one point perspective light effects with trinity, his successor is Sandro Botticelli who is known for classical mythology painting
theocritus went under what name
he was a hellenistic poet that wrote idylls (short poems)
who was horace and what did he write
he was the son of a slave and criticized wealth in his book odes
Erasistratus
heart is a pump and not an organ of emotion, father of physiology
Cnut the great
Viking king of Denmark, tried to reconcile English and Danes.
Who sacked Rome in 410?
Visigoth alaric
peter waldo
Waldensians were laypeople who wished to imitate the life of Christ to the fullest.
philosophers in asia minor
hecataeus and xenophanes
Who added credibility to the odessey
heinrich schliemann
What was coined by Walter Scott - English Civil War
War of Roses
aristarchus of samos
hellenistic astronomer said earth revolved around sun first
results of rome expansion
Wars destroyed much farmland Foreign grain imports hurt Italian farmers. latifundias equites ranks of romes poor increased
Luther hid out at ____ ____ - never prosecuted by Charles V.
Wartburg castle
_______ ______ revolt in England - tied in with John Wycliffe's Lollards - "kill all the lawyers."
Wat Tyler's
What tied in with John Wycliffe's Lollards - "kill all the lawyers
Wat Tyler's revolt in England
minoan society reflected what
Wealth, equality, plumbing, textiles, pottery, jewelry, frescoes, human sacrifice, navy, minotaur, bureaucrats
what from 1309 to 1377- demonstrated weakness of the papacy.
babylonian captivity
Luther's two sacraments
baptism, communion
reasons rome fell (there are 8-basically)
barbarians, apathy of aristocracy, regimentation and excessive taxation, poor quality soldiers, inflation, decline in population, low self production, inefficient technology and agriculture, decentralization of power
what family dominates carthage
barca
Bartolomeu Dias, João II
bart named african point cape of storms but joao named it cape of good hope and then planned an expedition to india
After embracing Protestantism, Calvin fled to where
basel switzerland
peloponnesian league
basically spartans and their allies
name of battle did hannibal barca almost conquer rome at
battle of cannae (215 BC)
where did otto the great defeat the magyars
battle of lechfeld
Kosovo
battle that the ottomons won against serbians
Actium
battle where octavian defeated egypt and octavian and cleopatra killed theirselves
name of war where peasants rebelled and were condemned by Luther
bauernkrieg
apollonius wrote what
hellenistic poet-wrote argonautica (jason and the golden fleece)
mendicant
beggar
Frederick II
"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.
gregory I
"Gregory the Great" first bishop of rome helped with purgatory and pastoral care Gregorian chant
Ivan III
"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. helped expand Muscovy
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the ""Manifesto of the Renaissance."""
hagia sophia
"holy wisdom" Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.
louis VIII
(1187-1226, r. 1223-1226) House of Capet. Though he reigned for only three years, Louis' contributions to the rise of French power were enormous. He annexed Languedoc and captured Poitou from England. Perhaps more importantly, he established the systems of appanages (land grants) which replaced the older, local nobles with barons who owed their fiefs to the crown. This allowed for the subsequent rise in French royal (and national) power.
Bishop Ussher
believes earth was created in 4004 BC
kublai khan
(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.
Roman Republic type of conqueror
benevolent
ibn battuta
(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
Donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
which of the following was not created under rome: vienna, berlin, london, paris, lyon, cologne
berlin
lugals
big men
what originated in Mongolia as Yersina pestis.
black death
Wars of the Roses
(1455-1485) civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."
Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.
Raphael
(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.
william of rubruck
(ca. 1215-ca. 1295) Franciscan monk from France who visited the court of the Mongol khan Möngke in 1253-1254 and sent back one of the most detailed surviving sources about the Mongols.
what did muhammads attack on merchants lead to
(forced to flee) completed hijrah to yathrib (medina)
who all attacked rome in the beginning of its decline
(germanic tribes) franks, alemans, goths
Universities and cathedral schools were where (four places)
bologna, paris, Salerno, montpellier
what are the marches
borders of the empire
Paul of Tarsus
helped spread the understandings of jesus' divinity to Greek speaking non-Jewish communities
Julius Caesar(rich), Pompey(new guy), Crassus
both wanted to become powerful so united in army with crassus who defeated Spartacus but then became rivalry they were a triumvirate
Where did Pedro Cabral explore?
brazil
what is the names for administrators that ruled the kingdoms of ireland, cornwall, wales, and brittany
bretwalda (broad forest)
where did constantine serve before becoming emporer
britain and gaul
where were anglo-saxon kingdoms
britain and scandinavia
charlemagnes contradictions
brutal but cultivated reader but not a writer religious but immoral believed in the divine right of kings
yersinia pestis
bubonic plague
How did the Northern Renaissance differ from the Italian Renaissance? 7 A LOT
1. Agriculture vs. trade-based economy - less prosperity. 2. Kings, queens, and nobles rather than merchants supported the arts 3. Northern humanists were more religious than Italian humanists - "mining the classics 4. Northern humanists tried to find original texts of the Bible. Francisco Jiminez de Cisneros produced the Polyglot Bible 5. Northern humanists studied at Italian universities, especially Padua 6. . In the North, ideas were disseminated by the printing press 7. Bankers in the North helped promote culture - Fuggers, Welsers.
Leonardo Bruni
1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? 6
1. Had independent city states that encouraged individualism 2. The city-states developed the art of diplomacy. - Peace of Lodi 3. Mercenary groups without titles dominated city-states 4. Italian city -states had grown wealthy through trade and banking 5. Wealthy parvenu merchants came to control cities and patronized culture (Cosimo and Lorenzo Medici (physicians) upgraded Florence, Visconti and Sforza dominated Milan, Venice was a republic controlled by a doge (duke) and council) 6.Italy was proud of its Roman heritage.
vespasian facts
built colosseum, destroyed jerusalem temple
martin luthers teachings included (eight)
1. Salvation by faith with good works following. 2. Sole infallibility of the Bible- Luther created German Bible and expected people to read catechism. 3. Priesthood of the believer - clergy were "pastors," not "priests." 4. Simplified church service. 5. Married priesthood 6. Two rather than seven sacraments 7. Prayers to saints and veneration of relics abandoned. 8. Luther advocated the removal of monasteries and church hierarchy.
homo erectus
1.5 million BC
effects of crusades (six total)
1.trade with middle east increased 2.rise of italian city states and families 3.Coined money, classical learning, Arabic phrases and interest reappeared in western Europe 4. decline of noble families 5.new weapons 6.anti semitism
during medieval, Monotonous life broken up by approximately how many Sundays/ holidays per year.
100
how many days per year were roman public holidays
100
what marks the border year between the dark ages and the middle ages
1000 ad
when was division in roman and orthodox (byzantine) churches
1054 AD
when did islamic civilization peak
10th century
when was the greek dark age
1100-800 BC
how many gods did greeks have
12
how many men in a maniple
120
fourth lateran council
1215, defined dogmas (like truth necessary for salvation) and said pope was ultimate power
ice age adaptability time period
13,000 BC
When was the Flemish peasants' revolt
1323
when was pergamum conquered
133 BC
The Black Death [Bubonic (buboes) Plague] affected Europe from when
1348-1351
when was the slave revolt in sicily
135 BC
Ciompi
1378 in Italy - revolt of poor - part of same phenomena as Jacqueries. Came about because of post-Black Death anarchy, collapse of several banking families which led to economic shambles, and feuding between new and old rich. Suppressed as were other revolts but reality was - feudalism on decline due to great economic upheaval caused by plague.
Knossos destroyed around what time
1400 BC
When was the first Gutenberg Bible
1455
When does HRE Charles V sacked Rome
1527
peace of augsburg: cuius regio, eius religio
1555
Monarchy institution time period
1600-1800 AD
Parliament institution time perioid
1800-present
when did hannibal commit suicide
183 BC
high point of minoan civilization
1900-1500 BC`
Who took printing to England
William Caxton
Edward could not conquer Scotland - resistance led by who
William Wallace (braveheart)
Who appointed nobles as sheriffs and other public officials
William of normandy
what sport did the minoans have
bull leaping
how many kings did sparta have
2 Kings
homo habilis
2.5 million years ago
how many amphitheaters were in tunisia
20
what type of army did assyrians have
200,000 man army with calvary
how many emperors did rome have between 234 and 284
26 (military dominates)
marathon
26 miles from athens
"barracks emperors"
26, military commanders who, during the third century crisis struggled with each other since the roman empire was so far expanded, almost ending the empire
when was the transition date for roman republic to roman empire
27 BC
date that the assembly of tribes becomes the legislative body of rome
287 BC
what percent of italy was enslaved
30-40%
how many people were in the roman senate
300
when was the last substantive persecution of christians
303-305
edict of milan
313 CE Constantine makes religious toleration for all of the Roman Empire
how many men in a legion
3600
on what date does emperor valens admit the visigoths
376
when did rome let germans into the empire
376
church institution time period
400-1600 AD
when was the truce of the peloponesian war?
