BI Problem 5 Test Study Guide
What is the goal of a grant proposal? Be able to explain the goals, objectives, project plan (methodology) and evaluation steps for your public health grand proposal.
the point of a grant award is impact rather than money, the real point of a grant proposal is to rally the necessary resources to help the nonprofit fulfill its purpose. A grant is a tool nonprofits use to address important issues within their communities.
What are some basic categories of public health interventions?
Common types of interventions include screening programs, vaccination, food and water supplementation, and health promotion. Common issues that are the subject of public health interventions include obesity, drug, tobacco, and alcohol use, and the spread of infectious disease, e.g. HIV.
What steps do epidemiologists take in an outbreak investigation?
Preparation for the investigation Verifying the diagnosis and establishing the existence of an outbreak Establishing a case definition and finding cases Conducting descriptive epidemiology to determine the personal characteristics of the cases, changes in disease frequency over time, and differences in disease frequency based on location. Developing hypotheses about the cause or source Evaluating the hypotheses & refining the hypotheses and conducting additional studies if necessary Implementing control and prevention measures Communicating the findings
How does causation differ from correlation?
bc things that correlate do not have to have the same causation A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events.
Describe at least one public health issue outside of the United States. What is the cause of the issue and possible solutions?
A major public health issue is that many people in SCA do not have access to vaccinations for diseases such as measles, mumps and rubella.
How can calculating measures of association such as the odds ratio and relative risk assist in an epidemiological investigation?
A measure of association quantifies the relationship between exposure and disease among the two groups. Exposure is used loosely to mean not only exposure to foods, mosquitoes, a partner with a sexually transmissible disease, or a toxic waste dump, but also inherent characteristics of persons (for example, age, race, sex), biologic characteristics (immune status), acquired characteristics (marital status), activities (occupation, leisure activities), or conditions under which they live (socioeconomic status or access to medical care). The measures of association described in the following section compare disease occurrence among one group with disease occurrence in another group. Examples of measures of association include risk ratio (relative risk), rate ratio, odds ratio, and proportionate mortality ratio.
How does the distribution of infectious disease and chronic illnesses relate to lifestyle, culture, and access to medical care?
Chronic diseases, often referred to as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), usually emerge in middle age after long exposure to an unhealthy lifestyle involving tobacco use, a lack of regular physical activity, and consumption of diets rich in highly saturated fats, sugars, and salt, typified by "fast foods." This lifestyle results in higher levels of risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity that act independently and synergistically. The risk factors are frequently undiagnosed or inadequately managed in health services designed to treat acute conditions. Chronic conditions are frequently incorrectly considered to have limited impact on the burden of disease in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of the known high relevance of the infectious diseases. Nevertheless, these diseases occur in younger age groups more commonly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in the developed countries and are at least as common in the poor sector of society as in the more affluent. The current burden of chronic diseases reflects the cumulative effects of unhealthy lifestyles and the resulting risk factors over the life span of people. Some of these influences are present from before a child is born.
What are the differences between a case control and cohort study? Describe how you would set up each type of study.
In case-control, one starts from the outcomes i.e. cases and bases/controls/referents (matched or not), and tries to study what the exposure was. Using the 'rare disease assumption', both odds ratio and relative risk can be used to study association between exposure and outcome. However, odds ratio is preferred because the prevalence of the disease outcome is already identified. Retrospective cohort is when one already has determined the exposure in the study cohort and tries to study the association of exposure to disease outcome within that cohort in a retrospectiv
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.