Baylor Neuroscience 1306 Final
semantic analysis
Analysis of the meaning of language.
What do we study that is important for research on Parkinson's?
Basal ganglia
_____ scans determine structure.
CT
retina
receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells make up the what?
Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the direct action of the limbic system on the?
Hypothalamus
Remote Memory
Memory for events of the distant past
How has neuropsychology pursued memory?
Proved that patients with alcohol-produced brain damage suffer with recent/anterograde memory loss.
selective attention
strengthen neural responses to attend to aspect by weakening responses to others
Repetition Priming Tests
Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them
What is thought of as the "sensory relay center"?
Thalamus
What is the limbic system associated with?
The "four F's" (fight, flight, feed, sexual reproduction)
Thrombosis
Thrombus plug forms and blocks blood flow
Absolute Refractory Period
Time after an action potential where it is impossible to elicit another one
Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, the amygdala and the adjacent cortex
Ovariectomy
The removal of the ovaries
vaccination
administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the AIS is prepared
anxiolytic drugs
anti-anxiety drugs
b-cells
antibody-mediated immunity
neuroleptic
antischizophrenic drugs
atypical neuroleptics
antischizophrenic drugs that work effectively without binding to D2 receptors
comorbidity
anxiety and depression tend to occur together in the same individual
association cortex
any part of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system
Primate
any placental mammal of the order Primates--hair, 3 small bones in the inner ear,
mammal
any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair
sensation
detecting presence of stimuli
glans
develops into head of penis or clitoris
The brain stem contains the...
diencephalon, mesencephalon, metancephalon, and the myelencephalon.
change blindness
difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended to parts of visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image
pathogens
disease causing agents
pupil
hole in the iris
tropic hormone
hormone released by anterior pituitary gland released to the general circulation that stimulate the release of another hormone (e.g. gonadotropic hormone)
posterior parietal cortex
largest area of association cortex that receives visual input
lateralization of emotion
left and right hemispheres are specialized to perform emotional functions
antibodies
lethal receptor molecules
lymphocytes
leukocytes in AIS (main cells). Produced by bone marrow in the lymphatic system
on center cells
light shone in the central region of respective fields with "on" and in the periphery with "off"
unipolar affective disorder
only depression
benzodiazapine
treats anxiety disorders. chlordiazapine. diazepam
reptiles
vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded
List the lesioning methods.
- Knife cuts - Chemical - Aspiration - Radio-frequency - Cyrogenic blockade
Alpha Waves are associated with...
Relaxed wakefulness
Pure Research
Research done for the sake of learning, and doesn't necessarily provide benefit to society
Applied Research
Research done to benefit society
Complex Partial Seizure
Restricted to temporal lobes and result in automatisms that are an excess of normal behavior
Functional segregation
Organizing into different areas, each of which performs a different function; for examplein sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus.
BOLD signals are used to show ______ in fMRI.
Oxygen use
What neuroscience techniques has been helpful in determining the location of language areas in the brain?
PET- Scan, clinical (brain injured) patients, Evoked potentials.
Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome
The developmental disorder of genetic males in which a mutation to the androgen receptor gene renders the androgen receptors defective and causes the development of a female body
Estrus
The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility
Perirhinal Cortex
The portion of the rhinal cortex around the rhinal fissure
How many ventricles are in the brain?
4
parvocellular layers
4 top layers of the LGN that are composed of neurons with small cell bodies
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's?
Tremor at rest, muscular rigidity, slow movement, masklike face, pain and depression
How has psychopharmacology pursued memory?
Tried to improve memory of Alzheimer's patients by giving drugs that increase acetylcholine levels.
Microglia
Trigger inflamatory responses
Prosopagnosia
A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty in the recognition of people's faces; caused by damage to the visual association cortex
T/F- It is reasonable to assume that the more similar one individual's brain structure is to another's brain structure, the more similar the behavior of the two organisms will be?
True
T/F: EPSPs and IPSPs are graded responses.
True
T/F. A person with a bisected brain seems to posses two minds sometimes?
True.
T/F. Neodarwin theory states that there is a biological basis for the sexual interests humans express towards each other?
True.
T/F. The treatment group in an experiment is the group that receives the experimental manipulation.
True.
Neoplasm
Tumor
Metastatic Tumor
Tumor that originates in different part of the body and travels
Adrenogenital Syndrome
A sexual developmental disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculine the bodies of genetic females
Nitric Oxide
A soluble-gas neurotransmitter
alexia
A specific inability to read; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.
agraphia
A specific inability to write; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.
Radial Arm Maze Test
A widely used test of rats' spatial ability in which the same arms are baited on each trial, and the rats must learn to visit only the baited arms only one time on each trial
Which drugs are used in the reduction of Tourette tics? A) D2 receptor blockers B) selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors C) selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors D) tricyclic antidepressants E) benzodiazepines
A) D2 receptor blockers
The Z lens was developed by A) Zaidel. B) Zalman Amit. C) Zurif. D) Zimbardo. E) Zola-Morgan.
A) Zaidel.
One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have A) a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood. B) a mild retrograde amnesia for recent events. C) deficits in consolidation. D) anterograde amnesia. E) difficulty forming new explicit long-term memories.
A) a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.
Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses. A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) amphetamine E) morphine
A) alcohol
Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. A) amygdala B) septum C) auditory cortex D) hippocampus E) granule cells
A) amygdala
H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his A) anterograde amnesia. B) retrograde amnesia. C) deficit in short-term memory. D) loss of remote memory. E) drop in IQ.
A) anterograde amnesia.
Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as A) antibody is to messenger RNA. B) DNA is to antibody. C) neurotransmitter is to cell body. D) antibody is to DNA. E) RNA is to antibody.
A) antibody is to messenger RNA.
Cell death produced by activation of a cell's genetic program for suicide is called A) apoptosis. B) necrosis. C) an infarct. D) gliosis. E) a tragedy.
A) apoptosis.
Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by A) axoaxonic synapses. B) axodendritic synapses. C) dendrodendritic synapses. D) axosomatic synapses. E) both A and D
A) axoaxonic synapses.
Biopsychology is the scientific study of the A) biology of behavior. B) brain. C) chemistry of the brain. D) biology of the brain. E) biology of cognition.
A) biology of behavior.
The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored A) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience. B) throughout the hippocampus. C) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. D) in the diencephalon. E) in the rhinal cortex.
A) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.
Ablation Penis
Accidental destruction of the penis
Do action potentials travel actively or passively?
Actively
Hangover
Acute alcohol withdrawal
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Addiction develop when drug use sensitizes neural circuits mediating wanting of drug - not necessarily the liking of it
Positive-Incentive Addiction
Addiction for the pleasure alone
Detoxified
Addicts with drugs no longer in their system
The nerves that carry information *to* the CNS are ________.
Afferent
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
mirror like system
activated area of the cortex during response
accommodation
adjusting lens configuration to focus objects on the retina
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices
fusiform face area
area of human cortex located at the boundary between the occipital and temporal lobes, and is selectively activated by human faces
secondary sensory cortex
area of sensory cortex that receives most input from the primary sensory cortex (PSC)
Primary visual cortex
area of the cortex that receives input from the lateral geniculate nuclei (striate cortex). Raw material.
receptive field
area of visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of that neuron
The diencephalon includes structures such as the?
ateral geniculate nuclei, Hypothalamus
target-site concept
attack specific sites on animal while protecting specific sites on own body
selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
block the reuptake of seratonin from the synapses. prozac and SNRIs (selective norepinephrine- reuptake inhibitors)
bipotential precursors
both male and female reproductive organs develop from the same precursor. Consists of 4 parts: glans, urethral folds, lateral bodies, and labioscrotal swellings
sham rage
exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive response of decorticate animals. (The cerebral hemisphere is removed, but not the hypothallamus)
up-regulation
increase in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in response to decreased release for that neurotransmitter
suppression paradigms
inhibit emotional reaction to unpleasant films/pics
lateral inhibition
inhibition of adjacent neurons/receptors in a topographic array.
contrast enhancement
intensification of perception of edges
Case Studies
intensive study of one person
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Amnesia associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes; its major feature is anterograde amnesia for explicit memories in combination with preserved intellectual functioning
Global Amnesia
Amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities
Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)
Amnesia produced by a nonpenetrating head injury (a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull)
Medial Diencephalic Amnesia
Amnesia that is associated with damage to the medial diencephalon (e.g., Korsakoff's amnesia)
Graded Response
Amplitude of response is proportional to the intensity of the stimuli that elicited it
wernicke-geschwind model
An influential model of cortical language localization in the left hemisphere.