421 bc
when and who was julius caesar assassinated by
44 BC gaius cassius and marcus brutus
date that the twelve tables of roman law was made
451 BC
date of the plebeian and patrician intermarriage
455 BC
When was the Delian League formed?
477 bc and they sent tribute to athens, alliance of greek city states
what promoted primary schools for monasteries
4th lateran council
how many people could sit in a colosseum
50,000
when was the early middle ages
500-1000 AD
when were etruscans run out of rome
509 BC
when did judah fall
587 BC
when was the age of pericles
5th century
What did Ulrich Zwingli write?
67 conclusions
when was the flavian dynasty
69-98 AD
how many miles of roads did the roman empire have
70000
when did israel fall
722 BC
When were the first Olympic Games?
776 BCE
when was the archaic period
800-500 BC
when did muslims sack rome
846
magyar from east asia attacked around
890
Tamerlane
A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland.
heloise
A French nun, writer, scholar, and abbess (at the Oratory of the Paraclete), best known for her love affair and correspondence with Peter Abélard.
The Prince
Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"
maimonides (second moses)
A Jewish scholar in Cordoba, Spain, who organized a collection of Jewish oral law.
Avicenna
A Muslim physician and philosopher whose translations of, and commentaries on, the works of Aristotle strongly influenced subsequent Western philosophers.
peter lombard
Wrote Book of Sentences, student of abelards
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
wittenberg
A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.
Concordat of worms
A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power could be vetoed by the king
who supplanted the ostrogoths
byzantines and lombards
Black death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Quadrants, astrolabes, routiers
helpful things for navigation, routiers were important books on sailing instructions
who defeated the French at Agincourt. French King Charles VI was insane .
henry V
who received northern France plus Charles VI's daughter Catherine.
henry V
what two people died, leaving infant Henry VI as king of both England and France
henry V, Charles VI
henry tudor changed his name and married who after the war of the roses
henry VII, Elizabeth of York
cluny
A monastery that was independent of any control by a local lord or secular ruler
Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher, lost their heads to who
henry VIII
who initially attacked Martin Luther
henry VIII
scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile various forms of knowledge through logical debate, called dialectic
hajj
A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
who seized the monasteries and sold off their lands during the English reformation
henry VIII
Medici
A powerful Italian family of bankers and merchants whose members effectively ruled Florence for much of the 15th century and from 1569 were grand dukes of Tuscany.
during the war of the roses, who had connections with the Lancaster family and defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field in 1485.
henry tudor
historians of athens
herodotus (persian wars) and thucydides (peloponessian wars)
extreme unction
A term that means "last anointing." It once referred to the time that the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick is received just before death. It is accompanied by a final reception of Holy Communion called Viaticum.
when did the clergy have the most power/ when was the church at its peak
high middle ages
acropolis meaning
high point
Pontifex maximus
high priest, position octavian/augustus also held
Leonardo da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
who wrote the Catalan World Atlas - Catalonia conquered Majorca, Minorca, Sicily, Sardinia
Abraham cresques
Patriarchs of the Hebrews
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Joshua, David, Twelve Tribes
what led to victories by French king Charles V ("the Wise") and the loss of English territories during the hundred years war
Abuses by English Edward the Black Prince and boy king of England, Richard II,
Calvin founded the what - learning is a hallmark of Calvinism
Academy at Geneva
Where did Octavian defeat Antony's fleet
Actium
who sailed to Calicut , Ormuz, Malabar, Goa, Malacca
Afonso du albuquerque
First empire
Akkadian Empire
notable people of science in high middle ages (three)
Albertus Magnus, Robert Grossteste, Roger Bacon
Who did woodcuts and engravings, often of a religious nature
Albrecht duerer
Who are corrupt popes
Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X
castile
Along with Aragon, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.
aragon
Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.
Ferdinand of Aragon
Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.
Baldassare Castiglione
An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.
house of wisdom
An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.
Song of roland
An epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne, roland is charlemagnes noblest knight
Jacquerie in France
An insurrection of peasants in France beginning in 1358. Caused by the upper classes trying to fix prices and wages. Named derived from "Jacques," a French word for peasant.
Supporters of Martin Luther
Angela of Gruenbach, Elizabeth of Braunschweig, Philip Melanchthon,
alcuin
Anglo-Saxon monk of great ability; a key teacher in Charlemagne's court
After impregnating who, Henry divorced Catherine and married her
Anne Boleyn
what was the high point of charlemagnes reigh
his coronation by Pope Leo III as Emperor of the Romans
Scholastic theologians of the high middle ages (4)
Anselm, Peter Abelard (Sic et Non), Peter Lombard (Sentences) , Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica).
muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
Who poisoned Claudius?
his fourth wife agrippina
thomas becket
Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him
Donato Bramante
Architect of St. Peter's Basilica
sutton hoo
Area of excavation where Anglo Saxon artifacts were found
Henry III
his son is edward I, last Valois to be king of France, suppressed rebels
xenophon
historian and social commentator
Who had contributions in logic, politics, ethics, zoology, botany, arts, physics - son of a physician
Aristotle
who established the lyceum- a school with perapetetics (walking and teaching)
Aristotle
Rogier van der Weyden
Artist of "Deposition"
gerousia
Assembly of elders.
diet of worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Ekklesia
Athenian assembly
clement of alexandria
Attempted to establish connections between Christianity and Greek philosophy
Thomas á Kempis
Author of The Imitation of Christ
Peter abelard
Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
Holy book of Zoroastrianism
Avesta
who wrote the canon of medicine
Avicenna
The seat of the papacy moved to where, why, and what happens
Avignon, France (safe location) - Italy falls apart.
What was from 1309 to 1377- and demonstrated weakness of the papacy.
Babylonian Captivity
Who wrote the Book of the Courtier presented the ideal
Baldassare Castiglione
Anabaptist were predecessors to who. these people appeal to common people - separation of church and state.
Baptists
What put put Simon de Montfort, Henry's brother-in-law, in power from
Barons rebellion
Who named cape of good hope
Bartolomeu Dias
anselm of canterbury
Benedictine monk and archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm is known for his "debt satisfaction" theory of atonement and for his ontological argument for the existence of God.
Who encouraged transubstantiation and veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus
Bernard of clairvaux
Desiderius Erasmus
Best known Christian humanist, wrote , Colloquies (held up contemporary religious practices), Praise of Folly (ridiculed pedantry and dogmatism, ignorance and gullibility)
What affected Europe from 1348 through 1351 - originated in Mongolia as Yersina pestis.
Black Death
Who wrote Decameron - worldly book but first Italian prose work.
Boccaccio
corpus juris civilis
Body of civil law, massive collection of laws also called justinians corpus
sic et non
Book by Peter Abelard which means yes or no. Two facing pages will have Papal teaching facing scripture about the teaching to compare.
incunabula means
Books before 1500
Andrea Palladio
Born in 1508, ______________ was greatly influenced by Renaissance philosophers and artists, and was made architectural advisor to the Vatican in 1570. His great architectural works include Villa Foscari, Teatro Olimpico, and Palazzo Chiericati, all in Italy.
Who asked Pope Urban II for assistance against the Turks- ______, with some Muslim allies, got more than he wanted
Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus
Alexius comnenus
Byzantine emperor who appealed to the pope urban II for Christian knights to fight against the Turks for first crusade
carbon
C 6, and 4 valence electrons
urban II
Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Portuguese conquest of where
Canaries, Madeiras, Azores by 1430 - previous Genoese presence
Where did Henry IV repent to the pope at
Canossa
Who ruled with a witan (council)
Canute (cnut)
Who conquered other lands to obtain all but Aquitaine and Gascony by 1328 - promoted University of Paris
Capetians (hugh capet dynasty)
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.
What type of ships went against wind - smaller crews - Nina of Columbus
Caravel ships
rival of rome
Carthage
phonecian settlements
Carthage, Cadiz, Cornwall, Brittany, Brazil
Hannibal Barca
Carthaginian General who invaded northern Italy by bringing elephants over the Alps, used decoys
Henry received northern France plus Charles VI's daughter named what
Catherine
Woman who governed france
Catherine de Medici of France
Henry in 1527 sought an annulment from his wife named what
Catherine of Aragon
Pachomius
Cenobitic Monasticism
What was the prince based on
Cesare Borgia and Medici
1415 - Portuguese conquer what
Ceunta, morocco
Who was Pepin's son?
Charlemagne
who created the Palace Academy
Charlemagne
louis the pious
Charlemagne's only surviving son, helped with inlfuencing culture and bringing in europeans for scholarship and classical learning, one of which was alcuin
who said there was a renaissance of the 12th century
Charles Homer Haskins
tours
Charles Martel defeated an Islamic force in 732 at the battle of poiteirs and what?
Who claimed Naples - precipitated war with Spain.
Charles VIII of france
persian religion
Zoroastrianism
zara
Christian city sacked in 1202 during the Fourth Crusade in order to fund the Fourth Crusade
Who wrote the Book of the City of Ladies (1405) - the work illustrated the freedom women had in Italy.
Christine di pisan
hoplites
Citizen-soldiers of Greek city-states
Otto of saxony
Claimed rule as emperor over western Rome; attacks Italy. carried the lance of charlegmane
Who was the last ruler of Egypt before it came under complete Roman domination
Cleopatra VII
Where did Constantine move the capital to?
Constantinople
What tried to install a new pope, Alexander V, but this simply resulted in three popes.
Council of Pisa
homo sapiens types
Cro-Magnon (france) Neanderthal (Germany) "true humans"
Who went East for both religious (salvation) and material purposes (debt/crime/tax forgiveness, riches
Crusafers
Who ended the Babylonian Captivity?
Cyrus
What peice of donatellos reflected classical statuary - diminutive
David
important hebrew women
Deborah, Judith, Esther, Ruth
Who was a Univ. of Paris grad- Praise of Folly, Colloquies -satirized Catholic Church - pacifist . Compiled Greek New Testament
Desiderius Erasmus
Barbarossa
Died on route to 3rd crusade, red beard (frederick)
Diocletian, Galerius, Constantius
Diocletian was emporer of east and maximian was west, and other two were his junior emporers, causing a tetrarchy (rule of four),
Ninety-Five Theses
Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church
thomas aquinas
Dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief
Who conquered mycenaens after the fall of troy
Dorians and sea peoples
Who bankrupted Jewish moneylenders and then expelled them
Edward I
Who conquered Wales - with his as Prince of Wales
Edward I
Who established the Model Parliament - guaranteed limited monarchy with nobles and rich commoners
Edward I
who was Henry III son, quick tempered - fathered 19 children
Edward I
Who began the Hundred Years War by claiming descent from French monarchs
Edward III of england
What happened after Ramses II
Egypt went on the skids
Henry married ________ __ ______. French dominions but turned her sons against him.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Woman who governed england
Elizabeth I of England
heraclius
Emperor who defeated the Persians and the Slavs and created the option of "themes" for soldiers
Abuses by who led to victories by French king Charles V ("the Wise") and the loss of English territories
English Edward the Black Prince and boy king of England, Richard II
Who renewed the struggle in 1413- allied with HRE and Burgundians
English king henry V
richard the lionheart
English leader who helped lead the (unsuccessful) Third Crusade against Saladin and the Muslims
william of ockham
English philosopher and theologian, opposed much of Aquinas and rejected the Pope's power in the secular realm, nominalist, wrote "Summa Logicae"
Geoffrey Chaucer
English poet who brought a new level of sophistication to English vernacular literature Canterbury Tales ~ collection of stories told by 29 pilgrims as they travel from Southwark to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury
tragedian who wrote THE TROJAN WOMEN
Euripides
Jan Hus, Hussites
Executed for carrying on Wycliffe's message, his followers revolted against the church
what is the appian way
Famous Roman Road
philip of macedon
Father of Alexander the Great
giotto
Father of Renaissance painting, inspired the italian renaissance
Who "unite" Spain - rulers wanted a "place in the sun."
Ferdinand and isabella
Philip augustus aquired all of these provinces except: Vermandois, Artois, Normandy, Maine, Fermantua, Touraine, Anjou
Fermantua
Who wrote the General History of the Indies
Fernandez de Oviedo
Who designed colonnaded buildings and domes
Filippo Brunellischi
What was the only successful crusade?
First Crusade
Giovanni Boccaccio
Florentine author best known for his Decameron, a collection of prose tales about sex, adventure, and trickery written in the Italian vernacular after the Black Death.
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe helped translate the bible into english
What is proskynesis?
Forcing those who address you to kneel and kiss your hand (alexander the great had this)
Francois Rabelais
Former monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor.
Marsilio Ficino
Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.
Osman Gazi
Founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Hugh Capet
Founder of the dynasty that ruled France from 987-1328
hugh capet
Founder of the dynasty that ruled France, called king of the franks
What was Pope Innocent III's attack on Constantinople
Fourth crusade
What differed from England and took longer to unify - many small states
France
What would be an arbiter in language, architecture (Gothic), and manners
France
Who wrote the History of Italy
Francesco Giucciardini
famous missionaries closer to our time
Francis Xavier (Japan), Robert di Nobili (India), Matteo Ricci (China)
Who was s monk, physician - and wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Francois Rabelais
charlemagne
Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 elephant gift given to him by harun al rashid
Who made up HRE term - he and son Henry VI (r. 1191-1197) controlled much of Italy.
Frederick Barbarossa
Who lost influence in German states and much of Italy - civil wars in empire.
Frederick II
Luther was excommunicated and had to go to trials at Worms- well-connected to who
Frederick of Saxony
jean calvin
French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America
huguenots
French Protestants
Lascoux
French caves filled with ancient paintings
What was Caligula's real name?
Gaius Caesar
belisarius
General of Justinian who led the Byzantine forces to defeat the Vandals and the Ostrogoths
temujin
Genghis Khan's real name
Albrecht Dürer
German artist who spread Renaissance ideas in northern Europe
max weber
German sociologist bureaucracy was the most efficient and rational model private businesses and public offices could operate in
Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
hephaestus
God of metalworking
poseidon
God of the sea
apollo
God of the sun
hades
God of the underworld
ares
God of war
dionysus
God of wine
hestia
Goddess of the hearth
artemis
Goddess of the hunt (woods)
athena
Goddess of wisdom
During the first crusade, who conquered Jerusalem in 1099 - very bloody.
Godfrey of boullion
Vitruvius
Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture
Polybius
Greek historian who said the republic was the ideal system for rome
aristotle
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic
Archilochus, Sappho
Greek poets, Sappho was a woman and more famous
septuagint
Greek translation of the Bible
What encouraged individuals in the same trade to congregate (14th century - great expansion of them)
Guilds
Who studied Roman law
Guillaume Bude
Who painted leaders of Europe - Erasmus, Henry VIII, Thomas More, Martin Luther
Hans Holbein
What did Theodosius I do?
He made Christianity Rome's official religion in A.D. 392
albert of hohenzollern
He secularized the Teutonic Knights and will later become the first of the imperial Prussian line.
what did diocletian do
He split the Roman empire into east and west he made nicomedia the real capital of the empire tetrarchy
thucydides
historian who ascribed it to the growing power of athens and the anxiety this inspired in other poleis. no modern historian has improved on thucydides thesis
Plotinus
Hellenistic philosopher from Egypt who founded Neoplatonism, which drew on mystical aspects of platos thought
significant nuns (5)
Heloise, Hroswitha, Hildegard of Bingen, Poor Clares, the Beguines
Who Established the exchequer (royal treasury)
Henry I
who began paying royal officials in middle age England
Henry I
name of william the conquerors third son who dealt with finances
Henry I (has 26 kids)
Who Extracted money rather than military service from his vassals, and what are vassals
Henry I, underlings
Who was the son of Matilda, continued to strengthen royal power.
Henry II
who can the jury be attributed to
Henry II (English common law)
Johns son _______ who vacillated between benevolence and tyranny
Henry III
who expanded jury trials
Henry III
Who was the investiture controversy under
Henry IV
Who defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field in 1485.
Henry Tudor
Henry Tudor, now named what, married Elizabeth of York in 1486
Henry VII
in england, who consolidated royal power but were still checked by Parliament
Henry VII and Henry VIII
Who produced an analysis of common law.
Henry de Bracton
who funded expeditions to africa, but never went
Henry the navigator
describe livy
historian who was very subjective and mythical polemicist
who was polybius
Historian
Determinist Perspective
history is predetermined
who supplanted old babylon
hittites from turkey
equus meaning
horse
equestrians
horsemen or knights
the war of the roses started because __________ exploited the weakness of Henry VI (House of Lancaster).
house of york
kaaba
housed the Black stone Most sacred temple of Islam, located in Mecca, said to have been built by Abraham and rededicated to God by Muhammad
What consisted of disunited German states - frequent quarrels between Pope and Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
mecca
Holy city of Islam; birthplace of Muhammad. the hajj
antrhomorphic
human like
Lorenzo Valla
humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery
Who knew a little about everything
humanists (Renaissance man concept)
Who exploited the weakness of Henry VI (House of Lancaster
House of York
What believed man's possibilities were limitless - more concerned with this world than the next one.
Humanism
evolutionary (positivist) perspective
humanity is improving
who briefly decimated the middle kingdom
Hyksos of Palestine and Syria briefly decimated Middle Kingdom
Who founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits?
Ignatius loyola
Who wrote Spiritual Exercises?
Ignatius of Loyola
Homer wrote
Iliad and Odyssey
problem of subjectivity
humans have biases
oldest state of Europe and first parliamentary democracy
iceland
leopold von ranke
ideal, not reality (scientific history)
Sidonius
illustrated how romans and barbarians were different
iconodules
image servants, promoted religious imagery
iconoclasts
image-breakers or one who opposes the creation of pictures of holy persons, believing they promote idolatry
Hanseatic League
In northern Germany, a group of entrepreneurial cities formed a coalition to build an entirely new mercantile corporation who controlled commerce from britain and scandinavia to the baltic
To where did Vasco da Gama sail?
India
who was philip II married to, and who did he want to marry instead, causing them to be put under an interdict (mass production excommunication)
Ingeborg, Agnes
william of normandy
Invaded England in 1066, defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings, and established himself as sole ruler of England
Johannes Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press
Predecessors to greeks
Ionians, dorians, minoans, mycenaeans
Woman who governed spain
Isabella of Spain
Who set cultural pace for Mantua.
Isabellle Deste
Leonardo Fibonacci
Italian mathematician who adopted the system of Indo-Arabic numerals, the number 0, and made an important contribution to number theory: the Fibonacci sequence
francis of assisi
Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
dante alighieri
Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy
Who employed slow- drying oil paints
Jan Van Eyck
Who gave great attention to detail and symbolism.
Jan van eyck
Who was captured by the Burgundians and martyred at Rouen - incentive for French to fight
Joan of Arc
Who went to the disinherited Charles VII (mother claimed he was illegitimate) and rallied the French with a victory at Where
Joan of Arc, Orleans
October 31, 1517 - Reformation Day - Luther allegedly posted the 95 Theses (in Latin) attacking indulgences sold by who
Johann Tetzel
Who was from Mainz, Germany, and developed a metal alloy that could be used to make long-lasting type
Johannes Gutenberg
Who translated Hebrew Cabala. Opposed by Johannes Pfefferkorn
Johannes reuchlin
Who was a Czech who promoted Bohemian independence. - biblicist - Hussites
John Hus
Who went to Oxford University - attacked transubstantiation
John Wycliffe
who were the first triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
Who does Martin Luther marry?
Katherine von Bora
Who was a Dane who made England the center of his empire.
King Canute (cnut)
Who defeated the French at Agincourt. French King Charles VI was insane
King Henry V
which emporer was the most nuts
caligula
Dutch Reformed - New Netherland practiced what sect of christianity
calvinism
Henrys son who was one England's worst kings.
King John
Who fought burdensome unsuccessful wars- lost French possessions except Aquitaine to Philip II
King John
Who refused to approve a papal recommendation (Stephen Langton) and England was placed under interdict by Innocent III
King John
Who was forced by the barons (angered by loss of their French lands) to sign the Magna Carta
King John
French Wars of Religion pitted Protestants against Catholics, leading french huguenots to practice what
calvinism
Poland and Hungary had a christian sect called what
calvinism
Puritans in England and America practiced what sect of christianity
calvinism
Justinian
came from dardania (now serbia) wanted to reunite the roman empire his general was belisarius justianic plague codiefied roman law
middle kingdom accomplishments
canals, shipbuilding, Nile Delta drained
what emperor declared all free inhabitants citizens
caracella
king john
King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.
edward I
King of England whose reign included the emergence of the English Parliament, castle builder, hammer of the scots
Philip IV
King of France; argued with Pope Boniface VIII, moved papal court from rome to avignon , punished papacy for abusing powers
who led the skeptics
carneades of cyrene
zues
King of the gods
Capital of the Minoan civilization
Knossos
King John's nickname
Lackland, softsword
St. Peter's Basilica
Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.
hannibal
cathaginian commander who almost defeated the romans at their own game in their own soil
boudica
celtic warrior queen
who were pushed into ireland, cornwall, wales, and brittany (france)
celts
canterbury is what
center of church of england
Forum
central marketplace or open space, lots of people here
Agora
central marketplace where polis was organized
who usurped assyrians
chaldeans, medes, persians
Henry II greatest contribution
Law
boniface
Leader of English Benedictines, put charles into contact with the papacy
notable people of literature in high middle ages
chansons de geste, troubadours, dante alighieri
taking usury means
charging interest
Who assessed tithes and organized parishes
charlemagne
Who implemented universal laws and military conscription
charlemagne
what ruler was full of contradictions (and enigma)
charlemagne
what ruler was obsessed with bureaucracy
charlemagne
who appointed counts (derives counties)
charlemagne
who elevated churchmen to high positions
charlemagne
who held a general assembly twice a year
charlemagne
who initiated an ambassador corps (250 ambassadors)
charlemagne
who sent out missi dominici
charlemagne
who was the most capable ruler of the early middle ages
charlemagne
Who translated New Testament into French
Lefevre detaples
Who Painted Last Supper and La Gioconda
Leonardo da vinci
Who was a Renaissance man - somewhat unfocused - served in Florence, Milan and Paris
Leonardo da vinci
Who was a great of the 16th century and an Athlete - vegetarian, botanist,
Leonardo da vinci
Who was an Inventor - visualized airplane, helicopters, fortifications
Leonardo da vinci
Sixteenth century greats are
Leonardo da vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
Heavy Romanesque architecture was replaced by what
Lighter gothic
who confiscated estates of large landowners
charlemagne (and william the conqueror)
noyon
Little town in northern France, near Paris. Calvin born there. Calvin's father was secretary to bishop there and man of some means.
carolusis latin for
charles
who partook in Pragmatic Sanction, Gallic church, taille
charles VII
Who challenged The Donation of Constantine
Lorenzo valla
Which Louis was called Saint Louis?
Louis IX
Who ceded parts of Aquitaine to England
Louis IX
Who created the parlement of paris
Louis IX
Who obtained provence
Louis IX
Who expanded loyalty of barons
Louis VI
who supported the towns against the nobles
Louis VII
who took burgundy
Louis VII
who was married briefly to eleanor of aquitaine(married at 15 for a week, had a week long celebration and then when they got back she divorced him and married henry II)
Louis VII
under who was poitou (also called) added, and facts about the place (who defeated who here)
Louis VIII Poitiers - Charles Martel defeated the Moors
Who was also named ("the universal spider") - challenged Charles the Bold of Burgundy
Louis XI
bernard of clairvaux
a Cistercian monk who wrote and preached extensively on the spiritual life
girolamo savonarola
a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty
Martin luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Agincourt
a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415
institutes
a book written by John Calvin on his beliefs
albigensian crusade
a crusade begun by Innocent III against the Cathar heresy in southern France.
magna carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.
what was ptolemys almagest about
a geocentric worldview
Who conquered Florence and the Papal States
charles VII of france
pepins son ___________ was mayor of palace (he was called the hammer)
charles martel
who defeated the moors (muslim faith) at tours (poitiers) in 732
charles martel
Homer (iliad)
a legendary poet credited with having woven together the mesh of stories that we know as the Iliad and the Odyssey
Protestant
a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation
who refused to help the pope during his battles against the lombars
charles martel
who received present day France, although he warred with Lothar over Lorraine.
charles the bald
who was the great pyramid for
cheops
which crusade was a fiasco
childrens crusade
anaximander
a philosopher who believed there was a boundess source of life
Anaximines of Miletus
a philosopher who taught that air was source of life
Thales of Miletus
a philosopher who taught that water was basis of life
Hoplites
citizen soldiers
what two things did st augustine write
city of god and confessions
novgorod
city state of novgord republic, swedes invaded it during crusades
what are poleis
city states
basel
city that jean calvin fled from
Schmakaldic Wars
civil war in germany between protestants and catholics
umayyad
clan of uthmans, resisted muhammads authority
marxist perspective
class struggle
Pax Romana
a time period that mean the roman peace
During medieval times, what was created for planting and harvesting
a timetable
nikias
a truce with sparta was negotiated by an able athenian leader named nikias
charlemagne constructed a luxurious palace where
aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
who promoted aristotle and was a muslim intelectual
aaverroes
al-andalus
abbasids rebelled and caused the umayyads to retreat here
who succeeded the umayyad dynasty
abbbasid dynasty
What did Solon do for Athens?
abolished debt slavery, introduced grapes, limited land ownership, and created council called ekklesia (400+)
who are the rashidan caliphs that succeeded muhammad
abu bakr, umar, uthman, ali (shi'a), muawiyah (sunni)
What was the root of hannakuh
Maccabean revolt against Seleucids (166 BC)
Jewish intellectual in spain
Maimonides
what was the struggle of orders based on
classes (patricians vs plebians)
_______supported grazing and forests _________ was a land gift with strings attached.
Manor, fief
Parliament made Henry head of the Church of England as part of what act
act of settlement
Whos travels to China reflected brief Mongol interest in commercial development
Marco polo
Who was the last of the good emperors?
Marcus Aurelius
who wrote meditations
Marcus Aurelius
Who advocated secular control of church.
Marsiglio of padua
to the christian nobility
Martin Luther book
katharina von bora
Martin Luther's wife
Who studied law at Erfurt University but then switched to theology.
Martin luther
Who was of Thuringian (East German) peasant/bourgeois origin.
Martin luther
Woman who governed scotland
Mary, Queen of Scots.
what does interdict mean
Mass production excommunication
Henry's daughter ________ lost the throne to her cousin ________ (r. 1135-1154).
Matilda, Stephen
Synoptic Gospels
Matthew, Mark, Luke
Linear B
clay tablet, made reference to gods and rights (damos)
under which tyrant was ostracism practiced
cleisthenes
who was the most democratic tyrant
cleisthenes
in hungary, what nobles embraced protestantism (not sure if this is correct wordage)
Mattias Biro and Stephen Kis
University of erfurt
Medieval University attended by Luther, where he earned a Masters degree in 1505.
cathars
Medieval heretics, who considered the material world evil;similar to zoroastrianism, their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence.
first event that gave plebians more power in senate
addition of the assembly of tribes (led by tribunes)
Where do the Visigoths defeat the romans
adrianople
tragedian who was author of THE PERSIANS
aeschylus
facts about claudius
afflicted in body and speech scholarly established ostia harbor britain conquered poisoned by fourth wife agrippina
nikias
after death of cleon
when did athens flourish and have veterans demanding more rights
age of pericles
who supplanted sumerians
akkadian empire
who synthesized roman and german law (lex romana visigothorum)
alaric
The wealth of the monasteries (e.g., 67 Cluniac monasteries, relics) led to the formation of such heretical groups as
albigensians, cathari, waldensians
what was the cultural center of the world
alexandria
what was the center of hellenistic civilization, and largest city of mediteranian
alexandria egypt
in england, under who had cultural expansion (anglo saxon chronicle)
alfred the great
Who united England against the Danes, although this unity was short-lived.
alfred the great (alfred of wessex)
Zealots, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes
all related to jesus and christianity
dionysus, aeschylus, sophecles, oresteia, oedipus, euripides, aristophanes
all were a part of athenian theater
Ramses II
allied with Hittites - Pharaoh of Exodus
who converted to roman christianity and employed the churchs backing against arian rivals
clovis
who were upper and lower egypt united by?
Menes (Narmer) capital was Memphis
hermes
Messenger of the gods
who emulated the byzantine emperors regalia
clovis
who establishes the capital at paris
clovis
who is responsible for the creation of Lex Salica (salic law)
clovis
what will be the group that chooses the pope
college of cardinals
new cities under rome
cologne, paris, london, lyon, vienna
Calvin burned heretic who at the stake - frequent executions
Michael Servetus
Who was a skeptic who urged religious freedom
Michel de montaigne
Who painted Sistine Chapel in service of Pope Julius II
Michelangelo
Who considered himself a sculptor - (David, Moses, and Jesus sculptures)
Michelangelo Buonarroti
linear A
Minoan writing system indecipherable
who was corrupt and assassinated in 193 Ad
commodus
Decisions of royal courts provided the basis for what
common law
Is Zoroastrianism monotheistic or polytheistic?
Monotheistic
Cleisthenes
commoners rallied behind him to overthrow a regime
Harun al-Rashid
Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.(arabian nights)
salah ad-Din
Muslim leader who retained control of the Holy Land during the third Crusade, kurdish chieftain, and sunni sultan of egypt and syria
Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
Muslim philosopher who used Greek philosophy to explain Islamic truth.
who conquered crete
Mycenaeans
where was sparta located
laconian valley
Mesopotamia
land between two rivers present day iraq
tripoli
land that united northern edessa and antioch with kingdom of jerusalem
what things did Julius caesar accomplish
lands to lower classes increased power of senate extended citizenship public works 365 julian calendar
cleopatra VII
last ptolemaic ruler
Romulus Augustulus, Odovacar
last western emperor, deposed by Odovacar who headed the huns (type of barbarians)
what is the language of law
latin
platus, terence
latin (roman) imitators of popular Greek plays
what is romes contribution
law
Munster, John of Leyden
leader of anabaptists in munster
themistocles
leader of greek fleet who persuaded people to abandon athens
xerxes
leader of persia after his father darius
spartacus
leader of romes most threatening revolt, who after they lost were crucified
Thutmose I
led egypt to greatest size syria, palestine, upper euphrates, sudan
cimon
led the delian league to victories over persia during 470s and 460s but also used league in bad way
what led to the police state of sparta
legacy of messenian helots
what was promoted by Jehan de Mandeville, Book of Marvels
legend of Prester John
What two humanist stressed political involvement - civic humanism
leonardo bruni, leon alberti
Who was a great of the 16th century and an Anatomist
leonardo da vinci
joint stock companies
limited liability, pool resources together
Symposium
literally a "drinking party," an intimate gathering at which elite men would enjoy wine, poetic competition, performances by trained dancers and acrobats
Gregory of tours
literate monk who wrote the History of the Franks and some of the other few surviving histories of the Early Middle Ages
Charles VI
lost to king henry and uninherited his son
who recieved received parts of Italy, Alsace-Lorraine, and the Netherlands (the middle section)
lothar
who received the empire east of the Rhine
louis the german
who arranged to have their empire divided among their three sons
louis the pious
who lacked his fathers charisma and forcefulness
louis the pious
where was constantine born
lower danube region
who overthrows gaius marius
lucius cornelius sulla
Lucretius, Cicero
lucretius authored a book length poem called the nature of things (epicureanism) while cicero was a statesman who based teachings on the stoic premises of virtue
caste system in order
lugals, nobles and priest, artisians, slaves
phonecian products
lumber, purple dye from murex shells, tin, 22 symbol alphabet, no afterlife, human sacrifice practiced
who developed coins
lydians
benedict of nursia
made monks do useful work
What did Augustus do for the army
made the army an appealing career, created a retirement plan
facts about nero
madman persecuted christians committed suicide
What limited the monarch's power and gave rights to barons, and then everyone
magna carta
what did Theodoric do
maintained the senate and laws with roman beurocrats
the aristocratic families after clovis made one of their own _____ _____
maior domus, mayor of the palace
Horace, Ovid
major poets, Horace was lovely short lyrics and ovid was Greek mythology told in his poem metmorphoses
What is hematite
make red dye, used in trade
richard leakey
man originated in kenya, supports evolutionary theory
what did charlemaagnes capitularies ask for
mandatory allegiance
who commited suicide at the battle of actium
marc antony and cleopatra
Commodus
marcus aurelius' son who said that he was not fit to rule effectively, killed by his wrestling coach
chief gods of babylon
marduk and ishtar
what did purple dye come from
mardux shells
who guarded/policed marches
margraves
what is an agora
marketplace
Jadwiga (female ruler of poland). Jagiello(grand duke of lithuania) (Wladyslaw II)
married to form the jagiellonian dynasty, married in the roman church and changed his name to wladyslaw II
Who translated Plato into Latin
marsilio ficino
Who was from Strasbourg, France and influenced John Calvin
martin bucer
Who wrote Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
martin luther
Who wrote On Temporal Authority - kings were not to be challenged
martin luther
Who wrote On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
martin luther
Who wrote On the Liberty of the Christian Man - politically conservative document.
