big boi bio

Hormones that promote homeostasis

usually operate as part of a negative feedback system.

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

vasa recta

A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of

sodium ions

Among the arthropods, the presence or absence of anterior-most appendages modified as chelicerae (feeding structures such as pincers or fangs) can be used to distinguish between A) insects and centipedes B) spiders and insects C) insects and crustaceans D) centipedes and millipedes E) millipedes and insects

spiders and insects

Among the arthropods, the presence or absence of anterior-most appendages modified as chelicerae (feeding structures such as pincers or fangs) can be used to distinguish between -millipedes and insects -insects and crustaceans -spiders and insects -centipedes and millipedes -insects and centipedes

spiders and insects

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes ? a) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, coelom forms as split in solid mass of mesoderm b) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development. c) spiral and determinate cleavage, enterocoelous development d) radial and determinate cleavage, entercoelous development, blastopore becomes anus. e) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development.

spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development.

Which of the following correctly describes protostome development?

spiral and determinate cleavage; blastopore becomes mouth; coelom from split in mesodermal mass

(EX 2/3).treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi are pathogic parasites that are found within the group of bacteria referred to as ___.

spirochetes

What kind of animal is most similar in terms of body organization to the earliest animals on earth?

sponge

(EX 2/3).a botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. in assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful?

spores

temporal isolation

staminate cannot fertilize the female cone on same tree (promotes genetic diversity)

ecdysone is a

steroid hormone

(EX 2/3).via the primary then secondary endosymbiotic events associated with the red algal lineage that began with an ancestral, heterotrophic eukaryote, the resulting group or groups (the descendants) was/were the ___.

stramenopiles and alveolates

Pharyngeal gill slits appear to have functioned first as a) gill slits for respiration b) portions of the inner ear c) suspension-feeding devices d) components of the jaw e) the opening to the digestive system or mouth

suspension-feeding devices

The gills of chordates appear to have evolved first as

suspension-feeding devices

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.

(EX 1).Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?

sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation

The space between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a(n) _____.

synaptic cleft

Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____.

synaptic terminals

fertilization is also know as what?

syngamy - haploid egg and sperm unite -> diploid zygote

(EX 1).Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?

synthesis of organic monomers synthesis of organic polymers formation of protobionts with RNA-based systems formation of DNA-based genetic systems

a cell w membrane bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called a hormones

target cell

types of prezygotic barriers

temporal isolation habitat isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation

When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing _____.

temporal summation

(EX 2/3).which of the following would not be a potential antibiotic target based on bacterial physiology and the bio-ethics of antibiotic synthesis?

the ETC

motility

the ability to move

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine.

cambrian explosion

the appearance of many of the major the major phyla of animals between 535 and 525 mya

The filtrate in the renal pelvis(collects urine form the nephrons) enters directly from

the collecting duct

Which of the following characteristics of Arthropods is particularly adaptive for life on land (even though it was present first in aquatic forms)?

the cuticle

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along

the distal tubule

arthropoda

the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Melatonin is secreted by

the pineal gland during the night.

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood,

the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate.

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then

the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell.

The color, size, and shape of the petals of a flower are mostly closely related to:

the type of pollinator it depends on

Even though onychopores are Ecdysozoans, they clearly are not arthropods because:

their appendages are not jointed.

The monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians are PRIMARILY distinguished on the basis of a) their geographical distribution b) cranial and dental structure c) their reproduction d) their mode of feeding e) their mode of locomotion

their reproduction

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common

their requirement for travel through the bloodstream.