The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the inferior colliculi, whose function is _______, and the superior colliculi, whose function is _______.
Auditory; visual
What divisions does the peripheral nervous system contain?
Autonomic and somatic
What is an example of a metabotropic receptor?
Autoreceptor
What summates the EPSPs and IPSPs to determine if an action potential will occur?
Axon hillock
Orthodromic Conduction
Axonal conduction in normal direction (from cell body to terminal buttons)
Antidromic Conduction
Axonal conduction opposite of normal direction (towards cell body)
What is white matter primarily composed of?
Axons
Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography? A) computed tomography B) MRI C) CT D) angiography E) both A and C
B) MRI
Standard consolidation
Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by A) an efflux of sodium ions. B) an influx of calcium ions. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. E) the release of calcium ions from the buttons.
B) an influx of calcium ions.
Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is A) extremely rare. B) antidromic. C) orthodromic. D) both A and B E) both A and C
B) antidromic.
The elevated-plus-maze test is a commonly used model of clinical A) depression. B) anxiety. C) mania. D) bipolar affective disorder. E) phobia.
B) anxiety.
Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by A) nonrandom assignment. B) electrostatic pressure. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) selective ion channels. E) nonrandom movement.
B) electrostatic pressure.
Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors? A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) caudate E) frontal cortex
B) hippocampus
The Duchenne smile A) is a false smile. B) involves the orbicularis oculi. C) does not involve the orbicularis oculi. D) both A and B E) both A and C
B) involves the orbicularis oculi.
Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain A) small-molecule neurotransmitters. B) neuropeptides. C) acetylcholine. D) dopamine. E) glutamate.
B) neuropeptides.
An organism's observable traits are referred to as its A) genotype. B) phenotype. C) dominant traits. D) recessive traits. E) none of the above
B) phenotype.
Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called A) location cells. B) place cells. C) complex cells. D) simple cells. E) spot cells.
B) place cells.
After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the A) sodium-potassium pump. B) random movement of ions. C) refractory period. D) electrostatic gradient. E) EPSPs.
B) random movement of ions.
The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are A) object recognition tests. B) repetition priming tests. C) digit span tests. D) episodic tests. E) delayed nonmatching-to-sample tests.
B) repetition priming tests.
A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has A) little difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. C) substantial difficulty consciously recognizing objects. D) lost all ability to respond to moving images. E) both A and D
B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control.
In partial seizures, A) there is no epileptic spiking in the EEG. B) the epileptic discharges do not spread throughout the brain. C) there is no aura. D) the seizures are always simple. E) there is no epileptic focus.
B) the epileptic discharges do not spread throughout the brain.
Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into clinical treatments is called A) clinical research. B) translational research. C) neuropsychology research. D) clinical psychology research. E) application research.
B) translational research.
What does magnetoencephalography (MEG) measure?
Brain activity
Hematoma
Brain bruise
Reticular formation takes place in the?
Brain stem
Intracranial Self-Stimulation
Brief bursts of electric shock to "pleasure centers" of brain
What's the difference between a real experiment and a quasiexperimental study?
Quasiexperimental has subjects who were exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world, therefore we cannot account for confounding variables, which we can do in a real/controlled experiment.
If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, it can be concluded that A) both parents also had a recessive phenotype for that trait. B) only one parent had a recessive phenotype for that trait. C) both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for that trait. D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait. E) both A and C
D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait.
Steroid hormones A) are synthesized from cholesterol. B) play a major role in sexual development. C) penetrate cell membranes. D) all of the above E) Both A and B
D) all of the above
When the pupils are constricted, A) the retinal image is usually sharper. B) there is usually greater depth of focus. C) vision is poor in dim illumination. D) all of the above E) both A and C
D) all of the above
Which of the following are membrane potentials? A) EPSPs B) IPSPs C) APs D) all of the above E) both A and B
D) all of the above
Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients? A) thalamus B) mediodorsal nuclei C) mammillary bodies D) all of the above E) both A and C
D) all of the above
Cocaine hydrochloride A) is a dopamine agonist. B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters. C) is a dopamine antagonist. D) both A and B E) both B and C
D) both A and B
Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often A) damage neural structures other than the amygdala. B) do not destroy the entire amygdala. C) damage prefrontal cortex. D) both A and B E) both B and C
D) both A and B
In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the A) between-subject variable. B) within-subject variable. C) dependent variable. D) independent variable. E) confounded variable.
D) independent variable.
The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the A) lateral forebrain bundle. B) nigrostriatal pathway. C) mesocortical limbs. D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system. E) mesotelencephalic serotonin system.
D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system.
Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders? A) ethoexperimental psychology B) biopsychology C) developmental neurobiology D) neuropathology E) neuroendocrinology
D) neuropathology
On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as A) simple cells or complex cells. B) complex cells or hypercomplex cells. C) hypercomplex cells. D) on-center or off-center cells. E) type A or type B cells.
D) on-center or off-center cells.
Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy? A) CNS B) PNS C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) somatic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
The subarachnoid space is just outside the A) neocortex. B) arachnoid membrane. C) arachnoid mater. D) pia mater. E) central canal.
D) pia mater.
The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are A) testosterones, estrogens, and progestins. B) progesterones, androgens, and estrogens. C) estradiols, estrogens, and androgens. D) progestins, estrogens, and androgens. E) testosterones, estrogens, and minestrones.
D) progestins, estrogens, and androgens.
How are CT scans normally shown?
Horizontally
Protein Hormones
Hormones that are long chains of amino acids
Peptide Hormones
Hormones that are short chains of amino acids
Steroid Hormones
Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol
Amino Acid Derivative Hormones
Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from amino acids
Dorsal Horn
Horn of spinal cord that carries sensory neurons to the brain
Release-Inhibiting Factors
Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Releasing Hormones
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Supraoptic Nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized
Paraventricular Nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary
Ocular Dominance
In receptive fields of striate cortex, neurons that demonstrate preference, responding more rapidly when a stimulus is presented in one eye than the other
Drug Sensitization
Increased sensitivity to a drug
Scientist maipulate_______ variables and measure _______ variables.
Independent, Dependent
Glioma
Infiltrating tumor
Antagonists
Inhibit effects of neurotransmitters
Subcutaneous Injection (SC)
Injection into fatty tissue
Intramuscular Injection (IM)
Injection into large muscles
Intravenous Injection (IV)
Injection into veins
Replacement Injections
Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it
Intromission
Insertion of the penis into the vagina
In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in teh left temporal hemiretina project________
Ipsilaterally
At resting membrane potential, what ion has highest concentration inside the neuron? What about outside?
Ka+, Na+
What two methods are used to treat Parkinson's?
L-Dopa and deep brain stimulation
How does immunocytochemistry visualize proteins?
Labeled antibodies
Asomatognosia
Lack of awareness of one's own body, typically when the right parietal lobe is damaged (therefore, the individual lacks awareness of his or her left side of the body)
Anosognosia
Lack of awareness of own neurological defects
The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are test of ?
Language lateralization
An example of a "brain-behavior relationship" in humans is the observation that the left cerebral hemisphere must be relatively intact for ________ while the right cerebral hemisphere seems to be necessary for _______ ________
Language, Spatial orientation
sinestrals
Left-handers.
Prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neuron results in
Long-Term depression
Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
MAO's. side effects= cheese effect---> strokes and increased blood pressure.
What is the animal model of Parkinson's?
MPTP
What imaging process is *best* at displaying structure?
MRI
A person with damage to their dorsal visual stream will have difficulty ?