martin luther
who brought england back to Catholicism - 300 Protestants, including Cranmer, were martyred, England lost Calais
mary I
the landed aristocrats of greece took what new lands
massilia, byzantium, syracuse, and tarentum
archimedes of syracus known for
mathematics, levers, pulleys, pi, water screw
euclid
mathmetician that had the basic textbook for geometry until the 20th century
strategos
means general
krak des chavaliers
means knights fortress, a massive stronghold
Convivencia
means living together or coexistence. in relation to christians jews and muslims in spain
perioikoi
means those dwelling around they were free residents of other peloponnesian cities
who gave to the church, causing the great cathedrals
merchants
who did muhammad attack and what for
merchants of mecca for their worldliness
seven kingdoms of England during seventh century
mercia, east anglia, northumbria, kent, wessex, sussex, essex
who were clovis sons a part of
merovingians
missi dominici meaning
messengers of the king (similar to spies)
Metropolitans, patriarchs
metro's- bishops of the largest cities, and those who ruled over the oldest and most prestigious Christian communities were called patriarchs
Anti-Trinitarians were started by who
michael servetus
bourgeoisie
middle class
Every freeman served in the ______ or paid a substitute
military
the poet tyrtaeus focused on what theme
military
Flavius Stilicho
military leader of western empire under theodosius
milltowns
mill owners hired preachers so that workers will submit
who led athenian victory of persians at marathon
miltiades
The frescoes are from what civilization
minoan
charles martel was ______________ minded
missionary
st martin of tours
missionary to France; founded monastery at Poitiers
st boniface
missionary to germany born in winfrid
Ufilas
missionary to goths
st patrick
missionary to ireland
st augustine the lesser
missionary to kent, england
St. Columba of iona
missionary to scots and picts
what is the bishops/popes hat called
mitre
what tongue does Martin Luther establish, and it is the dialect of the german bible
mittelhochdeutsch (middle high german)
Archaean league
model for advocating federalism in the united states by alexander hamilton
greek polis
model for city states, contribution of alexanders
what served as community centers - orders included Carthusians, Cistercians.
monasteries
what provided social mobility, but monks frequently were second sons from aristocratic families
monasticism
alexandria egypt helped with
money exchange, museum of natural history, papyrus scrolls (700,000),
Bede
monk known as the venerable ______ for his great learning; author of "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People"
Areopagus and Archons
monopolization of elected offices and control of the city's council, and archons (first men) were the men who wielded executive authority in Athens.
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) and Nefertiti
monotheism (Aton) - little impact
Positive effects of plague
more food, higher wages, more livestock in pasture land, urbanization and commercial expansion, jobs for women
What were the positive effects of black death
more food, higher wages, more livestock in pasture land, urbanization and commercial expansion, jobs for women
during middle kingdom
more mumification, less pyramids, less strict pharoahs
theocritus
most important pastoral poet
what happened under titus
mount vesuvius (pompeii)
thermopylae
mountain pass that sparta confronted xerxes at
the anabaptist had Some extremists like (two people)
muenster commune john of leiden
who was a middling camel drover-arabs as guides and traders
muhammad
who attacked travelers in the alps
muslims
who encouraged trade and manufacturing. throughout the mediterranean and along the silk road to china (papermaking from china)
muslims
who pushed up into Europe - Spain, Sicily, and Southern Italy.
muslims
who supplanted the visigoths
muslims
What civilization entered greece from the north
mycenaean
Hellespont
narrow straight between europe and asia, where contantinople was founded
plataea
nearby polis that offered athenians aid
new stone age
neolithic
when was agricultural development
neolithic
who became emperor after claudius
nero
who is the first of the five good emperors
nerva
who was emporer after domitian
nerva
acre
new capital of christian kingdom
parvenu means
new rich
Who wrote The Prince which justified amoral rulers
niccolo machiavelli
Council of NIcea
nicene creed and rejected women writer mary magdalene
did augustus establish religious freedom
no
did charlemagne go on the expeditions he funded
no
did rome have a supreme court
no
did the romans have jury trials
no
what did the skeptics believe
no absolutes
epicurus beliefs
no afterlife, moderate pursuit of pleasure, diestic
Who won the Peloponnesian War?
no winners
barons are the same as
nobles
what meant nobles had duties toward the poor and community.
noblesse oblige
people who believed that reason could not substantiate all beliefs
nominalist
same charge
nonpolar
lands that cathaginians controlled
north africa, sardinia, spain, west sicily
facts about the septimius severus dynasty
north african based women dominant
tertullian
north african priest who said seperate from secular works
where are franks from
north gual
where did the lombards start supplanting the ostrogoths from
north italy
Catherin of Siena
nun and mystic who persuaded gregory XI to return the papacy to rome
hildegard of bingen
nun who was also a poet and musician, heloises contemporary, mystic who received revelations from god
who had the longest reign of emperor for rome
octavian augustus (41 years)
Octavian and Mark Antony
octavian was cesaers nephew who wanted to take the throne, his rival was his fathers friend mark antony
who captured rome in 476
odovacar
senex
old man
patricians have
old money
greek philosophy believed what view of man
optimistic view of man
anti semetic preist
origen, john chrystostom
who moved into italy when rome fell apart
ostrogoths
who conquered the magyars
otto the great
ephors
overseers that supervised the educational system and guarded the spartan tradition
who was ovid and what did he write
ovid was a lascivious writer (amores) and wrote mythology in metamorphoses
stone age
paleolithic
facts about tiberius
paralyzed paranoid high ethical standards avoided war
Who were frequently sincere but uneducated
parish priests
King Nebuchadnezzar
part of chaldeans, rebuilt babylon, hanging gardens, obsession with astrology, babylonian captivity
Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius
part of the five good emporers
what was made during the age of pericles
parthenon, temple of athena, amphitheater
the magyars conquered what
parts of Germany, northern Italy, and Burgundy.
three classes of roman republic
patricians plebeians and slaves
in 1555 what gave rulers the right to be Protestant and choose subjects' religion-Germany remained split
peace of augsburg
Joan of Arc
peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war
Who had to take a loyalty oath under william of normandy
peasants
Who worked the lord's land (desmense) as well as their own plots-shared tools and land.
peasants
who helped farmers though land and loans, beautification, culture, and water supply
peisistratos
who is the farmers tyrant
peisistratos
Etruscans
people in Italy, who greeks called tyrrhenians, women, roman myths,
astrologers
people who study stars
liberalism
people who supported limited government in economy but has now changed
Barbarians
peoples whose speech, to Greek ears, sounded like gibberish ("bar-bar-bar")
who united the easten and western frankish kingdoms
pepin of heristal (charlegmanes great grandfather)
revolutions
periods of rapid change, bourgeois led, inconclusive
who did the farming in sparta
perioikoi (non citizens)
what is the royal road
persian 1600 mile road that connected four capitals Get post office from this because there were post along the road
who conquered asia minor
persian cyrus the great
darius
persian emporer who backed aristagoras
umar khayyam
persian poet who wrote rubaiyat and was turned popular by victorian poet edward fitzgerald
Herodotus wrote about what
persian war
who defeated lydian king croseus
persians
Renaissance sculptors looked to Greek and Roman models - emphasis on what
perspective
author of sic et non
peter abelard
author of sentences
peter lombard
waldensians were founded by who, and led to valdes NC
peter waldo
Who was a priest - wrote in Latin and Italian - sonnets
petrarch
old kingdom had what
pharoahs and ruled by ma'at
Who had Boniface kidnapped.
philip IV of France
protestant leader during schmalkaldic wars
philip of hesse
who divided greek city states and employed calvary
philip of macedon
who unified greece after chaeronea
philip of macedon
facts about marcus aurelius
philosopher king fought germans floods plagues devaluation of coinage
parmenides
philosopher that studied logic
pythagoras
philosopher who studied astronomical movements
what cultures did romans synthesize
phoenicians greeks etruscans celts
what influences greek assimilation
phoenicians, mesopotamians, egyptians
who were predecessors of christian Lebanese
phonecians
who was britain overrun by
picts, scots, anglo-saxons, and jutes
name of the port city of athens
piraeus
leuctra
place where epaminondas defeated spartans
what two things helped sparta and hurt athens
plague and persian cooperation
a manor is a
plantation
latifundia were
plantations
defeat of persians was where
plataea and mycale
Who created the Academy, a school where philosophy math and science was taught
plato
Who wrote The Republic, a book that set forth his vision of a philosopher-king concept
plato
twelve tables
plebian victory led to this law, plebians could hold office and later the senate
who wrote the 37 volume natural history
pliny the elder
virgil
poet who sayed that roman success meant they should colonize the world
unequal charge
polar
Boleslaw III
polish king who created dukedoms (divided land among his sons)
what are satrapies
political units ruled by satraps, Darius created them through the Persian empire
Dumuzi
polytheistic religion of mesopotamia
Enki
polytheistic religion of mesopotamia
Enlil
polytheistic religion of mesopotamia
Nammu
polytheistic religion of mesopotamia
Clement V
pope after boniface, nice and thanked philip publicly
who mandated cathedral teachers (1179) - seven liberal arts for religious and secular vocations
pope alexander III
What is the investiture controversy
pope and emperor fought over who would appoint bishops.
