Federal Government | Chapter 5: Equal Rights

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

- It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. - It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

- It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities. - It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities.

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

- LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. - LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

- Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. - Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

- Navajo - Pueblo

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

- boycotts - marches in nonviolent protest

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

- discriminatory practices in housing - discriminatory practices in mortgage lending - discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

- holding high-level political office - holding the top position in corporations

Which of the following are ancestral countries for many Asian Americans?

- the Philippines - China - India

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False

Which amendment passed after the Civil War granted African American men the right to vote?

Fifteenth

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby County v. Holder

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

True or false: Women working in nonprofessional fields often cannot find jobs that pay enough to cover child-care expenses as well as other expenses.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

about a quarter

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.

affirmative action

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?

compelling

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.

fewer than 1 million

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must be allowed to use

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be ______.

narrowly tailored

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must ______.

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group

About _____ single-parent families, which are usually headed by women, live below the poverty line.

one in four

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

their family structure

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016?

- Ted Cruz - Marco Rubio

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

- The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court. - The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012.

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

- Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. - A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.

almost always unconstitutional

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "___________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States?

- Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. - The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

- be college educated - have a high median income

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which of the following are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?

- more limited access to medical care - higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension - higher housing density

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

- preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions - preserving their culture and languages - obtaining economic self-sufficiency

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

- women - minorities

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

5

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña