Behaviorism

Julian Rotter

1916-2014 an american psychologist first psychologist to use the term "social learning theory" 1966: Rotter published Generalized Expectancies for Interval Versus External Control of Reinforcement, where he explored individual's expectancies as to whether they can influence the reinforcements they receive. Locus of control

Ivan Pavlov

1849-1936 a Russian physiologist chose to switch from theology to physiology (probably saved his life due to the communist regime doing away with religion and clergy people) Classical conditioning 1903: he and his student Tolochinov presented their work in scientific congresses in Europe. "The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals" his work became known in the West particularly through the writings of Watson and Skinner the idea of conditioning as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing school of behaviorism

John B. Watson

1878-1958 an american psychologist, founder of the school of behaviorism in psychology. 1913: gave an address at Columbia University titled "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it". The written version was later referred to as "The Behaviorist Manifesto" he rejected the concept of consciousness (as well as most other behaviorists - didn't believe that it was relevant to psychology. no soul, mind, spirit. only things you can see and touch) behaviorism as an approach to psychology that does not involve consciousness, the soul, or the mind. it focuses on what can be seen, heard, or touched. places great importance on the environment conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising little albert experiment

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990 an american psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher was a professor at Harvard University considered free will an illusion operant conditioning

Albert Ellis

1913-2007 an american psychologist best known for developing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) pioneering form of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) REBT is an action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to identify, challenge, and replace their self-defeating beliefs with healthier ones that promote emotional well-being and goal achievement

Albert Bandura

1925 - still alive a canadian/american psychologists combined behaviorism with cognitive and social psychology. famous for his work on social learning, social-cognitive theory, self-efficacy, and moral agency professor (emeritus) at Stanford University viewed as a cognitive psychologist due to his focus on motivation and self-regulatory mechanisms that contribute to an individual's behavior, rather than just environmental factors. believes that individuals acquire behaviors through the observation of others, then imitate what they have observation of others, then imitate what they have observed (theory of modeling) the Bobo Doll

The Development of Behaviorism

A primary paradigm of psychology in the first half of the 20th century in the United States Most behaviorism occurred and developed in the United States Structuralism during the late 1800s (finding soul/psyche)- interest in consciousness Competitor of functionalism (focus of function of behavior rather than the components- adaptation to the environment - Darwinism- mainly going on in American (spencer, james, and carr)

Ellis, REBT, and religion

Ellis espoused non-theistic humanism. early in his career he argued that devout religious beliefs and practices were harmful to mental health (for example, that religious restrictions on sexual expression are often needles and harmful to emotional health) in the case against religiosity, a 1980 pamphlet published by his New York Institute, he offered an idiosyncratic definition of religiosity as any devout, dogmatic, and demanding belief. Ellis was careful to tate that REBT was independent of his atheism, nothing that many skilled REBT practitioners are religious, including some who are ordained ministers. in his later days, he significantly toned down his opposition to religion.

Classical conditioning

a basic form of learning. a subject (animal or human) comes to respond to a perviously-neutral stimulus in a way that is associated with another stimulus. was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food

operant conditioning

a process of behavior modification in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure of displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior

Behavioral approaches to psychotherapy

behavioral therapy began by focusing on directly observable behaviors and their environment involves identifying objectionable and/or maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier behaviors behavior modification can be achieved by applying the principles of classical conditioning (ex. phobia) or operant conditioning later therapies took a cognitive-behavioral approach, helping the individual understand how their behavior can lead to changes in how they feel (locus of control, agency, etc.)

Key concepts of behaviorism

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment, social learning theory, and psychotherapy approaches such as CBT mainly about fundamental laws of learning, ex. no doubt that there is such a thing as conditioning, a lot of what we learn really has nothing to do with consciousness. still in the background of what we do (CBT) but limited

Behaviorism

combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and psychological theory. places a great emphasis on observable behavior. applied a scientific empirical approach (experiments)

Locus of control

ideas about the source of reinforcement in one's life

Thorndike

studied learning and conditioning in cats the law of effect place a hungry cat in a box and food outside compartment tries to grab conditioning of trap door "panel"

internal locus of control

the belief that reinforcement depends on one's own behavior (Rotter's research indicated that these individuals tended to be physically and mentally healthier)

external locus of control

the belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces