Baylor Neuroscience 1306 Final

semantic analysis

Analysis of the meaning of language.

What do we study that is important for research on Parkinson's?

Basal ganglia

_____ scans determine structure.

CT

retina

receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells make up the what?

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the direct action of the limbic system on the?

Hypothalamus

Remote Memory

Memory for events of the distant past

How has neuropsychology pursued memory?

Proved that patients with alcohol-produced brain damage suffer with recent/anterograde memory loss.

selective attention

strengthen neural responses to attend to aspect by weakening responses to others

Repetition Priming Tests

Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them

What is thought of as the "sensory relay center"?

Thalamus

What is the limbic system associated with?

The "four F's" (fight, flight, feed, sexual reproduction)

Thrombosis

Thrombus plug forms and blocks blood flow

Absolute Refractory Period

Time after an action potential where it is impossible to elicit another one

Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy

The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, the amygdala and the adjacent cortex

Ovariectomy

The removal of the ovaries

vaccination

administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the AIS is prepared

anxiolytic drugs

anti-anxiety drugs

b-cells

antibody-mediated immunity

neuroleptic

antischizophrenic drugs

atypical neuroleptics

antischizophrenic drugs that work effectively without binding to D2 receptors

comorbidity

anxiety and depression tend to occur together in the same individual

association cortex

any part of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system

Primate

any placental mammal of the order Primates--hair, 3 small bones in the inner ear,

mammal

any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair

sensation

detecting presence of stimuli

glans

develops into head of penis or clitoris

The brain stem contains the...

diencephalon, mesencephalon, metancephalon, and the myelencephalon.

change blindness

difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended to parts of visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image

pathogens

disease causing agents

pupil

hole in the iris

tropic hormone

hormone released by anterior pituitary gland released to the general circulation that stimulate the release of another hormone (e.g. gonadotropic hormone)

posterior parietal cortex

largest area of association cortex that receives visual input

lateralization of emotion

left and right hemispheres are specialized to perform emotional functions

antibodies

lethal receptor molecules

lymphocytes

leukocytes in AIS (main cells). Produced by bone marrow in the lymphatic system

on center cells

light shone in the central region of respective fields with "on" and in the periphery with "off"

unipolar affective disorder

only depression

benzodiazapine

treats anxiety disorders. chlordiazapine. diazepam

reptiles

vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded

List the lesioning methods.

- Knife cuts - Chemical - Aspiration - Radio-frequency - Cyrogenic blockade

Alpha Waves are associated with...

Relaxed wakefulness

Pure Research

Research done for the sake of learning, and doesn't necessarily provide benefit to society

Applied Research

Research done to benefit society

Complex Partial Seizure

Restricted to temporal lobes and result in automatisms that are an excess of normal behavior

Functional segregation

Organizing into different areas, each of which performs a different function; for examplein sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus.

BOLD signals are used to show ______ in fMRI.

Oxygen use

What neuroscience techniques has been helpful in determining the location of language areas in the brain?

PET- Scan, clinical (brain injured) patients, Evoked potentials.

Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome

The developmental disorder of genetic males in which a mutation to the androgen receptor gene renders the androgen receptors defective and causes the development of a female body

Estrus

The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility

Perirhinal Cortex

The portion of the rhinal cortex around the rhinal fissure

How many ventricles are in the brain?

4

parvocellular layers

4 top layers of the LGN that are composed of neurons with small cell bodies

What are the symptoms of Parkinson's?

Tremor at rest, muscular rigidity, slow movement, masklike face, pain and depression

How has psychopharmacology pursued memory?

Tried to improve memory of Alzheimer's patients by giving drugs that increase acetylcholine levels.

Microglia

Trigger inflamatory responses

Prosopagnosia

A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty in the recognition of people's faces; caused by damage to the visual association cortex

T/F- It is reasonable to assume that the more similar one individual's brain structure is to another's brain structure, the more similar the behavior of the two organisms will be?

True

T/F: EPSPs and IPSPs are graded responses.

True

T/F. A person with a bisected brain seems to posses two minds sometimes?

True.

T/F. Neodarwin theory states that there is a biological basis for the sexual interests humans express towards each other?

True.

T/F. The treatment group in an experiment is the group that receives the experimental manipulation.

True.

Neoplasm

Tumor

Metastatic Tumor

Tumor that originates in different part of the body and travels

Adrenogenital Syndrome

A sexual developmental disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculine the bodies of genetic females

Nitric Oxide

A soluble-gas neurotransmitter

alexia

A specific inability to read; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.

agraphia

A specific inability to write; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.

Radial Arm Maze Test

A widely used test of rats' spatial ability in which the same arms are baited on each trial, and the rats must learn to visit only the baited arms only one time on each trial

Which drugs are used in the reduction of Tourette tics? A) D2 receptor blockers B) selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors C) selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors D) tricyclic antidepressants E) benzodiazepines

A) D2 receptor blockers

The Z lens was developed by A) Zaidel. B) Zalman Amit. C) Zurif. D) Zimbardo. E) Zola-Morgan.

A) Zaidel.

One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have A) a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood. B) a mild retrograde amnesia for recent events. C) deficits in consolidation. D) anterograde amnesia. E) difficulty forming new explicit long-term memories.

A) a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses. A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) amphetamine E) morphine

A) alcohol

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. A) amygdala B) septum C) auditory cortex D) hippocampus E) granule cells

A) amygdala

H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his A) anterograde amnesia. B) retrograde amnesia. C) deficit in short-term memory. D) loss of remote memory. E) drop in IQ.

A) anterograde amnesia.

Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as A) antibody is to messenger RNA. B) DNA is to antibody. C) neurotransmitter is to cell body. D) antibody is to DNA. E) RNA is to antibody.

A) antibody is to messenger RNA.

Cell death produced by activation of a cell's genetic program for suicide is called A) apoptosis. B) necrosis. C) an infarct. D) gliosis. E) a tragedy.

A) apoptosis.

Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by A) axoaxonic synapses. B) axodendritic synapses. C) dendrodendritic synapses. D) axosomatic synapses. E) both A and D

A) axoaxonic synapses.

Biopsychology is the scientific study of the A) biology of behavior. B) brain. C) chemistry of the brain. D) biology of the brain. E) biology of cognition.

A) biology of behavior.

The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored A) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience. B) throughout the hippocampus. C) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. D) in the diencephalon. E) in the rhinal cortex.

A) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.

Ablation Penis

Accidental destruction of the penis

Do action potentials travel actively or passively?

Actively

Hangover

Acute alcohol withdrawal

Incentive-Sensitization Theory

Addiction develop when drug use sensitizes neural circuits mediating wanting of drug - not necessarily the liking of it

Positive-Incentive Addiction

Addiction for the pleasure alone

Detoxified

Addicts with drugs no longer in their system

The nerves that carry information *to* the CNS are ________.

Afferent

Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

mirror like system

activated area of the cortex during response

accommodation

adjusting lens configuration to focus objects on the retina

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenal pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices

fusiform face area

area of human cortex located at the boundary between the occipital and temporal lobes, and is selectively activated by human faces

secondary sensory cortex

area of sensory cortex that receives most input from the primary sensory cortex (PSC)

Primary visual cortex

area of the cortex that receives input from the lateral geniculate nuclei (striate cortex). Raw material.

receptive field

area of visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of that neuron

The diencephalon includes structures such as the?

ateral geniculate nuclei, Hypothalamus

target-site concept

attack specific sites on animal while protecting specific sites on own body

selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

block the reuptake of seratonin from the synapses. prozac and SNRIs (selective norepinephrine- reuptake inhibitors)

bipotential precursors

both male and female reproductive organs develop from the same precursor. Consists of 4 parts: glans, urethral folds, lateral bodies, and labioscrotal swellings

sham rage

exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive response of decorticate animals. (The cerebral hemisphere is removed, but not the hypothallamus)

up-regulation

increase in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in response to decreased release for that neurotransmitter

suppression paradigms

inhibit emotional reaction to unpleasant films/pics

lateral inhibition

inhibition of adjacent neurons/receptors in a topographic array.

contrast enhancement

intensification of perception of edges

Case Studies

intensive study of one person

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

Amnesia associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes; its major feature is anterograde amnesia for explicit memories in combination with preserved intellectual functioning

Global Amnesia

Amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities

Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)

Amnesia produced by a nonpenetrating head injury (a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull)

Medial Diencephalic Amnesia

Amnesia that is associated with damage to the medial diencephalon (e.g., Korsakoff's amnesia)

Graded Response

Amplitude of response is proportional to the intensity of the stimuli that elicited it

wernicke-geschwind model

An influential model of cortical language localization in the left hemisphere.

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the inferior colliculi, whose function is _______, and the superior colliculi, whose function is _______.

Auditory; visual

What divisions does the peripheral nervous system contain?

Autonomic and somatic

What is an example of a metabotropic receptor?

Autoreceptor

What summates the EPSPs and IPSPs to determine if an action potential will occur?

Axon hillock

Orthodromic Conduction

Axonal conduction in normal direction (from cell body to terminal buttons)

Antidromic Conduction

Axonal conduction opposite of normal direction (towards cell body)

What is white matter primarily composed of?

Axons

Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography? A) computed tomography B) MRI C) CT D) angiography E) both A and C

B) MRI

Standard consolidation

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by A) an efflux of sodium ions. B) an influx of calcium ions. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. E) the release of calcium ions from the buttons.

B) an influx of calcium ions.

Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is A) extremely rare. B) antidromic. C) orthodromic. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) antidromic.

The elevated-plus-maze test is a commonly used model of clinical A) depression. B) anxiety. C) mania. D) bipolar affective disorder. E) phobia.

B) anxiety.

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by A) nonrandom assignment. B) electrostatic pressure. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) selective ion channels. E) nonrandom movement.

B) electrostatic pressure.

Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors? A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) caudate E) frontal cortex

B) hippocampus

The Duchenne smile A) is a false smile. B) involves the orbicularis oculi. C) does not involve the orbicularis oculi. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) involves the orbicularis oculi.

Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain A) small-molecule neurotransmitters. B) neuropeptides. C) acetylcholine. D) dopamine. E) glutamate.

B) neuropeptides.

An organism's observable traits are referred to as its A) genotype. B) phenotype. C) dominant traits. D) recessive traits. E) none of the above

B) phenotype.

Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called A) location cells. B) place cells. C) complex cells. D) simple cells. E) spot cells.

B) place cells.

After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the A) sodium-potassium pump. B) random movement of ions. C) refractory period. D) electrostatic gradient. E) EPSPs.

B) random movement of ions.

The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are A) object recognition tests. B) repetition priming tests. C) digit span tests. D) episodic tests. E) delayed nonmatching-to-sample tests.

B) repetition priming tests.

A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has A) little difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. C) substantial difficulty consciously recognizing objects. D) lost all ability to respond to moving images. E) both A and D

B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control.

In partial seizures, A) there is no epileptic spiking in the EEG. B) the epileptic discharges do not spread throughout the brain. C) there is no aura. D) the seizures are always simple. E) there is no epileptic focus.

B) the epileptic discharges do not spread throughout the brain.

Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into clinical treatments is called A) clinical research. B) translational research. C) neuropsychology research. D) clinical psychology research. E) application research.

B) translational research.

What does magnetoencephalography (MEG) measure?

Brain activity

Hematoma

Brain bruise

Reticular formation takes place in the?

Brain stem

Intracranial Self-Stimulation

Brief bursts of electric shock to "pleasure centers" of brain

What's the difference between a real experiment and a quasiexperimental study?

Quasiexperimental has subjects who were exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world, therefore we cannot account for confounding variables, which we can do in a real/controlled experiment.

If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, it can be concluded that A) both parents also had a recessive phenotype for that trait. B) only one parent had a recessive phenotype for that trait. C) both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for that trait. D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait. E) both A and C

D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait.

Steroid hormones A) are synthesized from cholesterol. B) play a major role in sexual development. C) penetrate cell membranes. D) all of the above E) Both A and B

D) all of the above

When the pupils are constricted, A) the retinal image is usually sharper. B) there is usually greater depth of focus. C) vision is poor in dim illumination. D) all of the above E) both A and C

D) all of the above

Which of the following are membrane potentials? A) EPSPs B) IPSPs C) APs D) all of the above E) both A and B

D) all of the above

Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients? A) thalamus B) mediodorsal nuclei C) mammillary bodies D) all of the above E) both A and C

D) all of the above

Cocaine hydrochloride A) is a dopamine agonist. B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters. C) is a dopamine antagonist. D) both A and B E) both B and C

D) both A and B

Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often A) damage neural structures other than the amygdala. B) do not destroy the entire amygdala. C) damage prefrontal cortex. D) both A and B E) both B and C

D) both A and B

In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the A) between-subject variable. B) within-subject variable. C) dependent variable. D) independent variable. E) confounded variable.

D) independent variable.

The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the A) lateral forebrain bundle. B) nigrostriatal pathway. C) mesocortical limbs. D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system. E) mesotelencephalic serotonin system.

D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders? A) ethoexperimental psychology B) biopsychology C) developmental neurobiology D) neuropathology E) neuroendocrinology

D) neuropathology

On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as A) simple cells or complex cells. B) complex cells or hypercomplex cells. C) hypercomplex cells. D) on-center or off-center cells. E) type A or type B cells.

D) on-center or off-center cells.

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy? A) CNS B) PNS C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) somatic nervous system

D) parasympathetic nervous system

The subarachnoid space is just outside the A) neocortex. B) arachnoid membrane. C) arachnoid mater. D) pia mater. E) central canal.

D) pia mater.

The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are A) testosterones, estrogens, and progestins. B) progesterones, androgens, and estrogens. C) estradiols, estrogens, and androgens. D) progestins, estrogens, and androgens. E) testosterones, estrogens, and minestrones.

D) progestins, estrogens, and androgens.

How are CT scans normally shown?

Horizontally

Protein Hormones

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids

Peptide Hormones

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids

Steroid Hormones

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

Amino Acid Derivative Hormones

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from amino acids

Dorsal Horn

Horn of spinal cord that carries sensory neurons to the brain

Release-Inhibiting Factors

Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Releasing Hormones

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Supraoptic Nuclei

Hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized

Paraventricular Nuclei

Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary

Ocular Dominance

In receptive fields of striate cortex, neurons that demonstrate preference, responding more rapidly when a stimulus is presented in one eye than the other

Drug Sensitization

Increased sensitivity to a drug

Scientist maipulate_______ variables and measure _______ variables.

Independent, Dependent

Glioma

Infiltrating tumor

Antagonists

Inhibit effects of neurotransmitters

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

Injection into fatty tissue

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

Injection into large muscles

Intravenous Injection (IV)

Injection into veins

Replacement Injections

Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it

Intromission

Insertion of the penis into the vagina

In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in teh left temporal hemiretina project________

Ipsilaterally

At resting membrane potential, what ion has highest concentration inside the neuron? What about outside?

Ka+, Na+

What two methods are used to treat Parkinson's?

L-Dopa and deep brain stimulation

How does immunocytochemistry visualize proteins?

Labeled antibodies

Asomatognosia

Lack of awareness of one's own body, typically when the right parietal lobe is damaged (therefore, the individual lacks awareness of his or her left side of the body)

Anosognosia

Lack of awareness of own neurological defects

The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are test of ?

Language lateralization

An example of a "brain-behavior relationship" in humans is the observation that the left cerebral hemisphere must be relatively intact for ________ while the right cerebral hemisphere seems to be necessary for _______ ________

Language, Spatial orientation

sinestrals

Left-handers.

Prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neuron results in

Long-Term depression

Anterograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

MAO's. side effects= cheese effect---> strokes and increased blood pressure.

What is the animal model of Parkinson's?

MPTP

What imaging process is *best* at displaying structure?

MRI

A person with damage to their dorsal visual stream will have difficulty ?

Making accurate movements under visual control.

