BCH 10 midterm
Dietary supplement
(defined by DSHEA): a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake.
Glycemic Load (GL): based on a typical serving of the food calculated as follows:
(g carbohydrate / serving) X (GI of the food) /100
Macronutrients
- Needed in relatively large amounts - Can provide energy -Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Micronutrients
- Needed in very small amounts - Do not provide energy -Vitamins and minerals
An essential nutrient:
- must be supplied by food -is not synthesized by the body or made in amounts that meet the body's needs
Dairy Foods are excellent sources of.... _____________ products are NOT included
...of calcium, protein, phosphorus, and riboflavin. High-fat milk products not included (cream cheese, butter etc)
2 essential fatty acids for humans are:
1) Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) 2) Linoleic acid (omega 6)
Six Classes of Nutrients
1.Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (includes fat) 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
Unsaturated fatty acids
: 2 adjacent carbon atoms within the chain each lack 1 hydrogen atom, and as a result, the molecule has 1 or more C=C double bonds.
Daily Values (DVs)
A set of nutrient intake standards developed for labeling purposes. Most DVs based on highest RDA or AI
Ion
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms, either positively or negatively charged
Metabolism
Chemical processes that take place in living cells, including chemical reaction (changes) involved in generating energy (catabolism) and making molecules (anabolism)
Phospholipids and Lecithin
Chemically similar to a triglyceride. are major components of cell membranes. hydrophobic and phillic ends Lecithin: main phospholipid in foods, such as egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans
Pyloric sphincter:
Controls rate of chyme release into small intestine
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Nutrient Dense
Has more micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in relation to its energy (kcal) value
Nutrients
Life-sustaining substances in food (chemicals necessary for proper body functioning)
Disaccharide: simple sugar comprised of 2 monosaccharides
Maltose(starch) , Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar)
Empty Calorie
Poor source of micro- nutrients (vitamins and minerals) compared to energy (kcal) value
________ ________ begins breakdown of starch in mouth, and ___________ _____________ begins breakdown of fat (in stomach).
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase
Nutrition
Scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
________ fibers promote heart health by reducing blood cholesterol.
Soluble
Glycogen
Storage form of carbohydrate in humans and other animals Stored primarily in liver and muscles
Physiology
Study of how cells and body structures function
Phytochemicals
Substances found in plant foods that are not classified as "nutrients" but are beneficial to health.
HDL: High Density Lipoprotein
Transports cholesterol away from other tissues to the liver where it can be processed and eliminated "good' cholesterol
LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein
Transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues Carries about 45% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream "bad" cholesterol
Trans fats:
Unsaturated fats with at least 1 trans double bond rather than the more common cis double bond
Diet
Usual pattern of food choices
Nutrient-dense foods and beverages include ALL
Vegetables/fruits Whole grains Seafood Eggs Dry beans/peas Unsalted nuts/seeds Fat-free/low-fat milk/milk products Lean meats/poultry WHEN PREPARED W/O ADDING SOLID FTS, SUGARS, OR SALT
electrolytes
When mineral elements like sodium and potassium dissolve in water, they conduct electricity and the solutions are electrolytes
Target cell:
a cell that has specific proteins that act as receptors for a hormone, so it can detect signal
Hormone
a chemical that acts as a messenger, conveying information (usually via the blood) to target cells
Chylomicrons
a type of lipoprotein, with triglycerides and cholesterol coated with phospholipids and proteins called "apolipoproteins"
Enrichment
addition of iron and some B vitamins to cereal grain products
Fortification
addition of nutrients to food
EAR (Estimated Average Requirement):
amount of a nutrient that should meet needs of 50% of healthy people.
AI (Adequate Intake):
assigned when no RDA can be determined; assumes a population's average daily nutrient intakes are adequate because no deficiency diseases are present. -Nutrition scientists set an AI for a nutrient if there is not enough information to determine the RDA.
EER (Estimated Energy Requirement):
average daily energy intake that meets needs of a healthy person who is maintaining his/her weight.
Amylopectin
branched form of starch
Primary macronutrients in grains are ___________ & ______________
carbohydrate and protein.
4 Primary energy sources for the body
carbs, protein, alcohol, fat
Most fat-soluble compounds form into ___________, that enter a _______ of the lymphatic system and eventually reach the bloodstream
chylomicrons, lacteal
Statins:
class of medications that inhibit an enzyme required for body to make cholesterol (in liver)
Arteriosclerosis
commonly referred to as "hardening of the arteries" condition that results from atherosclerosis characterized by loss of arterial flexibility contributes to hypertension
Bran is rich in ____________ and ____________________, plus starch, protein, vitamins & minerals.
dietary fiber, essential fatty acids
Goldberger and Pellagra
diets were lacking niacin
Atherosclerosis:
disease in which lipid-containing plaques build up inside arteries (athero = lipid-containing; sclerosis = hardening
Saturated fatty acid (stearic acid)
each carbon atom within the chain has 2 hydrogen atoms (except methyl end C with 3 Hs, and acid group C with 2 oxygens). -- no carbon-carbon double bonds (no C=C bonds) in hydrocarbon chain
Water: Required in large amounts but not a "macronutrient," because it does not provide ____________
energy (calories)
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
energy and nutrient intake standards -encompass a variety of terms that describe values for energy and nutrient recommendations. -Developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine
Bioavailability
extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it
Oils are often good sources of..
fat soluble vitamins and may be sources of "healthy" fats
catabolism
generating energy
UL (Upper Intake Level):
highest average amount that is unlikely to be harmful (is tolerable) if consumed daily.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone that signals pancreas to release digestive enzymes and gallbladder to release bile.
Prostaglandins
hormone-like substances formed from EPA, DHA, and arachidonic acid made from essential fatty acids
Most chemical reactions in digestion are _____ ______ , breaking up larger compounds into smaller nutrients; catalyzed by digestive enzymes;
hydrolysis reactions (H2O reacts)
Case-control study:
individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition.
Amylose
linear form of starch
Gastroesophageal sphincter:
located at end of esophagus; controls opening and closing of stomach; should prevent esophageal reflux (acid coming back from stomach into esoph.)
anabolism
making molecules
Glycemic Index (GI):
method of classifying carbohydrate-rich food by comparing the rise in blood glucose after eating a portion of food with carbs
Chylomicrons:
particles formed by small intestinal cells for transport of lipids (fats that aren't water soluble) through the lymph and into the bloodstream
Complex carbohydrates are....
polysaccharides -Storage form of glucose in plants (starch) and animals (glycogen) Structural component of plants in stems and leaves
solutions for world food crisis
population control, biotechnology, genetic modification
Quackery
promoting useless (ineffective) medical treatments
. Protein-Rich Foods are Excellent sources of
protein, iron, zinc, and B vitamins
Deamination:
removal of nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid, making the amino acid into a "carbon skeleton" (lacking the N-containing amino group)
GLUCAGON:
signal of low blood glucose secreted by pancreatic alpha cells into bloodstream when "hungry
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
standards for recommended daily intakes that meet needs of ~98% of healthy people.
Triglycerides:
storage form of fat (for energy) in the body -have some saturated and some unsaturated fatty acids -95% of lipids in the body and foods is in the form of triglycerides.
Epidemiology
study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
Cohort study:
study that measures variables in a group of people over time
Empty calorie foods generally add a lot of...
sugar, alcohol, and/or solid fat to diets.
Transamination:
transfer of nitrogen-containing group (amino group) from an unneeded amino acid to another carbon skeleton, forming a different amino acid
Water-soluble nutrients enter the capillary of a_______, and travel to the liver via portal vein.
villus
peristalsis
waves of muscle contraction that move material through the digestive tract (involuntary -- not consciously controlled)