who refused to let kings tax the clergy
pope boniface VII
who refused Henry's request of annulment to his wife- Medici with political considerations
pope clement VII
attila the hun tried to take rome but was dissuaded by who
pope leo I in 452
Who inaugurated Council of Trent (Trento, Italy) (1545-1563) - he and his successors were ascetics
pope paul III
medieval christianity
pope took over authority when rome declined (1200-1300)
alexander VI, Julius II, John Paul II
popes
what was the diet during medieval times
pork grains and beer
Who could not expand into Spain
portugal
Who could settle but not really colonize - cork, fruit, gold, olive oil, slaves, wine
portugal
as early rome grew, what also increased
power of plebians increae
The cornerstone of Calvin's belief was what
predestination
zenos beliefs
predestination, equality of all men, self discipline, political activism
What does presbyter mean?
priest
Edward II
prince of wales, murdered by his own queen isabella of france
What title did Octavian take?
princeps (first citizen)
Wiiliam Caxton
printer who specialized in publishing books that glorified englands history and heritage
what did most tragedys of athens involve
problem of hubris (arrogance)
another name for provincial consuls
proconsuls
pope gregory the great
promoted Benedictine monasticism
democritus
promoted atomic theory
sophists were led by
protagoras
rome organized and conquered territories into ____________ with proconsuls
provinces
claudius ptolemaeus
published an astronomical treatise almagest that said all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth
Publius Cornelius Scipio, Hasdrubal
publius was a roman general who copied Hannibal and attacked spain on their turf, hannibals brother is Hasdrubal, ended up winning second punic war
What is retrenchment?
pulling back
what means waiting area
purgatory
what did women recieve in sparta
quasi military training, and could inheret property
facts about hadrian
ran jews out of jerusalem no new conquest hadrians wall poor in military
Niccolo Machiavelli
realpolitik- political power important
what did socrates stress
reason over emotion
reconquista
reconquest of christian lands
michael VIII Paleologus
regained control of constantinople after its immediate hinterland
leo IX
relative of Henry III who was appointed pope after three nobles were deposed. promulgrated decrees against simony and cerical marriage
What was encouraged by the founding of new universities
religious writing
what did the palace school offer
rich and poor an education
eastern frankish kingdom
ripuarian kingdom
problems of pax romana
rising taxes armies reduced more imports not smart traders no large industry cheaper coins
rubicon
river that caesor crossed to challenge pompey to a deadly civil war
what allowed christianity to spread
roads and sea transportation
Who created gunpowder
roger bacon
religious perspective
role of religion
Adrianople
roman army defeated by goths here
what does "lex romana visigothorum" mean
roman law of the visigoths
who eventually conquered alexanders land
romans
what was the political center of the world
rome
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
rome naval war that led to carthage giving up sicily
what was the social war about
rome vs italy over citizenship
what did umar khayyim write
rubaiyat
Oligarachy
rule of the few
Charles V (new age)
ruled not only Spain but also a huge patchwork of territories encompassed by the Holy Roman Empire. In 1519, he accepted Ferdinand Magellan's proposal to see whether a route to Asia could be found by sailing around South America.
ptolemies
ruled until egypt became a roman province
Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Domitian
rulers after augustus who were reviled
cassiodorus
said monastery as an intellectual center
Edict of Milan
said that you cant persecute Christians, religious tolerance
master eckhart
said there is a spark (that is god) in all of us that can be lit, condemned because it meant you didnt need a priest
Western Frankish Kingdom
salic kingdom
first emporer
sargon the akkadian
what type of poet was callimachus
satirical
juvenal
satirist who wrote about moral degeneracy he saw in contemporaries
name of war where Lutheran princes resisted HRE Charles V
schmalkaldic wars
the belief that faith can be substantiated through reason
scholastacism
who was hannibal barca defeated by
scipio africanus
who ran off Catholic Mary Queen of Scots and practiced calvinism
scottish presbyterians under john knox
phoencians
seafarers from canaan
Charles martel
second founder of frankish kingdom "The Hammer" the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.
7 th century- philosophers means
seekers of wisdom
what cities had aqueducts
segovia, spain nimes, france
what did rome conquer in the first century
seleucid (asia minor) and ptolemaic (egypt) kingdoms
what did sophists do
sell their knowledge, some were hedonists
Tacitus
senatorial aristocratic historian who described events and people to pass judgement on them
SPQR
senatus populusque romanum, any decree made by the senate and people of rome
who was after commodus
septimius severus dynasty
Caesarius of Arles
set down rules for nuns - some coed monasteries
Treaty of Tordesillas
set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Septimius Severus, Julia Domna
severus gained power after commodus died, Julia was his second wife
what did viking ships have that helped them go practically anywhere
shallow drafts
nonpolar covalent bond
shared equally electrons
what did sherrifs rule under william
shires (like counties)
fabliau
short story with satirical twist
what is the football being kicked by the italian boot
sicily
who emphasized dialectic teaching (you ask and students answer)
socrates
Salon
sole archon, was aristocrat
who extended citizenship to foreign craftsmen, kept prices down, had commoners in office, and dike principle
solon
Edward III
son of Isabella of England. He could only exercise rightful sovereignty over Aquitaine by becoming king of France. He led the country into the Hundred Years' war. (386)
Cesare Borgia
son of Pope Alexander VI that used ruthless measures to achieve his goal of carving a new state in Italy. He abandoned morality for political activity.
Benedict of Nursia
son of a roman aristocrats founded a monastery in rome, benedicts rule guided monks
Tutankhamen
son-in -law of Amenhotep - back to polytheism
Caracalla, Geta
sons of severus, Caracalla killed his brother
Name for university of paris
sorbonne
Drakon
sought to regulate violence through harsh punishments
the vandals invaded who under king gaiseric
spain, north africa, italy, and rome
what ethnicity is trajan
spaniard
what ethnicity was hadrian
spaniard
what ethnicity was marcus aurelius
spaniard
where had all classes serving in the military
sparta
who dominated in peloponnesia
sparta
what was the most famous slave revolt
spartacus (73 BC)
what league challenged the delian league
spartan league
helots
spartan slaves
Menno Simons,Sebastian Franck, Caspar Schwenkfeld - Amish and Mennonites (Menno Simons) all a part of what religion
spiritualists (mystics)
william jones
spread of indo-european language
who gave the church its theology
st augustine (bishop of hippo)
what does dictatorship promise
stability
Guillaume de Machaut, Francesco Landini
started the musical movement called ars nova (new art)
triremes
state of the art warships
Who had to deal with Matilda and rebellious barons
stephen
who had a chaotic reign- he was too conciliatory
stephen
what did zeno create
stoicism
socrates background
stone cutter, war veteran, greatest philosopher
what is history
study of past events
akkad
sumer city
erich kish
sumer city
lagash
sumer city
uruk
sumer city
what happened after clovis' four sons
supplanted by aristocratic families
environmental (social darwinist) perspective
survival of the fittest charles darwin
who went into slavic areas
swedes
what were poleis created by
synoecism
what was alexanders greatest contribution
synthesizing hellenistic culture and spread of koine greek (helped romans since universal language)
who wrote germania, and what is it about
tacitus, objective history which praised the germans
ionic bonds
taken from one and given to another
sargon the akkadian did what
takes over fertile crescent, 20,000 tablets at elba syria
what is the heel of the italian boot
tarentum of magna gracia
Taquinius Superbus
tarquin the arrogant, Etruscan who raped a roman wife Lucretia which caused him to be overthrown
What did the equites do?