Infiltrating Tumors

Malignant

Epigenetics

Mechanisms of inheritance other than genetic code.

_______ Developed the surgical procedure of prefrontal lobotomy after?

Moniz, A single report as a scientific meeting on its use in a chimp

Describe GG Gallup's self-awareness study in monkeys.

Monkeys are placed in front of a mirror to observe themselves. After some time, the mirror is removed, and the monkey goes to sleep, where red paint is used over its eyebrow. The next day, the monkey is placed in front of the mirror again, and it began to touch the red paint on its forehead and sniff its fingers. This proved self-awareness.

What are examples of opiates?

Morphine, codeine, analgesics

Tardive Dyskinesia

involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs

fixational eye movements

involuntary tremors, drifts, and saccades (small jerky movements/flicks)... in the eyes

tics

involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalization

lateral nucleus of amygdala

involved in acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus project to the ____________.

monocular

involving only one eye

anhedonia

loss of capacity to experience pleasure

dilating pupils

low illumination and lets in more light

bottom-up

low to high levels of neural mechanisms

Chordate

member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail

functional segregation

organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function. i.e. in the sensory system, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus

panic disorder

rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress.

polymodal

receives information from several sensory modalities (intersensory interactions)

visual association cortex

receives input from secondary visual cortex and secondary areas of other sensory systems. Mostly in the posterior parietal cortex

secondary visual cortex

receives most input from Primary visual cortex. prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex

adaptive immune system

recent evolution, slower reaction against specific antigens, this system has memory

OCD

recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety produced thoughts and impulses (actions).

Cloacal exstrophy

refers to genetic boys born with testes but without penises. and organs can be externalized

iris

regulates the amount of light that reaches the retinas

spacial senesitivity

relative brightness of lights of same intensity presented @ different wavelengths

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

result of female exposure to androgens before birth. Androgens are produced instead of corticosteroids and the newborn has an intersex appearance. No testes are present and ovaries are normal, despite appearance of external genitalia.

Implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 367)

scotopic vision

rod mediated vision. predominates in dim lighting

Midsagittal section

sagittal section made down the median of the body

hemianopsic

scotoma covering half of the visual field

c

selective attention uses: a. exogenous b. endogenous c. both

parallel processing

simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network

hierarchical organization

simple ---> complex receptors---> thalamic relay nuclei --> primary sensory cortex --> secondary sensory cortex--> association cortex.

Zygomaticus major

smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards

horizontal cells (and amacrine cells)

specified function for lateral communication in retina

Demasculinizes

suppress or disrupts male characteristics

adrenalectomy

surgical removal of adrenal glands

primary facial expressions

surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness

Sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

laterilization

the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

the hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary

mood stabilizers

treatment for bipolar disorder. controls moods by some mechanism. lithium (anti-mania) in 1960

phobic anxiety disorder

triggered by exposure to a particular object or situation.

akinetopsia

unable to see movement in progress (ex. alcoholics). Associated with damage to the MT Area (middle temporal area) of the cortex. ventral stream. conscious perception. induced with antidepressants, transcranial magnetic stimulation.

control-question technique

used to determine when a person may be lying, when their physiological state changes towards certain questions. compares responses to different questions

Drug Metabolism

Conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms

wernik

...

Capgras syndrome

The delusional belief that people have been replaced by imposters

Neuropsychology

A neuroscientist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage

What's the typical measure of brain activity?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

phonemes

INdividual speech sounds

"Hair trigger" agression could be classified as?

Impulsive aggression.

What is both a stimulant and an empathogen?

MDMA

Simple Partial Seizure

Sensory, motor, or both; symptoms throughout body

Pyramidal Cell Layer

The major layer of cell bodies in the hippocampus

arcuate fasciculus

The major neural pathway between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

Testes

The male gonads

EKG

(electrocardiogram) instrument used in measuring the electrical potential during a heartbeat

What is the threshold of excitation?

-65 mV

What is the resting membrane potential?

-70 mV

What role does the reticular formation play?

A role in arousal

What are the six approaches to biopsychology?

1. Physiological psychology 2. Psychpharmacology 3. Neuropsychology 4. Psychophysiology 5. Comparative neuroscience 6. Comparative psychology

.List the correct chronological order--

1.Vertebrates, reptiles, chordates, amphibians, primates, mammals. 2. Chordate, aphibians, vertebrates, reptiles, mammals, primates.

How many pairs of cranial nerves do vertebrartes have?

12

What is the proportion of Na+ : K+ in a sodium-potassium pump?

3:2

How are generalized absence seizures identified?

3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge on EEG

Biopsychology has _____ divisions that the text presents and distinct approaches to biopsychology.

6

lateral geniculate nuclei

6 layered thalamic structure that receives input from the retina and transmits output to primary visual cortex

aphasia

A brain-damage-produced deficit in the ability to use or comprehend language.

Engram

A change in the brain that stores a memory

Neuroscience is characterized by?

A deterministic, mechanistic philosophy, concern for casuality.

Transsexualism

A disorder of sexual identity in which the individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex

apraxia

A disorderin which patients have great difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context but can readily perform them spontaneously in natural situations.

Fornix

A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body.

Sry Gene

A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the release of Sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of testes

NMDA receptor

A hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation.

Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN)

A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior (i.e lordosis)

wernicke's aphasia

A hypothetical disorder of language comprehension whith no associated deficits in speech production.

Broca's aphasia

A hypothetical disorder of speech production with no associated deficits in language comprehension.

An open-field test is usually conducted in?

A large barren chamber

What is the Coolidge effect, and what is its confounding variable?

A male who becomes incapable of sex with one partner can recommence with a new partner; the confounding variable is that it cannot accurately be tested in females, because males become more sexually fatigued than females.

Basal Forebrain

A midline area of the forebrain, which is located just in front of and above the hypothalamus and is the brain's main source of acetylcholine

Korsakoff's Syndrome

A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss

Mediodorsal Nuclei

A pair of medial diencephalic nuclei in the thalamus, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoffs syndrome

dyslexia

A pathological difficulty in reading, one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.

phonetic procedure

A procedure for reading aloud that involves the recognition of letters and the application of a language's rules of pronounciation.

lexical procedure

A procedure for reading aloud that is based on specific stored information acquired about written word.

Progesterone

A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy

Sry Protein

A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis. No female counterpart. In the absence of this protein, cortical cells of primordial gonad develop into ovaries

Alpha Fetoprotein

A protein that is present in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it

surface dyslexia

A reading disorder in which the lexical procedure is disrupted while the phonetic procedure is not.

deep dyslexia

A reading disorder in which the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure is not.

Amygdala

A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion

Hippocampus

A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location

Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test

A test in which the subject is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then, after a delay is presented with a choice between the sample object and an unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object

sodium amytal test

A test involving the anesthetization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then the other to determine which hemisphre plays the dominant role in language.

dichotic listening test

A test of language lateralization in which two different sequences of threee spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard.

Incomplete-Pictures Test

A test of memory measuring the improved ability to identify fragmented figures that have been previously observed

chimeric figures test

A test of visual comletion in split-brain subjects that uses pictures composed of the left and right halves of two different faces.

What can cause a hydrocephalus?

A tumor near the cerebral aqueduct.

Interneurons A) don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure. B) have two short axons but no dendrites. C) have one long axon and one short dendrite. D) have several short axons and no dendrites. E) have bipolar axons and no dendrites.

A) don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.

Which general class of drugs is useful in treating Parkinson's disease? A) dopamine agonists B) dopamine antagonists C) MAO inhibitors D) tricyclics E) phenothiazines

A) dopamine agonists

According to Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream. B) agnosia is to blindsight. C) ventral stream is to dorsal stream. D) visual perception is to spatial perception. E) contrast vision is to color vision.

A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream.

Meningiomas are A) encapsulated. B) diffuse. C) infiltrating. D) metastatic. E) malignant.

A) encapsulated.

Which hormone normally triggers the growth of the sexually dimorphic nuclei in male neonatal rats? A) estradiol aromatized from testosterone B) androstenedione C) progesterone D) vasopressin E) testosterone

A) estradiol aromatized from testosterone

Simple cells of the primary visual cortex A) have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge. B) do not have receptive fields. C) have receptive fields that cannot be divided into static "on" and "off" areas. D) have two receptive fields. E) are in lower layer IV.

A) have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge.

The P300 A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer. B) is a negative EEG wave. C) is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. D) occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. E) is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click.

A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer.

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the A) lateral nucleus. B) preoptic nucleus. C) paraventricular nucleus. D) basolateral nucleus. E) amygdala complex.

A) lateral nucleus.

Stem cells produced in the adult hippocampus by neurogenesis will migrate short distances into areas of damage. This raises the possibility that A) neurogenesis may play a role in recovery from hippocampal damage. B) adult neurogenesis may occur in the olfactory bulbs. C) the hippocampus is related to the olfactory bulbs. D) the hippocampus is a memory structure. E) neurogenesis plays a role in regeneration.

A) neurogenesis may play a role in recovery from hippocampal damage.

In healthy individuals, information from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum. C) fornix. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A) optic chiasm.

The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is A) physiological psychology. B) psychophysiology. C) neuropsychology. D) cognitive neuroscience. E) both A and B

A) physiological psychology.

The back of your head is A) posterior. B) dorsal. C) inferior. D) anterior. E) ventral.

A) posterior.

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a A) serial model. B) parallel model. C) holistic, nonlocalizationist model. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) serial model.

Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into A) testes. B) a Müllerian system. C) the penis. D) ovaries. E) a Wolffian system.

A) testes.

The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called A) the comparative approach. B) ethology. C) biopsychology. D) evolutionary biology. E) none of the above

A) the comparative approach.

The monoamine theory of depression is that depression is associated with A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. B) degeneration of monoamines. C) decreases in dopamine receptors. D) monoamine agonists. E) realignment MAO inhibitors.

A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses.

Akinetopsia is associated with damage to A)MT/V5. B) primary visual cortex. C) posterior parietal cortex. D) the dorsal route. E) V3.

A)MT/V5.

Action potentials are a _________ response.

All-or-none

verterbrate

An animal with a backbone, such as fish, snakes, frogs and cats.

Mumby Box

An apparatus that is used in a rat version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test

scotoma

An area of blindness produced by damage to, or disruption of, an area of the visual system.

Rhinal Cortex

An area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala and hippocampus

Primary sensory cortex

An area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system

planum temporale

An area of temporal lobe cortex that lies in the posterior region of the lateral fissure and, in the left hemisphere, roughly corresponds to Wernicke's area.

EOG

An electrooculogram measure the electrical activity of the eyes

Aromatase

An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol

Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS)

An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current administered to the brian via large electrodes attached to the scalp

Human Genome project

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

Cerebral Ischemia

An interruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain; a common cause of medial temporal lobe amnesia

Lobectomy

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain

Lobotomy

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed

phonological analysis

Analysis of the sound of language.

grammatical analysis

Analysis of the structure of language.

Kindling Phenomenon

Animal model of epilepsy

What tracing techniques follow a neural path forward?

Anterograde

What does the elevated plus maze study?

Anxiolytic effects of drugs in rats

Amnesia

Any pathological loss of memory

conduction aphasia

Aphasia that is thought to result from damage to the neural pathway between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

What does multiple sclerosis do?

Attacks myelin in CNS

Binding problem

Because sensory systems are characterized by functional segregation while perception is largely holistic, there is still a binding problem.

Proceptive Behaviors

Behaviors that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex

Alcohol acts on the __________ receptor system and interacts with the same binding site as teh major class of anxiolytic drugs called __________

Benzodiazepines, anxiolic

What is the difference between between-subjects design and within-subjects design?

Between-subjects tests a different group for each condition, while within-subjects tests the same group for each condition.

Psychobiology, behavioral biology, behavioral neuroscience, and __________ can be considered synonyms

Biopsyhology

How has comparative psychology pursued memory?

Birds that cache seeds have larger hippocampi, supporting that the hippocampus is involved in memory for location.

The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the?

Bleaching of rhodopsin by light

Bueger's Disease

Blood vessel constriction in smokers

Arteriosclerosis

Blood vessel walls thicken, usually due to fat, and causes the channels to narrow

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Body features, other than the reproductive organs, that distinguish men from women

The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its A) canon. B) guano. C) Zeitgeist. D) converging operations. E) confounds.

C) Zeitgeist.

Schizophrenia typically begins in A) infancy. B) childhood. C) adolescence or early adulthood. D) middle age. E) old age.

C) adolescence or early adulthood.

Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys A) are retinotopic. B) have receptive fields. C) are binocular. D) are monocular. E) have photopigments.

C) are binocular.

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the A) stomach. B) mouth. C) intestine. D) esophagus. E) lungs.

C) intestine.

Wernicke's area is A) in the right parietal lobe. B) in the right frontal lobe. C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex. D) both A and C E) both B and C

C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex.

Broca's area is adjacent to the A) left longitudinal fissure. B) right lateral fissure. C) left primary motor cortex face area. D) left primary somatosensory cortex face area. E) right primary somatosensory cortex.

C) left primary motor cortex face area.

A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres? A) horizontal B) sagittal C) midsagittal D) frontal E) diagonal

C) midsagittal

Which of the following is not true? Anabolic steroids A) are similar to testosterone. B) are often more effective than testosterone in promoting muscle development. C) often increase male sex drive. D) often induce gonadal atrophy. E) increase anger and aggression in some users.

C) often increase male sex drive.

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with A) high arousal. B) sleep. C) relaxed wakefulness. D) epilepsy. E) evoked potentials.

C) relaxed wakefulness.

Individuals with androgenic insensitivity syndrome do not develop normal internal female reproductive ducts because their A) ovaries release Sry protein. B) ovaries release Wolffian-inhibiting substance. C) testes release Müllerian-inhibiting substance. D) testes release androgens. E) ovaries release estrogens.

C) testes release Müllerian-inhibiting substance.

Which of the following can be found at the blind spot? A) fovea B) cones C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells D) the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells E) amacrine cells

C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells

According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is A) the drug. B) what the experimenter measures. C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug. D) the compensatory reactions to the conditional stimulus. E) the test environment.

C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.

Drug sensitization is a shift in the dose-response curve A) upward. B) to the right. C) to the left. D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) to the left.

A difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is A) visual agnosia. B) visual prosopagnosia. C) visual simultanagnosia. D) change blindness. E) visual ageusia.

C) visual simultanagnosia.

Interneurons are commonly found in the ___ and have _______.

CNS; little or no axon.

What ion aids in exocytosis?

Ca2+

Histology

Cannot be performed on a live patient

Glia provide support and nutrition and also clear waste. What can they NOT do?

Carry electrochemical signals

What are the two monoamine families?

Catecholamines, indolamines

TMS shows _______.

Causation

Transneuronal Degeneration

Caused by damage to another neuron linked by a synapse

What causes a hemorrhage?

Cerebral aneurysm

What does cerebral angiography show?

Cerebral circulatory system

What measures the extracellular concentration of particular neurochemicals in the brain?

Cerebral dialysis

Hormones

Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system

____________ considerations are those relating to how to Treat a disorder or how it is likely to progress.

Clinical

Lewy Bodies

Clumps of proteins observed in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's patients

What are some examples of stimulants?

Cocaine, amphetamines

Which field of biopsyhology relies most heavily on the use of brain-imaging to advance our understanding of the brain?

Cognitive Neuroscience

Fissures : sulci :: Corpus callosum : _________

Commissure

split-brain patients

Commissurotomized patients.

medial diencephalon

Commonly damaged in patients with Korsakoff's

What are the two forces that put pressure on Na+ to enter the cell?

Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure

In a study of the effect of alcohol on reaction time, it was found that some subjects were sleep-deprived. In this experiment, sleep-deprivation would best be described as an example of?

Confounded variable.