Making accurate movements under visual control.
Infiltrating Tumors
Malignant
Epigenetics
Mechanisms of inheritance other than genetic code.
_______ Developed the surgical procedure of prefrontal lobotomy after?
Moniz, A single report as a scientific meeting on its use in a chimp
Describe GG Gallup's self-awareness study in monkeys.
Monkeys are placed in front of a mirror to observe themselves. After some time, the mirror is removed, and the monkey goes to sleep, where red paint is used over its eyebrow. The next day, the monkey is placed in front of the mirror again, and it began to touch the red paint on its forehead and sniff its fingers. This proved self-awareness.
What are examples of opiates?
Morphine, codeine, analgesics
Tardive Dyskinesia
involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs
fixational eye movements
involuntary tremors, drifts, and saccades (small jerky movements/flicks)... in the eyes
tics
involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalization
lateral nucleus of amygdala
involved in acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus project to the ____________.
monocular
involving only one eye
anhedonia
loss of capacity to experience pleasure
dilating pupils
low illumination and lets in more light
bottom-up
low to high levels of neural mechanisms
Chordate
member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail
functional segregation
organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function. i.e. in the sensory system, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus
panic disorder
rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress.
polymodal
receives information from several sensory modalities (intersensory interactions)
visual association cortex
receives input from secondary visual cortex and secondary areas of other sensory systems. Mostly in the posterior parietal cortex
secondary visual cortex
receives most input from Primary visual cortex. prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex
adaptive immune system
recent evolution, slower reaction against specific antigens, this system has memory
OCD
recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety produced thoughts and impulses (actions).
Cloacal exstrophy
refers to genetic boys born with testes but without penises. and organs can be externalized
iris
regulates the amount of light that reaches the retinas
spacial senesitivity
relative brightness of lights of same intensity presented @ different wavelengths
Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
result of female exposure to androgens before birth. Androgens are produced instead of corticosteroids and the newborn has an intersex appearance. No testes are present and ovaries are normal, despite appearance of external genitalia.
Implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 367)
scotopic vision
rod mediated vision. predominates in dim lighting
Midsagittal section
sagittal section made down the median of the body
hemianopsic
scotoma covering half of the visual field
c
selective attention uses: a. exogenous b. endogenous c. both
parallel processing
simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network
hierarchical organization
simple ---> complex receptors---> thalamic relay nuclei --> primary sensory cortex --> secondary sensory cortex--> association cortex.
Zygomaticus major
smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
horizontal cells (and amacrine cells)
specified function for lateral communication in retina
Demasculinizes
suppress or disrupts male characteristics
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of adrenal glands
primary facial expressions
surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness
Sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
laterilization
the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
the hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
mood stabilizers
treatment for bipolar disorder. controls moods by some mechanism. lithium (anti-mania) in 1960
phobic anxiety disorder
triggered by exposure to a particular object or situation.
akinetopsia
unable to see movement in progress (ex. alcoholics). Associated with damage to the MT Area (middle temporal area) of the cortex. ventral stream. conscious perception. induced with antidepressants, transcranial magnetic stimulation.
control-question technique
used to determine when a person may be lying, when their physiological state changes towards certain questions. compares responses to different questions
Drug Metabolism
Conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms
wernik
...
Capgras syndrome
The delusional belief that people have been replaced by imposters
Neuropsychology
A neuroscientist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage
What's the typical measure of brain activity?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
phonemes
INdividual speech sounds
"Hair trigger" agression could be classified as?
Impulsive aggression.
What is both a stimulant and an empathogen?
MDMA
Simple Partial Seizure
Sensory, motor, or both; symptoms throughout body
Pyramidal Cell Layer
The major layer of cell bodies in the hippocampus
arcuate fasciculus
The major neural pathway between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
Testes
The male gonads
EKG
(electrocardiogram) instrument used in measuring the electrical potential during a heartbeat
What is the threshold of excitation?
-65 mV
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
What role does the reticular formation play?
A role in arousal
What are the six approaches to biopsychology?
1. Physiological psychology 2. Psychpharmacology 3. Neuropsychology 4. Psychophysiology 5. Comparative neuroscience 6. Comparative psychology
.List the correct chronological order--
1.Vertebrates, reptiles, chordates, amphibians, primates, mammals. 2. Chordate, aphibians, vertebrates, reptiles, mammals, primates.
How many pairs of cranial nerves do vertebrartes have?
12
What is the proportion of Na+ : K+ in a sodium-potassium pump?
3:2
How are generalized absence seizures identified?
3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge on EEG
Biopsychology has _____ divisions that the text presents and distinct approaches to biopsychology.
6
lateral geniculate nuclei
6 layered thalamic structure that receives input from the retina and transmits output to primary visual cortex
aphasia
A brain-damage-produced deficit in the ability to use or comprehend language.
Engram
A change in the brain that stores a memory
Neuroscience is characterized by?
A deterministic, mechanistic philosophy, concern for casuality.
Transsexualism
A disorder of sexual identity in which the individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex
apraxia
A disorderin which patients have great difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context but can readily perform them spontaneously in natural situations.
Fornix
A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body.
Sry Gene
A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the release of Sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of testes
NMDA receptor
A hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation.
Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN)
A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior (i.e lordosis)
wernicke's aphasia
A hypothetical disorder of language comprehension whith no associated deficits in speech production.
Broca's aphasia
A hypothetical disorder of speech production with no associated deficits in language comprehension.
An open-field test is usually conducted in?
A large barren chamber
What is the Coolidge effect, and what is its confounding variable?
A male who becomes incapable of sex with one partner can recommence with a new partner; the confounding variable is that it cannot accurately be tested in females, because males become more sexually fatigued than females.
Basal Forebrain
A midline area of the forebrain, which is located just in front of and above the hypothalamus and is the brain's main source of acetylcholine
Korsakoff's Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss
Mediodorsal Nuclei
A pair of medial diencephalic nuclei in the thalamus, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoffs syndrome
dyslexia
A pathological difficulty in reading, one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.
phonetic procedure
A procedure for reading aloud that involves the recognition of letters and the application of a language's rules of pronounciation.
lexical procedure
A procedure for reading aloud that is based on specific stored information acquired about written word.
Progesterone
A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy
Sry Protein
A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis. No female counterpart. In the absence of this protein, cortical cells of primordial gonad develop into ovaries
Alpha Fetoprotein
A protein that is present in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it
surface dyslexia
A reading disorder in which the lexical procedure is disrupted while the phonetic procedure is not.
deep dyslexia
A reading disorder in which the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure is not.
Amygdala
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion
Hippocampus
A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location
Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
A test in which the subject is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then, after a delay is presented with a choice between the sample object and an unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object
sodium amytal test
A test involving the anesthetization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then the other to determine which hemisphre plays the dominant role in language.
dichotic listening test
A test of language lateralization in which two different sequences of threee spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard.
Incomplete-Pictures Test
A test of memory measuring the improved ability to identify fragmented figures that have been previously observed
chimeric figures test
A test of visual comletion in split-brain subjects that uses pictures composed of the left and right halves of two different faces.
What can cause a hydrocephalus?
A tumor near the cerebral aqueduct.
Interneurons A) don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure. B) have two short axons but no dendrites. C) have one long axon and one short dendrite. D) have several short axons and no dendrites. E) have bipolar axons and no dendrites.
A) don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
Which general class of drugs is useful in treating Parkinson's disease? A) dopamine agonists B) dopamine antagonists C) MAO inhibitors D) tricyclics E) phenothiazines
A) dopamine agonists
According to Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream. B) agnosia is to blindsight. C) ventral stream is to dorsal stream. D) visual perception is to spatial perception. E) contrast vision is to color vision.
A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream.
Meningiomas are A) encapsulated. B) diffuse. C) infiltrating. D) metastatic. E) malignant.
A) encapsulated.