tax collectors (new rich)
who was northumbrian alcuin of york
teacher at palace school (I think)
hebrew contributions
ten commandments, important women, less severe laws, free will, no idolatry or human sacrifice, covenant relation with God,
what are insulae
tenements
Khora
the "land" where a large polis might support several other towns or smaller poleis
Mehmet II
the Ottoman leader who led the successful capture of the Byzantine city of Constantinople
Urban VI, Clement VII, Great Schism
the Roman Church was divided between two—and, ultimately, three—competing papacies, each claiming to be legitimate and each denouncing the heresy of the others
Legacy of the Reformation lives on in where
the United states
what was the ships name in appolonis' story argonotics that was about jason and the golden fleece
the argo
Apella
the asse,bly where all spartiate males over the age of thirty were members of
Hippocrates
the body contains four "humors" that need to be page141kept in balance through bloodletting and other invasive practices, father of medicine
what happened after charlemagnes death
the carolingian empire fell apart
Mos maiorum
the code of the elders or the custom of the ancestors or morality, essential to roman identity
who installed Martin V, who outlived his rivals during the great schism
the council of constance
What weakened Protestantism in poland and lithuania
the counter reformation
Henry IV
the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413
what happened after nero died
the flavian dynasty
Phalanx
the formation that hoplites did
ali
the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites
what is the foundation of parliament
the great council
what was a response to the Babylonian Captivity.
the great schism
what did erasistratus beleive
the heart was a pump
what intermittently pitted France against England
the hundred years war
salamis
the island that themistocles persuaded the citizens to go to
who benefitted from the crusades
the italians
who set forth natural rights
the jurist ulpian
Peloponnesus
the large peninsula of mainland Greece, but cursed by the poverty of its land
Montezuma II
the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)
Richard II
the last Plantagenet king who lost the throne during the Hundred Years' War
thetes
the lowest class of Athenians that rowed for the triremes (ships)
What was the basic economic unit - varied in size and quality.
the manor
cleon
the most successful demagogue (ambitious men who played to the worst isntincts of the demos)
Wartburg
the name of the castle Luther found refuge in during his escape from execution.
hellespont
the narrow strait seperating europe and asia
What did Herophilus help with?
the nervous and circulatory systmems, and came up with the concept of the duodenem
who were responsible for the day to day tasks of athens
the nine archons
What began in Italy in the 14th century
the renaissance
what were the two frankish kingdoms divided by
the rhine river
Polis
the root from which we derive the word politics
qu'ran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
simony
the selling of Church offices by secular or spiritual leaders
name of the two consuls of the senate
the senate and the centuriate
what war was under gaius marius
the social war
Hero of Alexandria invented what
the steam engine
what is a khora
the surrounding land of the agora and acropolis
what river does rome begin along
the tiber river
what was hactaeus' philosophy
the world is flat and surrounded by ocean
middle kingdom of egypt capital
thebes
hellenistic poets
theocritus, apollonius, callumachus, menander,
Socrates, Pythagoras, Sophists (wise men), Protagoras (older contemporary of Socrates)
they are all philosphers or involved in philosophy
how are clovis and charlemagne similar
they both distributed coins (pound, shilling, pennies)
Henry Tudor, Elizabeth of York
they married so there would be a new dynasty with white and red petals (ending the war of the roses)
where was the first law code
third dynasty of ur
Who was a - lawyer - author of Utopia. Goods shared
thomas more
Renaissance painters tried to achieve what type of effect
three dimensional effect
Punic wars
three periods of concentrated warfare against the poeni (phonecians)
who was dictator after augustus
tiberius
Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus
tiberus- grandson of scipio africanus, both tried to collapse the gap between rich and poor by equally distributing land, Tiberius was murdered
who was the sons of vespasian
titus and domitian
Titian
tiziano vecellio, painted luxurious and pleasure loving lives
term for monastic haircut
tonsure
why was hellenistic science not applied or supported
too many civilians to do the work, did not need innovation
islam spread with what
trade
Greek civilization known for due to location
trade, metals, ideas
waht was asia minor
trading center of miletus
conservative
tradition
who was emperor after nerva
trajan
word for bread and wine become the literal body and blood of christ
transubstantiation
what gave England SW France and Calais during the hundred years war
treaty of bretigny
what divided the empire in 843
treaty of verdun (843)
what two romans tried to help the poor but were killed
tribunes tiberius and gaius gracchus
Constantine
tried to become sole emporer of rome, put Christian symbol on his banners which made him win the battle of milvan bridge, leading to him making christianity
Council of Constance, Martin V, conciliarism
tried to mend the great schism, says supreme authority is with general council and not pope
What was Hipparchus known for?
trigonometry
the germans and romans allied and defeated the huns where
troyes, gual
what did constantine and diocletian do in regards to the military
try to make appealing (pay in gold)
what is asia minor today
turkey
Consuls
two elected officers that headed the government instead of a king in rome
Ostia, naples
two ports the roman took over latin hinterland and eutruscan territories
aristagoras
tyrant who governed miletus
poets of athens
tyrtaeus, hesiod, pindar
Who carried Luther's ideas to Zurich, Switzerland
ulrich zwingli
Who died in the canton wars
ulrich zwingli
who was more radical than Luther - opposed transubstantiation
ulrich zwingli
who succeeded the rashidan dynasty
umayyad dynasty
who did charlemagne sponser expeditions against (5)
umayyad muslims of spain saxons of germany lombards in italy avars in bavaria byzantine empire
when did the Hebrew kingdom split
under solomon
polar covalent
unequal sharing of electrons
third dynasty of ur
ur-nammu and shlugi, law code, dictionary, foreign trade
what dynasty was sympathetic to germans
valentinian dynasty
who broke through romes western boundaries in 406
vandals, alans, suebi, and goths
Vasco da Gama, Ibn Majid
vasco rounded the cape of africa, helped by muslim navigator ibn majid, and went to india, became the epic lusiads
How does the PP describe King Joao (john) II
very ambitious
cistercians
very strict monastic order who were deeply involved in charity work, followed benedicts rule
who became emporer after nero
vespasian
what caused athens to become dominant
victory over persians
Who were raiders because of rocky soil and poor climate in Scandinavia
vikings
who created normandy (mouth of seine river in france)
vikings
what three groups, and from what direction, destroyed charlemagnes empire
vikings (north) Norwegians (east) Danes (south)
by 1000 ad, whos (2) attacks subsided as these groups converted to Christianity.
vikings and magyars
who changed the odessy and created their own version
virgil
south gual and spain, arian christians what kingdom is this
visigoths
what were the four major kingdoms in the sixth century
visigoths
imperialism
wanted resources and goods in market
Were the mycenaeans into peace or war
war
what was coined by Walter Scott and was in regard to the English Civil War
war of the roses
Henry IV
was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance.
alfonso II
was also the count of Barcelona and the first to rule the united Crown of Aragon, used the book of fiefs
matilda of tuscany
was an Italian noblewoman, the principal Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy. Seen as a mediator of the time
medina
was named yathrib city of the prophet
What were sources of power during the medieval times
watermills and windmills
Henry VI
weak king of England who could not control the local lords, was defeated in a civil war
what was the crisis of the third century
weak rulers after marcus aurelius people moved away from rome
protestant (calvinist) ethic
wealth is a sign of gods blessing
louis IX
went on a crusade which gave him saintly and political clout
dike principle
what is given is what is expected, under solon
Messiah
what the urban poor under roman control hoped for, leader who would establish a jewish kingdom
types of agriculture during neolithic
wheat, barley, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle
sumerian contributions
wheeled carts and sails, irrigation, 12 month calendar, 360 degree circle, geometry, 60 second minute, constellations
teutobrug forest
where three legions of roman troops were slaughtered under augustus/ octavian
Faltonia Betitia Proba, Boethius
wife of roman senator, used virgils poetry to replace aeneas with christ. Boethius preserved best aspects of ancients, called the "last of the romans"
guillaume means
william
Who invaded England in 1066 at Hastings
william of normandy (william I, William the conqueror)
who ran their empire similar to charlegmane
william of normandy (william I, William the conqueror)
What became a center for Lutheran teaching.
wittenberg
Julianne of Norwich, Margery Kempe
women who spent life in prayer and contemplation
seleucus
worked his way to gaining lots of land after alexander the great died
Ludovico Ariosto
wrote "Orlando Furioso"- Romantic epic, satirical approach to courtly love, most popular book of the day, heroism and intellectually superior female characters inspired women
Christine di Pisan
wrote Book of the City of Ladies
Edmund Spenser
wrote The Faerie Queene based off of ariostos orlando furioso
Paulus Vladimiri
wrote a treatise that criticized papal and imperial efforts to convert the peoples of eastern Europe and the Baltic by force through their support of the Teutonic Knights
John de mandeville
wrote book of marvels (character is prester john)
Leon Battista Alberti
wrote the treatise "on the family". which presents that the nuclear family is the fundamental unit of the city-state
Did Louis IX go on crusades
yes
was divorce permitted in athens
yes
was socrates anti democratic
yes
were women important to the mycenians
yes
Alaric
young leader of a tribe of goths, ended up getting a roman military command position
who supplanted akkadians
zagros mountain people