Explicit Memories

Conscious memories

The clinical effectiveness of typical neuroleptic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to A) dopamine. B) glutamate receptors. C) D1 receptors. D) D2 receptors. E) autoreceptors.

D) D2 receptors.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone A) is released by the anterior pituitary. B) activates the adrenal cortex. C) increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Damage to the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the A) medial temporal lobe structures. B) basal forebrain. C) prefrontal cortex. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm

Tests animals preference for environments where drugs have been administered

Anterograde Degeneration

Degeneration of distal segment, between cut and synaptic terminals, immediately following axotomy

Retrograde Degeneration

Degeneration of proximal segment, between cut and cell body

General Paresis

Dementia resulting from bacterial infection

Punch-Drunk Syndrome

Dementia resulting from multiple concussions

Sham rage is displayed by A) decorticate cats. B) cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. D) both A and B E) both A and C

E) both A and C

Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to?

Distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli.

The publication "the organization of behavior" by_________ played a key role in the biopsychology as a scientific discipline.

Donald O. Hebb

Which monoamine(s) is/are catecholamines?

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Nootropics (Smart Drugs)

Drugs that purportedly improve memory

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system

According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about A) 1549. B) 1649. C) 1749. D) 1849. E) 1949.

E) 1949.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Vasopressin stimulates contractions of the uterus and the release of oxytocin. B) Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary. C) The release of oxytocin is stimulated by hypothalamic releasing factors. D) Oxytocin and vasopressin are different names for the same hormone. E) Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

E) Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

In the peripheral nervous systems of higher vertebrates, regenerating axons tend to be guided to their correct targets by A) growth cones. B) blueprints. C) differential adhesiveness. D) oligodendroglia. E) Schwann-cell sheaths.

E) Schwann-cell sheaths.

In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more A) rods. B) neural convergence. C) receptors in the periphery of the retina. D) sensitivity in dim illumination. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a A) test of memory. B) test of speech. C) test of motor function. D) test of emotion. E) battery of tests.

E) battery of tests.

Although the symptoms of apraxia are ________, apraxia usually results from damage to the ________ hemisphere. A) unilateral; left B) contralateral; right C) ipsilateral; left D) bilateral; right E) bilateral; left

E) bilateral; left

Bregma is A) the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. B) a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. C) a naughty word. D) a type of electrode holder. E) both A and B

E) both A and B

Sodium amytal tests have indicated that A) the cerebral dominance for speech is more variable in left-handed individuals than in right-handed individuals. B) right-handers are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech than right-hemisphere dominant for speech. C) left-handers are more likely to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech than left-hemisphere dominant for speech. D) all of the above E) both A and B

E) both A and B

The mechanisms of selective attention are A) top-down. B) bottom-up. C) inside-out. D) outside-in. E) both A and B

E) both A and B

The somatic nervous system A) is part of the PNS. B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment. C) is part of the ANS. D) all of the above E) both A and B

E) both A and B

Agonists

Facilitate neurotransmitter effects

A heritability estimate is A) an estimate of the proportion of a trait that is attributable to genetics. B) an estimate of the proportion of between-subject variability occurring in a particular trait in a particular study that resulted from genetic differences among the subjects of that study. C) likely to be higher in studies with little environmental variation. D) both A and C E) both B and C

E) both B and C

Anxiety disorders are A) now reasonably rare. B) the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders. C) often treated with benzodiazepines or serotonin agonists. D) both A and C E) both B and C

E) both B and C

In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the A) EKG. B) ANS. C) EEG. D) electroencephalogram. E) both C and D

E) both C and D

Asomatognosia is a A) form of Korsakoff's syndrome. B) dualistic philosophy. C) learned response. D) consequence of hypothalamic damage. E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.

E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.

The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to A) inferotemporal cortex then to prestriate cortex. B) dorsal prestriate cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. C) inferotemporal cortex then to posterior parietal cortex. D) posterior parietal cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.

E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________, respectively. A) auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus B) PAG and septum C) medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex D) thalamus and cortex E) hypothalamus and PAG

E) hypothalamus and PAG

The perception of Mach bands results from A) ommatidia. B) mutual excitement. C) mutual consent. D) lateral facilitation. E) lateral inhibition.

E) lateral inhibition.

Identical is to fraternal as A) dizygotic is to monozygotic. B) polyzygotic is to monozygotic. C) two is to one. D) culture is to experience. E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.

E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.

MPTP in humans produces a disorder virtually identical to severe A) multiple sclerosis. B) schizophrenia. C) Huntington's disease. D) Alzheimer's disease. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is its _____________, whereas the actual pleasure experienced is its_____________. A) anhedonia; hedonic value B) hedonic value; anhedonia C) anhedonia; positive incentive value D) hedonic value; positive incentive value E) positive incentive value; hedonic value

E) positive incentive value; hedonic value

Which of the following is not in the brain stem? A) myelencephalon B) mesencephalon C) metencephalon D) medulla E) telencephalon

E) telencephalon

The conspecific of a vole is a A) rat. B) monkey. C) human. D) mouse. E) vole.

E) vole.

What is the difference between EPSP and IPSP?

EPSP depolarizes, IPSP hyperpolarizes

In the self-stimulation paradigm, the reinforcer is?

Electrical brain stimulation

How can muscle tension be measured?

Electromyography (EMG)

What causes ischemia?

Embolism, thrombosis, or arteriosclerosis

Feminizes

Enhances or produces female characteristics

Masculinizes

Enhances or produces male characteristics

What do Golgi stains show?

Entire cells

Grid Cells

Entorhinal neurons that have multiple, evenly spaced place fields

What brain areas does Alzheimer's affect?

Entorhinal, amygdala, hippocampus

What are the 7 factors that compromise neoevolutionary theory?

Environment, life, heredity, continuity, sex, variability and natural selection.

Acetylcholinesterase

Example of enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter

Semantic Memories

Explicit memories for general facts and knowledge

Episodic Memories

Explicit memories for the particular events and experiences of one's life

Environmental Cues

Exposure to people, place, time, or object that precipitates relapse

T/F: Action potentials are graded responses.

False

T/F. Natural selection produces more offspring than does artificial selection?

False.

How has psychophysiology pursued memory?

Familiar faces elicit usual ANS changes, even if the patient claims they don't recognize it.

The receptive field of a neuron is the area of the visual field within which appropriate visual stimuli can influence the?

Firing of a neuron

In experiments with hamsters, researchers have shown that a lesion of the colliculus produces impaired?

Localization of the visual stimuli

What is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

GABA

Neuroscientist and physiological psychologists typically expain phenomena by?

Generalization to a theory of behavior.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body

What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

Glutamate

NMDA Receptor

Glutamate receptors that play key roles in the development of stroke-induced brain damage and long term potentiation at glutaminergic synapses

What are the amino acid neurotransmitters?

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

What is the difference between a Golgi stain and a Nissl stain?

Golgi: Shape, selective to certain neurons, silver chromate dye Nissl: Number, selective to cell bodies, cresyl violet dye

What are convolutions made of?

Gyri & sulci

Meningiomas

Located in meninges and are benign and encapsulated

What are the two types of stroke?

Hemorrhage and ischemia

Modern neuroscience considers sensory systems to be?

Hierarchial, functinally segregated, and parallel.

The major disortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionality of_____________________

High cortical representation of the fovea

Ionotropic receptors are...

Ligand-activated ion channels

The amygdala is part of the...

Limbic system, basal ganlia, temporal love.

Short-Term Memory

Memories (e.g., recall of a phone number) that are stored only until a person stops focusing on them- typically assessed with the digit-span test

Implicit Memories

Memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious recall or recognition

Long-Term Memory

Memory for experiences that endures after the experiences are no longer the focus of attention

Reference Memory

Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task

The cerebellum is part of the __________.

Metancephalon

Synonym for "Central State Identity"

Monism

Precentral gyrus is to postcentral gyrus as...

Motor is to somatosensory

Convulsion

Motor seizure

Electromyography (EMG)

Muscle tension is monitored by this, a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

There are 6 basic components to Neo-Darwin evolution _______ is not one of them.