Which hormone normally triggers the growth of the sexually dimorphic nuclei in male neonatal rats? A) estradiol aromatized from testosterone B) androstenedione C) progesterone D) vasopressin E) testosterone
A) estradiol aromatized from testosterone
Simple cells of the primary visual cortex A) have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge. B) do not have receptive fields. C) have receptive fields that cannot be divided into static "on" and "off" areas. D) have two receptive fields. E) are in lower layer IV.
A) have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge.
The P300 A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer. B) is a negative EEG wave. C) is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. D) occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. E) is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click.
A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer.
Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the A) lateral nucleus. B) preoptic nucleus. C) paraventricular nucleus. D) basolateral nucleus. E) amygdala complex.
A) lateral nucleus.
Stem cells produced in the adult hippocampus by neurogenesis will migrate short distances into areas of damage. This raises the possibility that A) neurogenesis may play a role in recovery from hippocampal damage. B) adult neurogenesis may occur in the olfactory bulbs. C) the hippocampus is related to the olfactory bulbs. D) the hippocampus is a memory structure. E) neurogenesis plays a role in regeneration.
A) neurogenesis may play a role in recovery from hippocampal damage.
In healthy individuals, information from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum. C) fornix. D) all of the above E) both A and B
A) optic chiasm.
The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is A) physiological psychology. B) psychophysiology. C) neuropsychology. D) cognitive neuroscience. E) both A and B
A) physiological psychology.
The back of your head is A) posterior. B) dorsal. C) inferior. D) anterior. E) ventral.
A) posterior.
The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a A) serial model. B) parallel model. C) holistic, nonlocalizationist model. D) both A and C E) both B and C
A) serial model.
Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into A) testes. B) a Müllerian system. C) the penis. D) ovaries. E) a Wolffian system.
A) testes.
The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called A) the comparative approach. B) ethology. C) biopsychology. D) evolutionary biology. E) none of the above
A) the comparative approach.
The monoamine theory of depression is that depression is associated with A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. B) degeneration of monoamines. C) decreases in dopamine receptors. D) monoamine agonists. E) realignment MAO inhibitors.
A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses.
Akinetopsia is associated with damage to A)MT/V5. B) primary visual cortex. C) posterior parietal cortex. D) the dorsal route. E) V3.
A)MT/V5.
Action potentials are a _________ response.
All-or-none
verterbrate
An animal with a backbone, such as fish, snakes, frogs and cats.
Mumby Box
An apparatus that is used in a rat version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
scotoma
An area of blindness produced by damage to, or disruption of, an area of the visual system.
Rhinal Cortex
An area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala and hippocampus
Primary sensory cortex
An area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system
planum temporale
An area of temporal lobe cortex that lies in the posterior region of the lateral fissure and, in the left hemisphere, roughly corresponds to Wernicke's area.
EOG
An electrooculogram measure the electrical activity of the eyes
Aromatase
An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol
Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS)
An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current administered to the brian via large electrodes attached to the scalp
Human Genome project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
Cerebral Ischemia
An interruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain; a common cause of medial temporal lobe amnesia
Lobectomy
An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain
Lobotomy
An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed
phonological analysis
Analysis of the sound of language.
grammatical analysis
Analysis of the structure of language.
Kindling Phenomenon
Animal model of epilepsy
What tracing techniques follow a neural path forward?
Anterograde
What does the elevated plus maze study?
Anxiolytic effects of drugs in rats
Amnesia
Any pathological loss of memory
conduction aphasia
Aphasia that is thought to result from damage to the neural pathway between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
What does multiple sclerosis do?
Attacks myelin in CNS
Binding problem
Because sensory systems are characterized by functional segregation while perception is largely holistic, there is still a binding problem.
Proceptive Behaviors
Behaviors that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex
Alcohol acts on the __________ receptor system and interacts with the same binding site as teh major class of anxiolytic drugs called __________
Benzodiazepines, anxiolic
What is the difference between between-subjects design and within-subjects design?
Between-subjects tests a different group for each condition, while within-subjects tests the same group for each condition.
Psychobiology, behavioral biology, behavioral neuroscience, and __________ can be considered synonyms
Biopsyhology
How has comparative psychology pursued memory?
Birds that cache seeds have larger hippocampi, supporting that the hippocampus is involved in memory for location.
The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the?
Bleaching of rhodopsin by light
Bueger's Disease
Blood vessel constriction in smokers
Arteriosclerosis
Blood vessel walls thicken, usually due to fat, and causes the channels to narrow
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Body features, other than the reproductive organs, that distinguish men from women
The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its A) canon. B) guano. C) Zeitgeist. D) converging operations. E) confounds.
C) Zeitgeist.
Schizophrenia typically begins in A) infancy. B) childhood. C) adolescence or early adulthood. D) middle age. E) old age.
C) adolescence or early adulthood.
Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys A) are retinotopic. B) have receptive fields. C) are binocular. D) are monocular. E) have photopigments.
C) are binocular.
Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the A) stomach. B) mouth. C) intestine. D) esophagus. E) lungs.
C) intestine.
Wernicke's area is A) in the right parietal lobe. B) in the right frontal lobe. C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex. D) both A and C E) both B and C
C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex.
Broca's area is adjacent to the A) left longitudinal fissure. B) right lateral fissure. C) left primary motor cortex face area. D) left primary somatosensory cortex face area. E) right primary somatosensory cortex.
C) left primary motor cortex face area.
A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres? A) horizontal B) sagittal C) midsagittal D) frontal E) diagonal
C) midsagittal
Which of the following is not true? Anabolic steroids A) are similar to testosterone. B) are often more effective than testosterone in promoting muscle development. C) often increase male sex drive. D) often induce gonadal atrophy. E) increase anger and aggression in some users.
C) often increase male sex drive.
Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with A) high arousal. B) sleep. C) relaxed wakefulness. D) epilepsy. E) evoked potentials.
C) relaxed wakefulness.
Individuals with androgenic insensitivity syndrome do not develop normal internal female reproductive ducts because their A) ovaries release Sry protein. B) ovaries release Wolffian-inhibiting substance. C) testes release Müllerian-inhibiting substance. D) testes release androgens. E) ovaries release estrogens.
C) testes release Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
Which of the following can be found at the blind spot? A) fovea B) cones C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells D) the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells E) amacrine cells
C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells
According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is A) the drug. B) what the experimenter measures. C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug. D) the compensatory reactions to the conditional stimulus. E) the test environment.
C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
Drug sensitization is a shift in the dose-response curve A) upward. B) to the right. C) to the left. D) both A and B E) both A and C
C) to the left.
A difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is A) visual agnosia. B) visual prosopagnosia. C) visual simultanagnosia. D) change blindness. E) visual ageusia.
C) visual simultanagnosia.
Interneurons are commonly found in the ___ and have _______.
CNS; little or no axon.
What ion aids in exocytosis?
Ca2+
Histology
Cannot be performed on a live patient
Glia provide support and nutrition and also clear waste. What can they NOT do?
Carry electrochemical signals
What are the two monoamine families?
Catecholamines, indolamines
TMS shows _______.
Causation
Transneuronal Degeneration
Caused by damage to another neuron linked by a synapse
What causes a hemorrhage?
Cerebral aneurysm
What does cerebral angiography show?
Cerebral circulatory system
What measures the extracellular concentration of particular neurochemicals in the brain?
Cerebral dialysis
Hormones
Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system
____________ considerations are those relating to how to Treat a disorder or how it is likely to progress.
Clinical
Lewy Bodies
Clumps of proteins observed in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's patients
What are some examples of stimulants?
Cocaine, amphetamines
Which field of biopsyhology relies most heavily on the use of brain-imaging to advance our understanding of the brain?
Cognitive Neuroscience
Fissures : sulci :: Corpus callosum : _________
Commissure
split-brain patients
Commissurotomized patients.
medial diencephalon
Commonly damaged in patients with Korsakoff's
What are the two forces that put pressure on Na+ to enter the cell?
Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure
In a study of the effect of alcohol on reaction time, it was found that some subjects were sleep-deprived. In this experiment, sleep-deprivation would best be described as an example of?
Confounded variable.
Explicit Memories
Conscious memories
The clinical effectiveness of typical neuroleptic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to A) dopamine. B) glutamate receptors. C) D1 receptors. D) D2 receptors. E) autoreceptors.
D) D2 receptors.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone A) is released by the anterior pituitary. B) activates the adrenal cortex. C) increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
Damage to the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the A) medial temporal lobe structures. B) basal forebrain. C) prefrontal cortex. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm
Tests animals preference for environments where drugs have been administered
Anterograde Degeneration
Degeneration of distal segment, between cut and synaptic terminals, immediately following axotomy
Retrograde Degeneration
Degeneration of proximal segment, between cut and cell body
General Paresis
Dementia resulting from bacterial infection
Punch-Drunk Syndrome
Dementia resulting from multiple concussions
Sham rage is displayed by A) decorticate cats. B) cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. D) both A and B E) both A and C
E) both A and C
Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to?
Distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli.
The publication "the organization of behavior" by_________ played a key role in the biopsychology as a scientific discipline.
Donald O. Hebb
Which monoamine(s) is/are catecholamines?
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin
Nootropics (Smart Drugs)
Drugs that purportedly improve memory
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system
According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about A) 1549. B) 1649. C) 1749. D) 1849. E) 1949.
E) 1949.
Which of the following statements is true? A) Vasopressin stimulates contractions of the uterus and the release of oxytocin. B) Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary. C) The release of oxytocin is stimulated by hypothalamic releasing factors. D) Oxytocin and vasopressin are different names for the same hormone. E) Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
E) Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
In the peripheral nervous systems of higher vertebrates, regenerating axons tend to be guided to their correct targets by A) growth cones. B) blueprints. C) differential adhesiveness. D) oligodendroglia. E) Schwann-cell sheaths.
E) Schwann-cell sheaths.
In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more A) rods. B) neural convergence. C) receptors in the periphery of the retina. D) sensitivity in dim illumination. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a A) test of memory. B) test of speech. C) test of motor function. D) test of emotion. E) battery of tests.
E) battery of tests.
Although the symptoms of apraxia are ________, apraxia usually results from damage to the ________ hemisphere. A) unilateral; left B) contralateral; right C) ipsilateral; left D) bilateral; right E) bilateral; left
E) bilateral; left
Bregma is A) the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. B) a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. C) a naughty word. D) a type of electrode holder. E) both A and B
E) both A and B
Sodium amytal tests have indicated that A) the cerebral dominance for speech is more variable in left-handed individuals than in right-handed individuals. B) right-handers are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech than right-hemisphere dominant for speech. C) left-handers are more likely to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech than left-hemisphere dominant for speech. D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
The mechanisms of selective attention are A) top-down. B) bottom-up. C) inside-out. D) outside-in. E) both A and B
E) both A and B
The somatic nervous system A) is part of the PNS. B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment. C) is part of the ANS. D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
Agonists
Facilitate neurotransmitter effects
A heritability estimate is A) an estimate of the proportion of a trait that is attributable to genetics. B) an estimate of the proportion of between-subject variability occurring in a particular trait in a particular study that resulted from genetic differences among the subjects of that study. C) likely to be higher in studies with little environmental variation. D) both A and C E) both B and C
E) both B and C
Anxiety disorders are A) now reasonably rare. B) the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders. C) often treated with benzodiazepines or serotonin agonists. D) both A and C E) both B and C
E) both B and C
In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the A) EKG. B) ANS. C) EEG. D) electroencephalogram. E) both C and D
E) both C and D
Asomatognosia is a A) form of Korsakoff's syndrome. B) dualistic philosophy. C) learned response. D) consequence of hypothalamic damage. E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.
E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.
The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to A) inferotemporal cortex then to prestriate cortex. B) dorsal prestriate cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. C) inferotemporal cortex then to posterior parietal cortex. D) posterior parietal cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.
E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.
The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________, respectively. A) auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus B) PAG and septum C) medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex D) thalamus and cortex E) hypothalamus and PAG
E) hypothalamus and PAG
The perception of Mach bands results from A) ommatidia. B) mutual excitement. C) mutual consent. D) lateral facilitation. E) lateral inhibition.
E) lateral inhibition.
Identical is to fraternal as A) dizygotic is to monozygotic. B) polyzygotic is to monozygotic. C) two is to one. D) culture is to experience. E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.
E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.
MPTP in humans produces a disorder virtually identical to severe A) multiple sclerosis. B) schizophrenia. C) Huntington's disease. D) Alzheimer's disease. E) none of the above
E) none of the above
The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is its _____________, whereas the actual pleasure experienced is its_____________. A) anhedonia; hedonic value B) hedonic value; anhedonia C) anhedonia; positive incentive value D) hedonic value; positive incentive value E) positive incentive value; hedonic value
E) positive incentive value; hedonic value
Which of the following is not in the brain stem? A) myelencephalon B) mesencephalon C) metencephalon D) medulla E) telencephalon
E) telencephalon
The conspecific of a vole is a A) rat. B) monkey. C) human. D) mouse. E) vole.
E) vole.
What is the difference between EPSP and IPSP?
EPSP depolarizes, IPSP hyperpolarizes
In the self-stimulation paradigm, the reinforcer is?
Electrical brain stimulation
How can muscle tension be measured?
Electromyography (EMG)
What causes ischemia?
Embolism, thrombosis, or arteriosclerosis
Feminizes
Enhances or produces female characteristics
Masculinizes
Enhances or produces male characteristics
What do Golgi stains show?
Entire cells
Grid Cells
Entorhinal neurons that have multiple, evenly spaced place fields
What brain areas does Alzheimer's affect?
Entorhinal, amygdala, hippocampus
What are the 7 factors that compromise neoevolutionary theory?
Environment, life, heredity, continuity, sex, variability and natural selection.
Acetylcholinesterase
Example of enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter
Semantic Memories
Explicit memories for general facts and knowledge
Episodic Memories
Explicit memories for the particular events and experiences of one's life
Environmental Cues
Exposure to people, place, time, or object that precipitates relapse
T/F: Action potentials are graded responses.
False
T/F. Natural selection produces more offspring than does artificial selection?
False.
How has psychophysiology pursued memory?
Familiar faces elicit usual ANS changes, even if the patient claims they don't recognize it.
The receptive field of a neuron is the area of the visual field within which appropriate visual stimuli can influence the?
Firing of a neuron
In experiments with hamsters, researchers have shown that a lesion of the colliculus produces impaired?
Localization of the visual stimuli
What is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
GABA
Neuroscientist and physiological psychologists typically expain phenomena by?
Generalization to a theory of behavior.
Exocrine Glands
Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body
What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
Glutamate
NMDA Receptor
Glutamate receptors that play key roles in the development of stroke-induced brain damage and long term potentiation at glutaminergic synapses
What are the amino acid neurotransmitters?
Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA
What is the difference between a Golgi stain and a Nissl stain?
Golgi: Shape, selective to certain neurons, silver chromate dye Nissl: Number, selective to cell bodies, cresyl violet dye
What are convolutions made of?
Gyri & sulci
Meningiomas
Located in meninges and are benign and encapsulated
What are the two types of stroke?
Hemorrhage and ischemia
Modern neuroscience considers sensory systems to be?
Hierarchial, functinally segregated, and parallel.
The major disortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionality of_____________________
High cortical representation of the fovea
Ionotropic receptors are...
Ligand-activated ion channels
The amygdala is part of the...
Limbic system, basal ganlia, temporal love.
Short-Term Memory
Memories (e.g., recall of a phone number) that are stored only until a person stops focusing on them- typically assessed with the digit-span test
Implicit Memories
Memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious recall or recognition
Long-Term Memory
Memory for experiences that endures after the experiences are no longer the focus of attention
Reference Memory
Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task
The cerebellum is part of the __________.
Metancephalon
Synonym for "Central State Identity"
Monism
Precentral gyrus is to postcentral gyrus as...
Motor is to somatosensory
Convulsion
Motor seizure
Electromyography (EMG)
Muscle tension is monitored by this, a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
There are 6 basic components to Neo-Darwin evolution _______ is not one of them.
