Behavior Modification Final

Reinforcers always increase the frequency or probability of responses on which they are contingent. True False

True

Lisa's dog, Taffy, begs for food, successfully, at the dinner table every night. Lisa has had enough of this behavior, and so she refuses to give Taffy any more food when she begs. Lisa has noticed that that Taffy's begging has decreased in the past week, but is not totally gone. At this point, the behavior of begging has been extinguished. punished unsuccessfully punished partially extinguished.

partially extinguished.

Adding a punishment contingency will never supplement the effectiveness of a reinforcement intervention. False True

False

Changing the quality of an environment will, in increase productivity. True False

False

Differential reinforcement is less restrictive in response requirements than is standard reinforcement False True

False

Extinction is the opposite of reinforcement True False

False

In a penalty procedure the reinforcer lost is one that is maintaining the inappropriate behavior. False True

False

Penalty contingencies are always exclusively either 'time out' or 'response cost'. True False

False

Spontaneous recovery can occur in every session of extinction except the last, when extinction is complete. True False

False

The Sick Social Cycle always involves escape contingencies for both the victim and the perpetrator False True

False

The textbook "Principles of Behavior" includes a broad view of many other psychological theories besides behavior analysis. True False

False

In which sport is the topography of the response most important for scoring points. Olympic springboard diving tennis American football soccer

Olympic springboard diving

A complete experiment can be conducted using only one subject/participant. True False

True

A hockey player being sent to the penalty box for "high sticking" is an example of non-exclusionary time out. True False

True

A punishment contingency must always involve a concurrent or prior reinforcement contingency False True

True

Bribery utilizes reinforcers False True

True

Differential reinforcement procedures are dependent on variation of some aspect of the response in order for them to be used. False True

True

Extinction following escape training operates the same way as does extinction following reinforcement by presentation of a reinforcer. False True

True

Functional assessment refers to an assessment of the contingencies maintaining problem behaviors? True False

True

The fundamental difference between satiation and extinction is that satiation negatively alters reinforcer effectiveness and extinction doesn't. False True

True

The performance of repetitive inappropriate behavior always indicates that the behavior was somehow reinforced in the past. False True

True

Is it possible to reinforce a rat for climbing a ladder? Yes No

Yes

Which word phrase can be used in the description of a reinforcement contingency? a. "understands that" b. "figured out" c. "requires that" d "wants a"

a. "understands that"

ORM is the same thing as ________ a. Behavioral I/O Psychology b.Applied Behavior Analysis c. Operational Reinforcement Management d.Operational Response Management

a. Behavioral I/O Psychology

Judy lives two blocks down the street from her school. Every day when she walks to school she is taunted by the mean boys who live on the next block. One day Judy walks to school, but instead of going straight down her street, she takes a circuitous path around the second block, approaching the school from the opposite direction. Judy isn't taunted. Judy walks the much longer path to school every day after that. What maintains Judy's behavior of taking the longer path to school? a. avoidance b. penalty c. escape d. punishment

a. avoidance

Tom is lonely. Tom bangs on his neighbor's wall. Thirty seconds later the neighbor comes to Tom's apartment and Tom is no longer lonely. This is an example of ________. a. delayed reinforcement b. immediate reinforcement c. an invalid contingency because it fails the receiver test d. an invalid contingency because it fails the behaver test

a. delayed reinforcement

Which of these could not be a reinforcer? a.none of these, all of these could be reinforcers b.Bobby reading a porn novel c.Gary hearing Led Zeppelin playing Stairway to Heaven d.Ruth smelling the odor of rotten eggs when she opens the refrigerator door

a. none of these, all of these could be reinforcers

What is the reinforcer in this penalty contingency involving points that can be used to obtain candy-- Before: Tommy has all of his points; Behavior: Tommy breaks a window in angry outburst; After: Tommy loses 10 points? a. points (a positive reinforcer) b. breaking the window (a negative reinforcer) c. candy (a positive reinforcer) d. none of these, there is no reinforcer in a penalty contingency because it is a punishment contingency

a. points (a positive reinforcer)

The contingency involved in the ice cube to face bruxism intervention for the two developmentally disabled women in Chapter 4 was. a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. Escape d. negative reinforcement

a. positive punishment

In escape the negative reinforcer is _______, but in punishment the negative reinforcer is _______. a. removed; added b. added; removed c. a positive stimulus; a negative stimulus d. a negative stimulus; a positive stimulus

a. removed; added

The response-contingent presentation of a reinforcer, resulting in an increased frequency of that response. This defines ________ a. the reinforcement contingency b. the escape principle c. the reinforcement principle d. the escape contingency

a. the reinforcement contingency

A response will occur more frequently if a reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed it in the past, in similar settings. This defines _______ a. the reinforcement principle b. the reinforcement contingency c. the escape contingency d.the escape principle

a. the reinforcement principle

Which contingency leads to a decrease in response frequency? punishment time-out all of these response cost