Mutation

Electrostatic Pressure

Na+ is attracted by -70mV inside (opposite charges attract)

Medial Pre-optic Area

The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior

Simple cells

Neurons in the visual cortex that respond maximally to straight-edge stimuli in a certain position and orientation (rectangular,monocular, sensitive)

Place Cells

Neurons that develop place fields- that is, that respond only when the subject is in a particular place in a familiar test environment

Neurosecretory cells

Neurons that release hormones into the general circulation

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Neuropsych test that is sensitive to frontal lobe damage

broca's area

The area of the inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere hypothesized by ___ to be the center of speech production.

What are the three receptor subtypes?

Nicotinic, muscarinic, atropine

What are two examples of soluble-gas neurotransmitters?

Nitric oxide & carbon monoxide

Did Darwin write about Genetics?

No.

On a neuron axon, what are the spaces between the myelin?

Nodes of Ranvier

cross-cuing

Nonneural communication between hemispheres that have been seperated by commissurotomy.

What is not among the 3 dimensions along which biopsychological research varies?

Normal and abnormal functioning

In monkey striate cortex, just over half the binocular cells display?

Ocular Dominance

What provides myelin for axons in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

On-Center and Off- Center cells

On the basis of their receptive field properties the neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as these

Oxytocin

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling

Vasopressin

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys an is thus also called antidiuretic hormone

Contralateral: __________ :: Ipsilateral : __________

Opposite side :: same side

How do you perform an electron micoscopy?

Passing a beam of electrons over a surface

Do postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP) travel actively or passively?

Passively

Mach bands

Perception of a thin dark band on the dark side of a light-dark border and a thin light band on the light side of the border. These bands are an illusion because they occur even though corresponding intensity changes do not exist.

What is MS characterized by?

Periods of remission

The Autonomic nervous system is part of the?

Peripheral nervous system

receptive

Pertaining to the comprehension of language and speech.

expressive

Pertaining to the generation of language; that is, pertaining to writing or talking.

The principle components of emotion are?

Physiological arousal; behavior changes; cognitive events.

What is the difference between physiological psychology and psychophysiology?

Physiological psychology studies the brain-behavior relationship through direct manipulation of nonhumans, whereas psychophysiology studies brain-behavior relationship in humans through noninvasive techniques.

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug

What are the three meninges that protect the brain?

Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater

What are the five classes of neuropeptides?

Pituitary, hypothalamic, brain-gut, opioid, misc.

Heritability Estimate

Proporiton of variability in a population due to genetics.

Hedonic Value

Pleasure actually experienced from drug

Embolism

Plug breaks away and travels to smaller vessel, blocking blood flow

Where are EPSPs and IPSPs found?

Postsynaptic membrane

Large cores of prefrontal tissue is removed in a ________________ using a ___________

Prefrontal lobotomy, Leucotone

wernicke's area

The area of the left temporal cortex hypothesized by ____ to be the center of language comprehension.

Major flow of visual information

Primary visual cortex --> Secondary VC--> Visual association cortex

Stimulants

Produce increase in neural activity

Prefrontal Cortex

The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas

Transcription Factors

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the expression of particular genes

According to the text, emotion, lie detection, and biofeedback are phenomena that are studied by?

Psychophysiologists.

Concentration Gradient

Random motion of Na+ to move "down" to area of lower concentration

Drug Self-Administering Paradigm

Rats inject drugs to their system by pressing a lever

The radial arm maze has been used to study?

Rats, foraging for food, spatial abilities, and memory.

Gonadotropin

The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads

What does the myelencephalon (or, medulla) contain?

Reticular Formation

What are soluble-gas neurotransmitters involved in?

Retrograde transmission to regulate activity of presynaptic neurons

Action Potential

Reversal of membrane potential from -70mV to +50mV.

dextrals

Right-handers

Tonus

Rigidity

What orientation do you cut to slice the corpus callosum?

Sagittal

What provides myelin for axons in the ANS?

Schwann Cells

Which monoamine(s) is/are indolamines?

Serotonin

global aphasia

Severe disruption of all language-related abilities.

Copulation

Sexual intercourse

Bisexual

Sexually attracted to members of both sexes

Heterosexual

Sexually attracted to members of the other sex

Homosexual

Sexually attracted to members of the same sex

What are metabotropic receptors associated with?

Signal proteins and G-proteins

Drug Priming

Single exposure to previously abused drug that causes relapse

How many layers does the neocortex have?

Six

Clonus

Tremor

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

Small molecule, neuropeptide

Which two tests are useful for determining which hemisphere is language dominant?

Sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test

What maintains the concentration gradient at resting membrane potential?

Sodium-Potassium pump

What are two examples of unconventional neurotransmitters?

Soluble-gas and endocannaboids

What does the Morris water maze study?

Spatial abilities of rats

word salad

Speech that has the overall sound and flow of normal speech but is totally incomprehensible.

visual completion

THe completion or filling in of a scotoma by the brain.

Anabolic Steroids

Steroid drugs that are similar to testosterone and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects

What are the differnt physiological research methods?

Sterotaxic surgery, Cryogenic blockage, Aspiration, Electric stimulation, Knife cuts, Lesions

Ventromedial nucleus

Stimulation curbs appetite, destruction results in inability to control appetite

In the S-R approach_______ variables impinge upon organisms, and _________ variables are produced by organisms

Stimulus, Response

Stress Relapse

Stressful event causes relapse

hemispherectomy

THe removal of one cerebral hemisphere.

How has physiological psychology pursued memory?

Studied contributions of hippocampus to memory by surgically removing it in rats.

Control Group

Subjects that are exposed to all conditions except the independent variable.

What brain areas does Parkinson's affect?

Substantia nigra

T/F. Neuroscientists assume that the mind and behavior of humans is determined by their anatomy and physiology?

TRUE

Defeminizes

Suppress or disrupts female characteristics

commissurotomy

Surgical severing of the cerebral commisures.

Encephalitis

Swelling in brain as a result of infection

Which nervous system mobilizes energy?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Bilateral removal of ________ lobe produces the Kluver-bucy syndorme?

Temporal Lobe

The longitudinal fissure separates two hemispheres, which lobe doesn't border on it?

Temporal lobe

Working Memory

Temporary memory necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working

Androstenedione

The adrenal androgen that triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in human females

Growth Hormone

The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt

Thyrotropin

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

The anterior pituitary hormones that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices

Lordosis

The arched-back, rump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission

frontal operculum

The area of prefrontal cortex taht in the left hemisphere is the location of Broca's area.

Estrous Cycle

The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals

Learning

The brain's ability to change in response to experience

Memory

The brain's ability to store and access the learned effects of experiences

Glutamate

The brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia

The Neurosciences constitute the study of?

The brain, brain-behavior relationships, neurochemistry, and neuropharmacology

What is the Basal Ganglia composed of?

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.

Zygote

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum

Aromatization

The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol (DHT cannot be aromatized)

Estrogens

The class of steroid hormones tat are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an example is estradiol

Progestins

The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone

Androgens

The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone

Comparative approach

The comparison of brain-behavior relationships in different species.

Inferotemporal Cortex

The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe, in which is located an area of secondary visual cortex that is involved in object recognition

Mullerian System

The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts (e.g uterus, fallopian tube and vagina)

Wolffian System

The embryonic precursors the male reproductive ducts (e.g semial vesicles and vaas deferens

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapse by high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neurons

What is the flaw in the conditioned place-preference paradigm/drug self-administering paradigm?

The environments are not natural and they do not have any options for pleasure other than the drug itself.

Genitals

The external reproductive organs

Physical Dependence Addiction

The fear of or termination of withdrawal symptoms is what keeps people taking drugs

Ovaries

The female gonads

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of ovarian follicles

angular gyrus

The gyrus of the posterior cortex at the boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes, which in the left hemisphere is though to play a role in reading.

Menstrual Cycle

The hormone-regulated cycle in women of follicle growth, egg release, buildup of the uterus lining,and menstruation

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release

Aromatization Hypothesis

The hypothesis that he brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatizaiton

corpus callosum

The largest cerebral commissure.

Digit Span

The longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time- most people have a digit span of 7

Alzheimer's Disease

The major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss

Cerebellum

The metencephalic structure that has been shown to mediate the retention of Pavlovian eye blink conditioning

Testosterone

The most common androgen

Estradiol

The most common estrogen

Infantile Amnesia

The normal inability to recall events from early childhood

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus

The nucleus in the medial prep-optic area of rats that is larger in males than in females

Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH-3)

The nucleus was larger in men than in women, and larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. It is not clear if the size difference is a result, or a cause.

Adrenal Cortex

The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts

Sex Chromosomes

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex: XX for a female and XY for a male

Autonomic division of PNS

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs.

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Posterior Pituitary

The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons

Anterior Pituitary

The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones

fraternal birth order effect

The probability of a man's being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has (increase 33% for every older bro he has)

helping-hand phenomenon

The redircation of one hand of a split-brain patient by the other hand.

CA1 Subfield

The region of the hippocampus that is commonly damaged by cerebral ischemia

Orchidectomy

The removal of the testes

Scrotum

The sac that holds the male testes outside the body cavity

Sexual Identity

The sex (male or female) that a person feels himself or herself to be

Pituitary Stalk

The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Neuroendocrinology

The study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Neuropharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on teh nervous system.

Inclusive fitness

The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.

Gonadectomy

The surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries); castration

heschl's gyrus

The temporal lobe gyrus that is the location of primary auditory cortex.

Gonads

The testes and the ovaries

Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance

The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts (the Mullerian system) to degenerate and the testes to descend

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

The third and fourth ventricles

Memory Consolidation

The transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage

Pulsatile Hormone Release

The typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day

lateralization of function

The unequal representaion of various psychological functions in the two hemisphres of the brain.

Hypothalamopituitary Portal System

The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

hypothalamopituitary portal system

The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Multiple-Trace Theory

Theory that memories are encoded in a distributed fashion throughout the hippocampus and other rain structures for as long as the memories exist

Standard Consolidation Theory

Theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system

What is significant about epileptic auras?

They can determine when a seizure will occur, and the aura experienced can provide insight to the location of the seizure in the brain

What makes MEGs good?

They have high temporal resolution

What do PKU patients lack? Is it dominant or recessive? Can it be cured?

They lack phenylalanine hydroxylace (leading to an excess of phenylalanine). It is recessive, and can be cured when addressed in a sensitive period.

Korsakoff's Syndrome is caused by ____________.

Thiamine deficieny

purkinje effect

This states: in intense light yellow and red look brighter in dim light blue and green look brighter

Dendritic Spines

Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain

Contingent Tolerance

Tolerance to drug effects rather than the drug iteself

Cross Tolerance

Tolerance to multiple drugs that act by same mechanism

cerebral commisures

Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

What is the animal model of Alzheimer's?

Transgenic mouse models

Saltatory

Transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons.

Impotent

Unable to achieve a penile erection

How has comparative neuroscience pursued memory?

Used brain-imaging technology to observe changes in brain when humans perform memory tasks.

Morgan's Canon

Using the simplest explanation for a behavioral observation.

Independent Variable

Variable manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent Variable

Variable measured by the experimenter

Emergent Property

View that the relationship between the mind and body are psychological experiences and consciousness results from the organization of large numbers of neurons.

Sham rage

Violent reactions to normally innocuous stimili following the removal of the cerebral cortices.

What are the symptoms of MS patients?

Visual disturbances, muscular weakness, tremor, ataxia, numbness

What makes the membrane permeable to Na+?

Voltage-gated ion channels

What is the test of general intelligence used most commonly by neuropsychologists?

WAIS

Epileptic Auras

Weird smells, thoughts, hallucinations, etc before a seizure

Kluver-bucy syndrome

What syndrome is described as bilateral lesions of the amygdala and the hippocampus resulting in placidity, anterograde amnesia, oral exploratory behavior, hypersexuality, and psychic blindness?

Cingulate gyrus

a beltlike structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control

haloperidol

a butyrophenone that was used as an antischizophrenic drug

Limbic system

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)

F-MRI

a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain

Striatum

a structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and is damaged in Parkinson's patients; it seems to play a role in memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses in multiple-trail tasks

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

curare

a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles

PET-Scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Morris Water Maze Test

a widely used test of spatial memory in which rats must learn to swim directly to a platform hidden just beneath the surface of a circular pool of murky water

sensitivity

ability to detect presence of dimly lit objects

conscious awareness

ability to perceive one's experience, usually by verbally describing the experience.

acuity

ability to see details of objects

limbic system

amygdala, mammilary body, hippocampus, fornix, cortex of cingulate gyrus, septum, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus.

Rhinal cortex

an area of the medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala and hippocampus

Angiogram

an x-ray of blood vessels following injection with radio-opaque material

Scotomas

blind spots where damage has occured in visual field.

prestriate cortex

band of tissue in the occipital lobe that surrounds the primary visual cortex (PVC)

lens

behind the pupil. focuses incoming light on retina.

butyrophenes

bind effectively to D2 but not D1

magnocellular layers

bottom 2 layers of LGN made of neurons with large cell bodies

exogenous

bottom up. only one stimulus. sensation

visual agnosia

can see visual stimulus, but don't know what the visual stimulus is.

Efferent nerves

carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves

Afferent nerves

carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerves) (to the CNS)

T-cells

cell-mediated immunity

off center cells

central= off periphery= on

binocular disparity

change in position of the same image on 2 retinas. ___________ increases for close objects.

anxiety

chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat

bullying

chronic social threat that induces subordination stress on members of our species

phenothiazines

class of antischizophrenic drug that binds effectively to D1 and D2 receptors

Nuclei

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Amphibian

cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water

Retina-geniculate-striate pathways

conduct signals from each retina to the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) via lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. (fig. 6.13)

visualizing

contracting key info about edges and location. conducts info to cortex for perception

active placebos

control drug with no theraputic effect but produces similar side affects to the real drug

central nucleus of the amygdala

controls defensive behavior

brocas area

controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements invloved in speech

transduction

conversion of light to neural signals

retina

converts light into neural signals to the CNS, and participates in the processing of signals. Has 5 layers

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

coordinates male copulatory behavior.

decorticate

cortex has been removed

inferotemporal cortex

cortex of inferior temporal lobe

immunization

creating immunity through vaccination

hypothallamus

critical for expression of aggressive responses

reactive depression

depression triggered by a negative experience

endogenous depression

depression with no apparent cause

Episodic memory

describes a type of memory that includes specific events that one has personally experienced

transitional research

designed to translate basic scientific discoveries to clinical treatments

phagocytosis

destruction of pathogens by phagocytes

psychiatric disorder

disorders of psychological function, bad enough to need treatment

psychedelic drugs

drug whose primary action is to alter perception, cognition, and emotion

orphan drugs

drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable

Papez

dude known for limbic system

Ejaculation

ejection of sperm

EEG

eletroencephalogram; an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

cannon-bard theory

emotional experience and emotion expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation. perception of bear---> feeling of fear and perception of bear---> physiological response

James-lange theory

emotional experience results from the brain's perception of pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system (NS) responses elicited by emotion-inducing sensory stimuli Perception of Bear--> physiological reactions---> feeling of fear.

fear

emotional reaction to threat; motivating force for defensive behavior

Photopic system

enables colour vivison so involves cones and diff. wavelengths

fear conditioning

establishes fear in response to a respectively neutral stimulus (neutral ---> Conditioned stimulus) by presenting it several times before the unconditioned stimulus

gonadal hormone

estrogen, androgen and progesterone (both sex)

stressor

experiences that induce the stress response. Physiological _____ and psychological ____ produce the same kind of physiological changes.

ciliary muscles

eye muscles that control shape of lenses for objects near or far.