Mutation
Electrostatic Pressure
Na+ is attracted by -70mV inside (opposite charges attract)
Medial Pre-optic Area
The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior
Simple cells
Neurons in the visual cortex that respond maximally to straight-edge stimuli in a certain position and orientation (rectangular,monocular, sensitive)
Place Cells
Neurons that develop place fields- that is, that respond only when the subject is in a particular place in a familiar test environment
Neurosecretory cells
Neurons that release hormones into the general circulation
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Neuropsych test that is sensitive to frontal lobe damage
broca's area
The area of the inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere hypothesized by ___ to be the center of speech production.
What are the three receptor subtypes?
Nicotinic, muscarinic, atropine
What are two examples of soluble-gas neurotransmitters?
Nitric oxide & carbon monoxide
Did Darwin write about Genetics?
No.
On a neuron axon, what are the spaces between the myelin?
Nodes of Ranvier
cross-cuing
Nonneural communication between hemispheres that have been seperated by commissurotomy.
What is not among the 3 dimensions along which biopsychological research varies?
Normal and abnormal functioning
In monkey striate cortex, just over half the binocular cells display?
Ocular Dominance
What provides myelin for axons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
On-Center and Off- Center cells
On the basis of their receptive field properties the neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as these
Oxytocin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling
Vasopressin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys an is thus also called antidiuretic hormone
Contralateral: __________ :: Ipsilateral : __________
Opposite side :: same side
How do you perform an electron micoscopy?
Passing a beam of electrons over a surface
Do postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP) travel actively or passively?
Passively
Mach bands
Perception of a thin dark band on the dark side of a light-dark border and a thin light band on the light side of the border. These bands are an illusion because they occur even though corresponding intensity changes do not exist.
What is MS characterized by?
Periods of remission
The Autonomic nervous system is part of the?
Peripheral nervous system
receptive
Pertaining to the comprehension of language and speech.
expressive
Pertaining to the generation of language; that is, pertaining to writing or talking.
The principle components of emotion are?
Physiological arousal; behavior changes; cognitive events.
What is the difference between physiological psychology and psychophysiology?
Physiological psychology studies the brain-behavior relationship through direct manipulation of nonhumans, whereas psychophysiology studies brain-behavior relationship in humans through noninvasive techniques.
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug
What are the three meninges that protect the brain?
Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater
What are the five classes of neuropeptides?
Pituitary, hypothalamic, brain-gut, opioid, misc.
Heritability Estimate
Proporiton of variability in a population due to genetics.
Hedonic Value
Pleasure actually experienced from drug
Embolism
Plug breaks away and travels to smaller vessel, blocking blood flow
Where are EPSPs and IPSPs found?
Postsynaptic membrane
Large cores of prefrontal tissue is removed in a ________________ using a ___________
Prefrontal lobotomy, Leucotone
wernicke's area
The area of the left temporal cortex hypothesized by ____ to be the center of language comprehension.
Major flow of visual information
Primary visual cortex --> Secondary VC--> Visual association cortex
Stimulants
Produce increase in neural activity
Prefrontal Cortex
The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas
Transcription Factors
Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the expression of particular genes
According to the text, emotion, lie detection, and biofeedback are phenomena that are studied by?
Psychophysiologists.
Concentration Gradient
Random motion of Na+ to move "down" to area of lower concentration
Drug Self-Administering Paradigm
Rats inject drugs to their system by pressing a lever
The radial arm maze has been used to study?
Rats, foraging for food, spatial abilities, and memory.
Gonadotropin
The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads
What does the myelencephalon (or, medulla) contain?
Reticular Formation
What are soluble-gas neurotransmitters involved in?
Retrograde transmission to regulate activity of presynaptic neurons
Action Potential
Reversal of membrane potential from -70mV to +50mV.
dextrals
Right-handers
Tonus
Rigidity
What orientation do you cut to slice the corpus callosum?
Sagittal
What provides myelin for axons in the ANS?
Schwann Cells
Which monoamine(s) is/are indolamines?
Serotonin
global aphasia
Severe disruption of all language-related abilities.
Copulation
Sexual intercourse
Bisexual
Sexually attracted to members of both sexes
Heterosexual
Sexually attracted to members of the other sex
Homosexual
Sexually attracted to members of the same sex
What are metabotropic receptors associated with?
Signal proteins and G-proteins
Drug Priming
Single exposure to previously abused drug that causes relapse
How many layers does the neocortex have?
Six
Clonus
Tremor
What are the two types of neurotransmitters?
Small molecule, neuropeptide
Which two tests are useful for determining which hemisphere is language dominant?
Sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test
What maintains the concentration gradient at resting membrane potential?
Sodium-Potassium pump
What are two examples of unconventional neurotransmitters?
Soluble-gas and endocannaboids
What does the Morris water maze study?
Spatial abilities of rats
word salad
Speech that has the overall sound and flow of normal speech but is totally incomprehensible.
visual completion
THe completion or filling in of a scotoma by the brain.
Anabolic Steroids
Steroid drugs that are similar to testosterone and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects
What are the differnt physiological research methods?
Sterotaxic surgery, Cryogenic blockage, Aspiration, Electric stimulation, Knife cuts, Lesions
Ventromedial nucleus
Stimulation curbs appetite, destruction results in inability to control appetite
In the S-R approach_______ variables impinge upon organisms, and _________ variables are produced by organisms
Stimulus, Response
Stress Relapse
Stressful event causes relapse
hemispherectomy
THe removal of one cerebral hemisphere.
How has physiological psychology pursued memory?
Studied contributions of hippocampus to memory by surgically removing it in rats.
Control Group
Subjects that are exposed to all conditions except the independent variable.
What brain areas does Parkinson's affect?
Substantia nigra
T/F. Neuroscientists assume that the mind and behavior of humans is determined by their anatomy and physiology?
TRUE
Defeminizes
Suppress or disrupts female characteristics
commissurotomy
Surgical severing of the cerebral commisures.
Encephalitis
Swelling in brain as a result of infection
Which nervous system mobilizes energy?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Bilateral removal of ________ lobe produces the Kluver-bucy syndorme?
Temporal Lobe
The longitudinal fissure separates two hemispheres, which lobe doesn't border on it?
Temporal lobe
Working Memory
Temporary memory necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working
Androstenedione
The adrenal androgen that triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in human females
Growth Hormone
The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt
Thyrotropin
The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
The anterior pituitary hormones that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices
Lordosis
The arched-back, rump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission
frontal operculum
The area of prefrontal cortex taht in the left hemisphere is the location of Broca's area.
Estrous Cycle
The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals
Learning
The brain's ability to change in response to experience
Memory
The brain's ability to store and access the learned effects of experiences
Glutamate
The brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia
The Neurosciences constitute the study of?
The brain, brain-behavior relationships, neurochemistry, and neuropharmacology
What is the Basal Ganglia composed of?
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Zygote
The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum
Aromatization
The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol (DHT cannot be aromatized)
Estrogens
The class of steroid hormones tat are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an example is estradiol
Progestins
The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone
Androgens
The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone
Comparative approach
The comparison of brain-behavior relationships in different species.
Inferotemporal Cortex
The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe, in which is located an area of secondary visual cortex that is involved in object recognition
Mullerian System
The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts (e.g uterus, fallopian tube and vagina)
Wolffian System
The embryonic precursors the male reproductive ducts (e.g semial vesicles and vaas deferens
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapse by high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
What is the flaw in the conditioned place-preference paradigm/drug self-administering paradigm?
The environments are not natural and they do not have any options for pleasure other than the drug itself.
Genitals
The external reproductive organs
Physical Dependence Addiction
The fear of or termination of withdrawal symptoms is what keeps people taking drugs
Ovaries
The female gonads
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of ovarian follicles
angular gyrus
The gyrus of the posterior cortex at the boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes, which in the left hemisphere is though to play a role in reading.
Menstrual Cycle
The hormone-regulated cycle in women of follicle growth, egg release, buildup of the uterus lining,and menstruation
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release
Aromatization Hypothesis
The hypothesis that he brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatizaiton
corpus callosum
The largest cerebral commissure.