all of these

Kathy used to pay attention to her daughter, Lisa, whenever she threw a tantrum. She then realized that this was reinforcing Lisa's tantrums, and so decided to start ignoring them. This is an example of an extinction process an extinction procedure penalty escape

an extinction procedure

The principles of behavior were first described by ________. a. Thorndike b. Skinner c. Pavlov d. Malott

b. Skinner

The 'law of effect' applies to which of these basic behavioral contingencies? a. penalty (negative punishment) b. all of these c. punishment (positive punishment) d. reinforcement (positive reinforcement) e. escape (negative reinforcement)

b. all of these

Which set of responses are from a same response class? a. a rat escaping shock with a lever press or jumping over a barrier to a side of the box where there is no shock grid b.all of these sets of responses are from a same response class c.five different intensities of lever presses by a rat d. musicians playing more upbeat songs than slow ballads because upbeat songs have received more applause in the past.

b. all of these sets of responses are from a same response class

Curtis finds that his girlfriend is quite uncommunicative this morning. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, which of the following behavior patterns would we expect Curtis to display? a. a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her b. an increase in his attempts to communicate with her c. both a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her and an increase in his attempts to communicate with her d. neither a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her nor an increase in his attempts to communicate with her

b. an increase in his attempts to communicate with her

Before a stimulus has been demonstrated to be a reinforcer (i.e., before it is shown that behaviors on which it is contingent increase in frequency), the best term we can use to describe it's reinforcer potential is as a/an ________. a. none of these b. assumed reinforcer c. neutral stimulus d. presumed reinforcer

b. assumed reinforcer

Bob, a six year old average child, wets his pants every time his mother punishes him by putting him in a structured time-out. Every time, Bob's mom ignores the pant wetting and maintains the time out for its full duration. Bob continues to wet his pants when put in time out. What contingency is maintaining Bob's pant wetting? a. time out (negative punishment) b. reinforcement (positive reinforcement) c. escape (negative reinforcement) d. response cost (negative punishment) e. punishment (positive punishment)

b. reinforcement (positive reinforcement)

What contingency most likely maintained wade's self-injurious head hitting behavior? a. penalty (negative punishment) b. reinforcement (positive reinforcement) c. punishment (positive punishment) d. escape (negative reinforcement)

b. reinforcement (positive reinforcement)

The contemporary custom of performing a functional analysis before implementing a punishment intervention is mainly motivated by _______ a. adherence to the scientific method b. social pressure c. correct empirical analysis d. scientific inquisitiveness

b. social pressure

What is always true for an overcorrection intervention? a. it always involves positive practice b. the corrective behavior must be relevant to the inappropriate behavior c. it provides positive reinforcement d. it must involve an escape contingency

b. the corrective behavior must be relevant to the inappropriate behavior

The response-contingent removal of an aversive stimulus resulting in an increased frequency of that response. This defines________ a.the reinforcement contingency b.the escape contingency c. the escape principle d. the reinforcement principle

b.the escape contingency

When we take a bite of a delicious apple, this is reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer; what is the reinforcer? a.the apple b.the taste of the apple c.swallowing the apple d.the bite

b.the taste of the apple

A reinforcer that isn't dependent on performance of a particular behavior is ________ a. not part any principle of behavior b. a free reinforcer c. a non-contingent reinforcer d. a non-selective reinforcer

c. a non-contingent reinforcer

An important aspect of applying an extinction procedure is gradually fading the reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior. combining it with a negative reinforcement procedure. identifying the reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior. combining it with a positive punishment procedure.

identifying the reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior.

In the escape contingency, contingent removal of an aversive stimulus ________ a. makes it more likely that the response will be performed in the future when the same aversive stimulus is present and the same behavior can remove the aversive stimulus b. decreases the latency to perform the response upon repeated trials c. all of these will likely happen d. increases the frequency or probability of response responsible for removing the aversive stimulus

c. all of these will likely happen

When a punishment contingency is in effect, what maintains the desired outcome behavior? a. all of these b. escape from the aversive condition c. avoiding the aversive condition d. engaging in an alternative behavior

c. avoiding the aversive condition

Saying that the reason Rudolph or Sniffy presses a lever to obtain a food reinforcer is because he has not had food in 22 hrs. avoids ________ a. the operational definition problem b. anthropomorphism c. circularity in explanation d. confrontation with the ASPCA

c. circularity in explanation

What is the optimal duration of a 'time-out' intervention for children? a. 15 sec b. one minute for each year of child's age c. depends on the child and reinforcement value of the lost activity d. five minutes

c. depends on the child and reinforcement value of the lost activity

What is the optimal latency for presenting a reinforcer following the response to be reinforced? a. somewhere between 20 and 30 seconds b. less than one minute c. one second or less d. none of these

c. one second or less

Negative reinforcement involves ________ a.punishing a behavior b. taking a reinforcer away c. removal of an aversive stimulus d.none of these