Dorsal

facing away from the axis of an organ or organism

agnosia

failure of recognition, not attributed to a sensory deficit or to verbal or intellectual impairment

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

feeling depression in the winter. (mainly because no sun. Affects northerners)

completion

filling in the image

iproniazid

first antidepressant drug. (originally for TB)

chlorpromazine

first antischizophrenic drug. early 1950s

clozapine

first atypical neuroleptic receptor to be licenced

innate immune system

first component of the immune system to react. Quick reaction near site of pathogen entry

labioscrotal swellings

form the scrotum or labia majora

lateral bodies

forms the shaft of penis, or hood of clitoris

Complex Cells

found in V1 or V2. respond to a pattern of light (usually bar shaped) anywhere within its large visual field regardless of its location--most come from the striate primary visual cortex

urethral folds

fuses in males or enlarges to become labia minor in females

blind spot

gap where retinal ganglion cell axons leave the cell

urbach-wiethe disease

genetic disorder. produces calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal lobe structures in both hemispheres

duchenne smile

genuine smile ( orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major). you can fake the zygomaticus major but not the orbicularis oculi.

absorption spectrum

graph of the ability of a substance to absorb light of different wavelengths. Figure 6.11 in text.

Dorsal Stream

group of visual pathways that flows from PVC --> dorsal prestriate cortex --> posterior parietal cortex. "Where" pathway and controls behavior

ventral stream

group of visual pathways that flows from PVC --> ventral prestriate cortex --> inferotemporal cortex. "What" pathway and sees color and shape (conscious perception of objects and their characteristics)

testosterone

high social aggression is associated with high ______.

top-down

high to low levels of neural mechanisms

perception

higher order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensation

fovea

highest acuity vision. Not rods. Yes cones.

glucocorticoids

hormone released from the adrenal cortex

contextual fear conditioning

how benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with rear-inducing stimuli. (a scary trial elicits fear)

binding problem

how the brain combines individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions. (doesnt know exactly how this happens= what prob?)

far

if the lens is flat that means the object is (near/far)

near

if the lens is thick the object is (near/far)

tricyclic antidepressants

imipramine. block reuptake of seratonin and epinephrine.

simultagnosia

inability to attend to more than one thing at once. posterior parietal lobe. dorsal stream.

clinical depression

major depressive disorder. when depression lasts for more than 2 weeks

cotricosterone

major glucocorticoid

bipolar affective disorder

mania + depression cycles

psychosomatic disorders

medical disorders when psychological factors play a causal role (heart disease, asthma, skin disorder, ulcers)

Parts of the brain stem

medulla, pons, midbrain

hippocampus

memory for spacial location and contextual fear conditioning

mamawawa

men are men and women are women assumption; the tendency to assume that men and women are distinct opposites with respect to hormones, (e.g that women have female hormones that give them female bodies and brains)

polygraphy

method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer truthfulness of a person's responses. Detects emotion! Not lies!

bipolar cells

middle layer of retina

affective disorder

mood disorder. disturbs mood/emotion

complex cortical cells

more numerous than simple cells. orientation-sensitive. respond wherever they are. motion sensitive. 1. larger receptive fields 2. no on/off seperation 3. many are binocular (either eye). ocular dominance and retinal disparity for depth perception. complex respond to movement!!! (sweeping)

continually active

most visual system neurons are ___________ even when there is no visual input

risk assessment test

mouse flees to the burrows and freezes and scans area cautiously

prosopagnosia

not being able to distinguish faces

epigentic

not of the genes

simple cells

on and off regions. unresponive to diffuse light. all monocular. strait lines. respond best to bars of light in the dark, and dark bars in a light field. not in layer 4 of striate.

high contrast

on-center cells and off-center cells respond best in __________

facial feedback hypothesis

our facial expression influences our emotional experiences. (putting on a happy face makes you fell better)

gastric ulcer

painful lesions to the lining of stomach and duodenum. psychosomatic disorder

agoraphobia

pathological fear of pubic and open spaces (ex. the guy from the bench warmers)

reappraisal paradigms

patients told to reinterpret a picture but change their emotional reaction to it

universality of facial expressions

people around the world have the same facial expression when put in similar situations

common sense fear theory

perception of bear---> feeling fear--> physiological response

PTSD

persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress

microglia

phagocytes specific to CNS

blindsight

phenomenon where one experiences blindness in their field of vision, but somehow knows what is there

rhodopsin

photopigment of rods (1st step in rod vision). Response to light not neural transmitters. (G-protein)

cones

photoreceptors for photopic vision (color). Has low sensitivity and high acuity.

rods

photoreceptors for scotopic vision (black and white) sees light, brightness, no details. Has high sensitivity and low acuity. More of these in the nasal hemiretina than in temporal hemiretina.

stress

physiological response to physical/psychological threats

guilty knowledge technique

polygrapher records ANS responses to a list of control and crime related evidence known only to the guilty person and examiner

lesions

precise destruction of brain tissue, enables more systematic study of the loss of function resulting from surgical removal, cutting of neural connections, or destruction by chemical applications

photopic vision

predominates when lighting is good. cone regulated

defensive behaviors

primary function is to protect the organism from threat/harm

surface interpolation

process how we perceive surfaces. The visual system extracts info about edges and from it infers appearance of large surfaces

extracellular unit recording

provides a record of a neuron's firing but nothing about membrane potential because the electrode is near the neuron rather than in it

The central fissure

separates frontal and parietal lobes

constricting pupils

sharper image and greater depth of focus

schizophrenia

split brain. disease usually associated with madness. 1% prevelance

Sex differentiation

sry, testosterone, DHT (Dihydrotestosterone androgen) AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

stimulates release of the anterior pituitary's two gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

cytokines

stressors are found to increase blood levels of ____. They are a group of peptide hormones

clinical trials

studies conducted on human volunteers to asses the theraputic ethicacy of untested drugs. 1. screening for safety 2. establish testing protocol (double-blind procedures) 3. final testing (double-blind procedure) with real patients with same target disorder

immune system

system that protects us against harmful microorganisms

Retinotopic organization

term meaning that each level of this system is organized like a map of the retina

Sodium amytal test

test of lateralization - injection of sodium amytal into cartoid artery on one side - anesthetizes hemisphere - assesses capacities of other hemisphere

cortex

the part of the brain that inhibits and directs responses

Somatic division of PNS

the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs

Entorhinal Cortex

the portion of the rhinal cortex within the rhinal fissure

Peripheral nervous system

the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord

translational bottleneck

the small proportion of drugs that are funded for and researched.

duplexity theory

the theory that rods and cones mediate scotopic and photopic vision, respectively

Cognitive Map Theory

the theory that the main function of the hippocampus is to store memories of spatial location

FALSE

there is one brain structure in charge of emotion (true or false?)

prefrontal cortex

this brain structure that suppresses fear conditioning

cocktail-party phenomenon

this happens when you are super into one conversation and are completely unaware of anything going on around you, but you are able to hear when your name is said in a completely different conversation on the other side of the room and you're all like "yo, you talking shit?!" lolz.

microexpressions

this kind of facial expression only lasts for about 0.05 seconds

toll-like-receptors

this leads to phagocytosis and inflammation. Triggers innate immune system by binding to molecules on the surface of the pathogens, or when injured cells send out alarm signals

SP

this patient had amygdala lesions and had a hard time recognizing fear in a person's face and other sad emotions.

amygdala

this structure evaluates emotional significance of a situation

aggressive behaviors

this type of behavior functions to cause harm/threat

endogenous

top down. perception.

maternal immune hypothesis

when a mother births a son, she develops immunity to male sex hormones (masculinizing hormone), and with every son she has the immunity increases and the likelihood of her male babies being homosexuals increase. (explains fraternal birth order effect)

subordination stress

when conspecific threat becomes a feature of daily life. studied in dominance hierarchies.

Postpartum depression

when moms get depressed after giving birth. lasts 1-3 months.

anxiety disorder

when your anxiety gets so bad that it effects normal functioning and every day life

adrenal medulla

where epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from

leukocytes

white blood cells (high in count when there is a pathogen in a body)

nonprimary expression

you see these types of expressions more often. A combination of 2 (or more) primary facial expressions