Digit Span
The longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time- most people have a digit span of 7
Alzheimer's Disease
The major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss
Cerebellum
The metencephalic structure that has been shown to mediate the retention of Pavlovian eye blink conditioning
Testosterone
The most common androgen
Estradiol
The most common estrogen
Infantile Amnesia
The normal inability to recall events from early childhood
Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus
The nucleus in the medial prep-optic area of rats that is larger in males than in females
Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH-3)
The nucleus was larger in men than in women, and larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. It is not clear if the size difference is a result, or a cause.
Adrenal Cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts
Sex Chromosomes
The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex: XX for a female and XY for a male
Autonomic division of PNS
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs.
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
Posterior Pituitary
The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons
Anterior Pituitary
The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones
fraternal birth order effect
The probability of a man's being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has (increase 33% for every older bro he has)
helping-hand phenomenon
The redircation of one hand of a split-brain patient by the other hand.
CA1 Subfield
The region of the hippocampus that is commonly damaged by cerebral ischemia
Orchidectomy
The removal of the testes
Scrotum
The sac that holds the male testes outside the body cavity
Sexual Identity
The sex (male or female) that a person feels himself or herself to be
Pituitary Stalk
The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Neuroendocrinology
The study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Neuropharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on teh nervous system.
Inclusive fitness
The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.
Gonadectomy
The surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries); castration
heschl's gyrus
The temporal lobe gyrus that is the location of primary auditory cortex.
Gonads
The testes and the ovaries
Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance
The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts (the Mullerian system) to degenerate and the testes to descend
What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
The third and fourth ventricles
Memory Consolidation
The transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage
Pulsatile Hormone Release
The typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day
lateralization of function
The unequal representaion of various psychological functions in the two hemisphres of the brain.
Hypothalamopituitary Portal System
The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
hypothalamopituitary portal system
The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Multiple-Trace Theory
Theory that memories are encoded in a distributed fashion throughout the hippocampus and other rain structures for as long as the memories exist
Standard Consolidation Theory
Theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system
What is significant about epileptic auras?
They can determine when a seizure will occur, and the aura experienced can provide insight to the location of the seizure in the brain
What makes MEGs good?
They have high temporal resolution
What do PKU patients lack? Is it dominant or recessive? Can it be cured?
They lack phenylalanine hydroxylace (leading to an excess of phenylalanine). It is recessive, and can be cured when addressed in a sensitive period.
Korsakoff's Syndrome is caused by ____________.
Thiamine deficieny
purkinje effect
This states: in intense light yellow and red look brighter in dim light blue and green look brighter
Dendritic Spines
Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain
Contingent Tolerance
Tolerance to drug effects rather than the drug iteself
Cross Tolerance
Tolerance to multiple drugs that act by same mechanism
cerebral commisures
Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
What is the animal model of Alzheimer's?
Transgenic mouse models
Saltatory
Transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons.
Impotent
Unable to achieve a penile erection
How has comparative neuroscience pursued memory?
Used brain-imaging technology to observe changes in brain when humans perform memory tasks.
Morgan's Canon
Using the simplest explanation for a behavioral observation.
Independent Variable
Variable manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent Variable
Variable measured by the experimenter
Emergent Property
View that the relationship between the mind and body are psychological experiences and consciousness results from the organization of large numbers of neurons.
Sham rage
Violent reactions to normally innocuous stimili following the removal of the cerebral cortices.
What are the symptoms of MS patients?
Visual disturbances, muscular weakness, tremor, ataxia, numbness
What makes the membrane permeable to Na+?
Voltage-gated ion channels
What is the test of general intelligence used most commonly by neuropsychologists?
WAIS
Epileptic Auras
Weird smells, thoughts, hallucinations, etc before a seizure
Kluver-bucy syndrome
What syndrome is described as bilateral lesions of the amygdala and the hippocampus resulting in placidity, anterograde amnesia, oral exploratory behavior, hypersexuality, and psychic blindness?
Cingulate gyrus
a beltlike structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control
haloperidol
a butyrophenone that was used as an antischizophrenic drug
Limbic system
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)
F-MRI
a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain
Striatum
a structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and is damaged in Parkinson's patients; it seems to play a role in memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses in multiple-trail tasks
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
curare
a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles
PET-Scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Morris Water Maze Test
a widely used test of spatial memory in which rats must learn to swim directly to a platform hidden just beneath the surface of a circular pool of murky water
sensitivity
ability to detect presence of dimly lit objects
conscious awareness
ability to perceive one's experience, usually by verbally describing the experience.
acuity
ability to see details of objects
limbic system
amygdala, mammilary body, hippocampus, fornix, cortex of cingulate gyrus, septum, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus.
Rhinal cortex
an area of the medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala and hippocampus
Angiogram
an x-ray of blood vessels following injection with radio-opaque material
Scotomas
blind spots where damage has occured in visual field.
prestriate cortex
band of tissue in the occipital lobe that surrounds the primary visual cortex (PVC)
lens
behind the pupil. focuses incoming light on retina.
butyrophenes
bind effectively to D2 but not D1
magnocellular layers
bottom 2 layers of LGN made of neurons with large cell bodies
exogenous
bottom up. only one stimulus. sensation
visual agnosia
can see visual stimulus, but don't know what the visual stimulus is.
Efferent nerves
carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves
Afferent nerves
carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerves) (to the CNS)
T-cells
cell-mediated immunity
off center cells
central= off periphery= on
binocular disparity
change in position of the same image on 2 retinas. ___________ increases for close objects.
anxiety
chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat
bullying
chronic social threat that induces subordination stress on members of our species
phenothiazines
class of antischizophrenic drug that binds effectively to D1 and D2 receptors
Nuclei
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Amphibian
cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water
Retina-geniculate-striate pathways
conduct signals from each retina to the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) via lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. (fig. 6.13)
visualizing
contracting key info about edges and location. conducts info to cortex for perception
active placebos
control drug with no theraputic effect but produces similar side affects to the real drug
central nucleus of the amygdala
controls defensive behavior
brocas area
controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements invloved in speech
transduction
conversion of light to neural signals
retina
converts light into neural signals to the CNS, and participates in the processing of signals. Has 5 layers
medial preoptic area (mPOA)
coordinates male copulatory behavior.
decorticate
cortex has been removed
inferotemporal cortex
cortex of inferior temporal lobe
immunization
creating immunity through vaccination
hypothallamus
critical for expression of aggressive responses
reactive depression
depression triggered by a negative experience
endogenous depression
depression with no apparent cause
Episodic memory
describes a type of memory that includes specific events that one has personally experienced
transitional research
designed to translate basic scientific discoveries to clinical treatments
phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens by phagocytes
psychiatric disorder
disorders of psychological function, bad enough to need treatment
psychedelic drugs
drug whose primary action is to alter perception, cognition, and emotion
orphan drugs
drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable
Papez
dude known for limbic system
Ejaculation
ejection of sperm
EEG
eletroencephalogram; an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
cannon-bard theory
emotional experience and emotion expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation. perception of bear---> feeling of fear and perception of bear---> physiological response
James-lange theory
emotional experience results from the brain's perception of pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system (NS) responses elicited by emotion-inducing sensory stimuli Perception of Bear--> physiological reactions---> feeling of fear.
fear
emotional reaction to threat; motivating force for defensive behavior
Photopic system
enables colour vivison so involves cones and diff. wavelengths
fear conditioning
establishes fear in response to a respectively neutral stimulus (neutral ---> Conditioned stimulus) by presenting it several times before the unconditioned stimulus
gonadal hormone
estrogen, androgen and progesterone (both sex)
stressor
experiences that induce the stress response. Physiological _____ and psychological ____ produce the same kind of physiological changes.
ciliary muscles
eye muscles that control shape of lenses for objects near or far.