c. removal of an aversive stimulus

When Carl is given a writing assignment in class he spends most of the allocated time twirling his hair and staring out a window. Behavioral analysts were called in to assess the situation. They observed Carl for 10 separate 20 minute writing assignment periods. and found that Carl spent, on average, only two of the 20, minutes performing writing behaviors. They adopted McGee's gentle teaching procedure as an intervention. After two weeks they found that Carl spent only four of the 20 minute interval performing his inappropriate behavior. What was the improvement percentage in Carl's time spent performing writing behaviors after the intervention? a. 10% b. 80% c. 20% d. it is impossible to tell

d. it is impossible to tell

What is the sole requirement for a stimulus to be identified as a reinforcer a. it must be continually selected among options by the behaver b. it must be contingent on a response emitted by the behaver c. it should be presented within 60 seconds, and ideally within one second, of the behavior it is intended to reinforce d. it must increase the frequency of the behavior on which it is contingent

d. it must increase the frequency of the behavior on which it is contingent

In the Sick Social Cycle - Victim's Punishment Model, the first contingency is always _______,and the second contingency is always _______. a. penalty; punishment b. negative reinforcement; penalty c. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement; punishment

d. negative reinforcement; punishment

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will produce a particular outcome is a/an ________ a. reinforcement predictor b. relevant stimulus c. activation stimulus d. occasion or SD

d. occasion or SD

Paul is trying to teach Fido to roll over. Paul waits for Fido to roll over, and when Fido finally rolls over on his own, Paul immediately gives Fido a tasty treat. Will the tasty treat increase the frequency of Fido rolling over? a. probably b. not enough information c. is provided definitely yes d. probably not

d. probably not

Joe, a mid-level executive, drives the same route to work every day. On the route there is a half-mile section of road that has series of two nicely banked "S"-curves. Joe loves the exhilaration he gets by taking the speed of his BMW up from the speed limit of 60 MPH to 90 MPH through that section of road, and, every day, he looks forward to getting to that stretch of road so he can put his car through its paces. One Friday, when Joe was coming out of the first "S"-curve, he sees the flashing blue lights and hears the wail of the police car behind him. Immediately, his heart begins to race, and his palms become sweaty as he slows his car down to pull over for his encounter with the police officer. Ultimately, Joe receives a traffic citation that instructs him to pay a $250 fine or to show up in traffic court six days later if he wants to 'fight' the citation. When Joe gets to work, he puts a $200 check in the citation envelope and tosses it into his company's outgoing mail bin. The next week, Joe maintains the legal speed limit as he drives through his favorite section of the road. What contingency most likely affected Joe's driving behavior? a. response cost (negative reinforcement) b. escape (negative reinforcement) c. time out (negative reinforcement) d. punishment (positive punishment)

d. punishment (positive punishment)

The effects of reinforcement and punishment contingencies decrease as the delay between the response and the outcome increases. This defines ________ a. delayed reinforcement b. the reinforcer or punisher delay rule c. negative reinforcement d. the delay gradient

d. the delay gradient

A response becomes more likely if it has removed or reduced an aversive stimulus in the past. This defines ________ a. the reinforcement contingency b. the escape contingency c. the reinforcement principle d. the escape principle

d. the escape principle

Which is not part of a behavioral contingency a. the outcome of the response b. a response c. the occasion for a response d. the state of affairs before the response

d. the state of affairs before the response

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the behavior principle of ________. a.reward b.reinforcement c.praise d.nothing, it demonstrates no behavioral principle

d.nothing, it demonstrates no behavioral principle

Rudolph receives a shock when he presses the lever with his right paw, but doesn't receive a shock when he presses the lever with his left paw. Clearly, Rudolph is undergoing a ______ procedure. differential negative punishment (differential penalty) differential reinforcement differential negative reinforcement (differential escape) differential punishment

differential punishment

According to some research, from an outcome standpoint (e.g., correcting a maladaptive behavior), the most important component of the DRA procedure is reinforcing an alternative response extinction of the maladaptive response punishing the maladaptive response negatively reinforcing the alternative response

extinction of the maladaptive response

Dr. Meany has decided to do some punishment experiments with Rudolph. He puts Rudolph in his Skinner box and trains Rudolph to escape an electric shock to his feet by pressing a lever. Rudolph learns to stand close to the lever so that he can press it as soon as he feels the shock. After a few sessions, Rudolph learns the response quite well. During the fifth session, Dr. Meany throws Rudolph a curve ball. Dr Meany deactivates the lever so it no longer turns off the shock. As soon as Dr. Meany does this, Rudolph begins to stop pressing the lever and tries other behaviors to eliminate the shock decrease his rate of lever pressing do none of these increase his rate of lever pressing

increase his rate of lever pressing

Maintaining is to temporary as _______ is to _______. recovery; spontaneous recovery reinforcement is to punishment escape; avoidance punishment; penalty

recovery; spontaneous recovery

In recovery from punishment... usually no change in the frequency in the previously punished response occurs the previously punished response increases in frequency the previously punished response decreases in frequency none of these occurs

the previously punished response increases in frequency