BBH 310 : Chapter 4 - Connect
questions that need to be asked while evaluating the introduction to a research report
- do the hypotheses logically follow from the discussion? - are the hypotheses testable?
identify the steps of the basic strategy that should be repeated in the 3rd and 5th steps when conducting a thorough search of the scientific literature
- examining the reference section or bibliography of each article older sources relating to one's topic - obtaining one or more relevant articles
identify the 3 criteria a question must meet in order to be objective
- observations must be confirmable by others - observations must be reproducible when the same conditions are present again - it must be able to make the observations under precisely defined conditions
in the method section of a paper, you will find a description of the
- subjects used in the study - equipment used to conduct the study - procedures followed to conduct the study
identify 3 reasons for conducting a literature review
- to address important design questions - to revise one's research project to explore some of the newly identified questions - to keep oneself up to date on current empirical or theoretical controversies in a particular research area
rank the the sections of an APA-style research article in psychological journals in the order in which they appear
1) abstract 2) introduction 3) method 4) results 5) discussion 6) references
steps of the basic strategy that can be followed while doing a thorough search of the scientific literature in the correct order of occurrence
1) obtain one or more relevant articles 2) examine the reference section or bibliography of each article to identify older sources relating to your topic 3) repeat steps 1 and 2 until you are no longer finding any additionally relevant articles 4) identify more recently published sources that cited the sources you have already identified 5) repeat steps 1 and 2 with these sources to "fill in" any gap between these newer sources and the ones previously obtained
identify the different research tools available for scientific research in psychology offered by the American Psychological Association (APA)
PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PsycNET
steps involved in critically reading and analyzing research literature according to the Cornell University Library
a careful analysis of content ; an initial appraisal
which of the following is true about the feedback authors receive from peer review?
a majority of authors believe that they received useful feedback
when determining whether to accept or reject a paper for publication, editors and reviewers must assess the degree to which the findings described in the paper contribute to the
advancement of knowledge
basic research
aimed toward building information about phenomena
applied research
aimed toward problem-oriented research
during statistical analysis of data in a psychological research, what is the accepted minimum level of statistical significance
alpha = .05
a book that collects papers that an editor feels are important in a given area is called a(n)
anthology
one drawback to paper and poster sessions at a convention is that they
are expensive to attend
anthologies are useful sources of research information because they
assemble papers that an editor believes are important in a given area
your primary concern when reading a discussion section of a research article is whether the
author's conclusions follow from the data reported
according to your text, ideological homogeneity in science can be combatted by
becoming aware of one's biases and considering how they might affect science
the method section of a research report is a set of directions for
conducting a study
when reading a journal article, a researcher must think of himself or herself as a(n)
consumer of research
the results section of a research report present the
data of the study
a question that can be answered with objective is called a(n)
empirical question
scientists typically allow values to interfere in the research process when they
endeavor to define what is "right" based on research findings
T/F : a meta-analysis is a good example of a primary source of information for research
false
T/F : a question is unimportant if the answer can support only one of several competing models of theoretical views
false
T/F : a secondary source is as good as a primary source for obtaining information about research
false
T/F : an individual will always be able to infer the causes of observed behavior from his or her casual observations
false
T/F : findings that do not make sense within the currently accepted framework are considered as breakthroughs and novel in nature
false
T/F : the statistical significance of findings is largely irrelevant in the decision to publish a paper
false
as a result of probability pyramiding, published results are more likely to have been significant because of chance than the stated alpha would lead one to believe. this effect is known as the __ __ __
file drawer phenomenon
according to the text, a hypothesis should
flow logically from the sources of information used to develop your research question
the method section of a research report describes precisely
how the study was carried out
a tentative statement relating two or more variables that a researcher is interest in studying is known as a
hypothesis
developing a testable hypothesis and defining the specific methods to be used to test the hypothesis is the next step after
identifying a research idea
when is a research question probably important?
if its answer will clarify relationships among variables that affect the behavior under study
research papers that report anomalous findings and do not build on the existing structure of knowledge in the field are said to be
inconsistent with previous knowledge
the most fundamental library research tool for doing a literature search is a(n)
index
identify an advantage of using paper or poster sessions at a convention
information from these sources is from the very frontiers of research
questions that check if an author had correctly represented the results from previous research and whether the author clearly states the purposes of the study and the nature of the problem under study should be asked during the evaluation of the __ section of a research report
introduction
identify a limitation of using a computerized database
it has terms that are used more broadly in the indexed material than anticipated
PsycINFO
it helps in finding material that is relevant to a research topic but may not provide access to that material
PsycARTICLES
it indexes articles appearing in selected journals published by the APA and the Canadian Psychological Association
PsycINFO
it indexes journals, books, dissertations, and other sources relevant to psychology
PsycNET
it is closely integrated with the APA's thesaurus of psychological index terms
PsycARTICLES
it provides online access to journals published by the APA
hypothesis development is an important step in the research process because
it will drive a researcher's later decisions concerning the variable to be manipulated and measured in the study
in order to avoid duplication of effort, a researcher must conduct a
literature review
the analysis in which a researcher statistically combines or compares the results from research in a particular area to determine which variables are important contributors to behavior is known as a(n)
meta-analysis
a present editorial policy seems to be that
multiple experiments or a parametric study involving several levels of two or more independent variables is more acceptable than single experiments
the question, "does God exist?" is not answerable by scientific means because
one cannot find the answer through objective observation
when a computer database finds every reference that includes a researcher's keywords or when the terms are used more broadly in the indexed material than anticipated, it is suggested that the researcher uses a(n) __ __ to identify a more useful keyword
online thesaurus
a source of research finding where researchers present their research, usually within a 15-to-20-minute time period, omitting details of methodology is known as a(n)
paper session
when the materials to be published or presented are reviewed by experts in the area that the material covers, it is known as a(n) __-__ process
peer-review
paper sessions are usually simultaneously conducted in different rooms, while a(n) __ __ is a presentation format in which a presenter prepares a poster that is displayed on a bulletin board at a convention
poster session
a source of research information containing a full research report, including all details necessary to duplicate the study, is known as a(n)
primary source
a source of research information that includes descriptions of the rationale of the study, its participants or subjects, material or apparatus, results, and references is called a(n)
primary source
applied research, or the need to solve practical complications, is
problem oriented
identify the sections that can be combined in a standard psychological journal in an APA-style format
results and discussion
the results from any inferential statistical tests applied to the data are presented in the
results section
identifying and familiarizing oneself with research already conducted in one's area of interest in order to develop a testable hypothesis and define the specific methods to be used to test the hypothesis is known as
reviewing the literature
for current research and theories regarding a subject, researchers should turn to
scholarly journals
which of the following statements reflects the feelings of feminists who believe that one should not only acknowledge that values enter into science but also use them to evaluate all aspects of the research process
science should be used to foster social change
the first step in developing a workable research project is by asking the kind of question that one can answer with the
scientific method
a source of research information that summarizes information from primary sources, such as presenting the basic findings, is known as a(n)
secondary source
meta-analysis is a type of
secondary source
sources of research information that include review papers and theoretical articles that briefly describe studies and results, as well as descriptions of research found in textbooks, newspaper articles, tv programs, or lectures are known as
secondary sources
students rely heavily on secondary sources of information rather than primary sources because
secondary sources help in saving time
beginning with a summary of the major findings of the study, the discussion section of a research report is followed by the author's interpretations of the data and a(n)
synthesis of the findings with previous research and theory
the discussion section of a research report usually begins with a summary of
the major findings of the study
according to your text, critical feminist psychology maintains that
the notion that science is objective is a fallacy
a research question is probably unimportant if
the variables under scrutiny are known to have small effects on the behavior of interest
a set of assumptions about the causes of behavior and rules that specify how those causes act is known as a(n)
theory
why are editors reluctant to accept papers in which results fail to achieve the accepted minimum alpha level of .05
these results stand a relatively high chance of being due to random factors rather than the variables being assessed
identify a true statement about scholarly journals
they appear periodically over the year in monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly issues
how can theories be a rich source of research ideas?
they are designed to account for known relationships among given variables and behavior
identify a true statement about anthologies as a source of research information
they are most valuable in the early stages of the literature search
secondary sources of information
they do not usually present detailed descriptions of methods used in the cited sources
primary sources of information
they tend to be characterized by technical language that makes it a daunting task to read them
in the context of the publication of a research paper written by an author, which of the following is a function of the peer-review process?
to provide feedback to the author
T/F : an editor of a journal can significantly affect the character of a research field by publishing a new editorial policy
true
T/F : books, although useful, may contain outdated information
true
T/F : gatekeepers of science sometimes send clear messages to scientists about what is appropriate subject matter for study
true
T/F : information in a nonrefereed journal is likely to be sketchier than information in a refereed journal
true
T/F : it is possible to find quality research articles in nonrefreed journals
true
T/F : paper session are usually simultaneously conducted in different rooms and follow one another throughout the day
true
T/F : the filed drawer phenomenon refers to the fact that many studies that fail to obtain significant results are never published, making published findings less reliable than they seem
true
journals nowadays insist that a paper should report a series of experiments or at least a parametric study involving several levels of
two or more variables
if observations about bird migration lead to some general questions regarding the factors that cause migration, then they are examples of
unsystematic observation
when does a research question become unimportant?
when there is no a priori reason to believe that the variables in question are casually related
in the peer-review process, the experts receive a copy of the materials and do a thorough review of the content, after which they recommend to the editor of the journal
whether to accept or reject it
according to your text, you should be cautious about easy access to full-text versions of journal articles because
you may be tempted to cut and paste portions of articles verbatim in your papers