Dorsal
facing away from the axis of an organ or organism
agnosia
failure of recognition, not attributed to a sensory deficit or to verbal or intellectual impairment
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
feeling depression in the winter. (mainly because no sun. Affects northerners)
completion
filling in the image
iproniazid
first antidepressant drug. (originally for TB)
chlorpromazine
first antischizophrenic drug. early 1950s
clozapine
first atypical neuroleptic receptor to be licenced
innate immune system
first component of the immune system to react. Quick reaction near site of pathogen entry
labioscrotal swellings
form the scrotum or labia majora
lateral bodies
forms the shaft of penis, or hood of clitoris
Complex Cells
found in V1 or V2. respond to a pattern of light (usually bar shaped) anywhere within its large visual field regardless of its location--most come from the striate primary visual cortex
urethral folds
fuses in males or enlarges to become labia minor in females
blind spot
gap where retinal ganglion cell axons leave the cell
urbach-wiethe disease
genetic disorder. produces calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal lobe structures in both hemispheres
duchenne smile
genuine smile ( orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major). you can fake the zygomaticus major but not the orbicularis oculi.
absorption spectrum
graph of the ability of a substance to absorb light of different wavelengths. Figure 6.11 in text.
Dorsal Stream
group of visual pathways that flows from PVC --> dorsal prestriate cortex --> posterior parietal cortex. "Where" pathway and controls behavior
ventral stream
group of visual pathways that flows from PVC --> ventral prestriate cortex --> inferotemporal cortex. "What" pathway and sees color and shape (conscious perception of objects and their characteristics)
testosterone
high social aggression is associated with high ______.
top-down
high to low levels of neural mechanisms
perception
higher order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensation
fovea
highest acuity vision. Not rods. Yes cones.
glucocorticoids
hormone released from the adrenal cortex
contextual fear conditioning
how benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with rear-inducing stimuli. (a scary trial elicits fear)
binding problem
how the brain combines individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions. (doesnt know exactly how this happens= what prob?)
far
if the lens is flat that means the object is (near/far)
near
if the lens is thick the object is (near/far)
tricyclic antidepressants
imipramine. block reuptake of seratonin and epinephrine.
simultagnosia
inability to attend to more than one thing at once. posterior parietal lobe. dorsal stream.
clinical depression
major depressive disorder. when depression lasts for more than 2 weeks
cotricosterone
major glucocorticoid
bipolar affective disorder
mania + depression cycles
psychosomatic disorders
medical disorders when psychological factors play a causal role (heart disease, asthma, skin disorder, ulcers)
Parts of the brain stem
medulla, pons, midbrain
hippocampus
memory for spacial location and contextual fear conditioning
mamawawa
men are men and women are women assumption; the tendency to assume that men and women are distinct opposites with respect to hormones, (e.g that women have female hormones that give them female bodies and brains)
polygraphy
method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer truthfulness of a person's responses. Detects emotion! Not lies!
bipolar cells
middle layer of retina
affective disorder
mood disorder. disturbs mood/emotion
complex cortical cells
more numerous than simple cells. orientation-sensitive. respond wherever they are. motion sensitive. 1. larger receptive fields 2. no on/off seperation 3. many are binocular (either eye). ocular dominance and retinal disparity for depth perception. complex respond to movement!!! (sweeping)
continually active
most visual system neurons are ___________ even when there is no visual input
risk assessment test
mouse flees to the burrows and freezes and scans area cautiously
prosopagnosia
not being able to distinguish faces
epigentic
not of the genes
simple cells
on and off regions. unresponive to diffuse light. all monocular. strait lines. respond best to bars of light in the dark, and dark bars in a light field. not in layer 4 of striate.
high contrast
on-center cells and off-center cells respond best in __________
facial feedback hypothesis
our facial expression influences our emotional experiences. (putting on a happy face makes you fell better)
gastric ulcer
painful lesions to the lining of stomach and duodenum. psychosomatic disorder
agoraphobia
pathological fear of pubic and open spaces (ex. the guy from the bench warmers)
reappraisal paradigms
patients told to reinterpret a picture but change their emotional reaction to it
universality of facial expressions
people around the world have the same facial expression when put in similar situations
common sense fear theory
perception of bear---> feeling fear--> physiological response
PTSD
persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress
microglia
phagocytes specific to CNS
blindsight
phenomenon where one experiences blindness in their field of vision, but somehow knows what is there
rhodopsin
photopigment of rods (1st step in rod vision). Response to light not neural transmitters. (G-protein)
cones
photoreceptors for photopic vision (color). Has low sensitivity and high acuity.
rods
photoreceptors for scotopic vision (black and white) sees light, brightness, no details. Has high sensitivity and low acuity. More of these in the nasal hemiretina than in temporal hemiretina.
stress
physiological response to physical/psychological threats
guilty knowledge technique
polygrapher records ANS responses to a list of control and crime related evidence known only to the guilty person and examiner
lesions
precise destruction of brain tissue, enables more systematic study of the loss of function resulting from surgical removal, cutting of neural connections, or destruction by chemical applications
photopic vision
predominates when lighting is good. cone regulated
defensive behaviors
primary function is to protect the organism from threat/harm
surface interpolation
process how we perceive surfaces. The visual system extracts info about edges and from it infers appearance of large surfaces
extracellular unit recording
provides a record of a neuron's firing but nothing about membrane potential because the electrode is near the neuron rather than in it
The central fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes
constricting pupils
sharper image and greater depth of focus
schizophrenia
split brain. disease usually associated with madness. 1% prevelance
Sex differentiation
sry, testosterone, DHT (Dihydrotestosterone androgen) AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
stimulates release of the anterior pituitary's two gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
cytokines
stressors are found to increase blood levels of ____. They are a group of peptide hormones
clinical trials
studies conducted on human volunteers to asses the theraputic ethicacy of untested drugs. 1. screening for safety 2. establish testing protocol (double-blind procedures) 3. final testing (double-blind procedure) with real patients with same target disorder
immune system
system that protects us against harmful microorganisms
Retinotopic organization
term meaning that each level of this system is organized like a map of the retina
Sodium amytal test
test of lateralization - injection of sodium amytal into cartoid artery on one side - anesthetizes hemisphere - assesses capacities of other hemisphere
cortex
the part of the brain that inhibits and directs responses
Somatic division of PNS
the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs
Entorhinal Cortex
the portion of the rhinal cortex within the rhinal fissure
Peripheral nervous system
the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
translational bottleneck
the small proportion of drugs that are funded for and researched.
duplexity theory
the theory that rods and cones mediate scotopic and photopic vision, respectively
Cognitive Map Theory
the theory that the main function of the hippocampus is to store memories of spatial location
FALSE
there is one brain structure in charge of emotion (true or false?)
prefrontal cortex
this brain structure that suppresses fear conditioning
cocktail-party phenomenon
this happens when you are super into one conversation and are completely unaware of anything going on around you, but you are able to hear when your name is said in a completely different conversation on the other side of the room and you're all like "yo, you talking shit?!" lolz.
microexpressions
this kind of facial expression only lasts for about 0.05 seconds
toll-like-receptors
this leads to phagocytosis and inflammation. Triggers innate immune system by binding to molecules on the surface of the pathogens, or when injured cells send out alarm signals
SP
this patient had amygdala lesions and had a hard time recognizing fear in a person's face and other sad emotions.
amygdala
this structure evaluates emotional significance of a situation
aggressive behaviors
this type of behavior functions to cause harm/threat
endogenous
top down. perception.
maternal immune hypothesis
when a mother births a son, she develops immunity to male sex hormones (masculinizing hormone), and with every son she has the immunity increases and the likelihood of her male babies being homosexuals increase. (explains fraternal birth order effect)
subordination stress
when conspecific threat becomes a feature of daily life. studied in dominance hierarchies.
Postpartum depression
when moms get depressed after giving birth. lasts 1-3 months.
anxiety disorder
when your anxiety gets so bad that it effects normal functioning and every day life
adrenal medulla
where epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from
leukocytes
white blood cells (high in count when there is a pathogen in a body)
nonprimary expression
you see these types of expressions more often. A combination of 2 (or more) primary facial expressions