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____.

these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

Cnidarians and Ctenophores are ALIKE in the following way:

they are both diploblastic

Cnidarians and Ctenophores are ALIKE in the following way: A) some members of both groups secrete supportive exoskeletons. B) they are scavengers and parasites. C) they both alternate between bilateral and radial forms. D) both groups move with simple contractions of the bell. E) they are both diploblastic

they are both diploblastic

Cnidarians are said to be diploblastic because a) they exist in two forms, medusa and polyp b) their cells are of 2 types, cnidocytes and nematocysts c) they develop from two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm d) they exhibit two forms of reproduction, sexual and asexual e) their adult forms can be either sessile or motile

they develop from two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm

(EX 2/3)Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

they require water for reproduction

A diverse of animals are grouped in the clade Lophotrochozoa because A) they were identified as monophyletic from molecular evidence B) they all have lophophores used for feeding C) they have bilateral symmetry D) they all have triploblastic development E) they have a digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus.

they were identified as monophyletic from molecular evidence

gram negative

thin layer of peptidoglycan Bacteria will lose the color purple in a gram stain and stain red with Safranin and appear pink

The gastrula stage in embryonic development of animals is very important because:

this is when the basic embryonic tissue layers are organized.

triploblastic

three primary germ layers

Iodine is added to table salt to help prevent deficiencies of an essential mineral needed for the proper function of the

thyroid glands.

A tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland regulates the secretion of

thyroxine.

The higher level of metabolic activity typical of nonhibernating temperate mammals during the winter months is due to increased secretion of

thyroxine.

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of:

tissues

these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt

transduction

transfer genes from one prokaryote to another

only ____________ embryos have embryonic mesoderm as opposed to ________ embryos which do not have embryonic mesoderm. embryonic mesoderm is the germ layer that often times develops into adult tissues such as ________________

triploblastic; diploblastic; muscle and bone

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having______.

true tissues or no tissues

Members of subphylum Urochordata are known as a) tunicates b) lancelets c) arrow worms d) acorn worms e) bristle jaws

tunicates

Which of the following lists of features characterizes eudicots?

two cotyledons, netlike veins, taproot usually present

diploblastic

two primary germ layers

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

urea is less toxic than ammonia.

greatest number of nitrogen atoms: requires the most energy to produce: Birds pee doesn't need any water to secrete

uric acid

An animal that is endothermic and homoeothermic uses metabolic energy to regulate its body temperature and maintains a relatively constant body temperature uses metabolic energy to regulate its body temperature but has a broad range of body temperature variation has its body temperature determined primarily by the environment and has a broad range of body temperature variation has its body temperature determined primarily by the environment, but maintains a relatively constant body temperature behaviorally regulates its body temperature and has a broad range of body temperature variation

uses metabolic energy to regulate its body temperature and maintains a relatively constant body temperature

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,

via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.

(EX 2/3)a phage is a _____ that infects ____________. once the non-bacterial/foreign DNA is introduced, recombination/crossing-over__________ possible and the entire process or version of horizontal gene transfer is known as __________________.

virus, bacteria, is, transduction

Scientists believe that all present- day animals descended from a common ancestor that:

was a colonial, heterotrophic, flagellated protist.

The swim bladder of modern bony fishes a) can fill or empty through the operculum b) stores oils that are less dense than water c) was modified from simple lungs d) first appeared in sharks e) ALL OF THE ABOVE

was modified from simple lungs

The swim bladder of modern bony fishes a) was probably modified from simple lungs of freshwater fishes. b) provides buoyancy but at high energy cost c) first appeared in sharks d) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes e) Both C and D are correct.

was probably modified from simple lungs of freshwater fishes.

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____.

water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

Which of these is in Phylum Anthophyta but is NEITHER a monocot NOR a eudicot?

water lily

The Salalizard is a fictional vertebrate that lives in the forest and appears to be half salamander and half lizard. You are not allowed to collect any wild animals, so you decide to take a video of it to show your colleagues. What behavior best distinguishes the Salalizard as either a salamander (amphibian) or a lizard (reptile)? where it reproduces what it eats if it lives in trees whether it is active at night

where it reproduces

human has to drink seawater

will excrete more water molecules than taken in bc the high load of ion ingestion

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

Where would one find the microspores of a pine tree?

within sporophytes of the male cone (pollen cone)

(EX 2/3)which fungal phylum or phyla, if any, are paraphyletic

zygomycota

the correct order in terms of embryological development is _______ (immediately after fertilization; prior to implantation), the ________________ (implantation) and finally___________which implies organogenesis is complete

zygote, embryo, fetus

C) equilibrium potential

10) The membrane potential in which there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane is called the _____. A) graded potential B) threshold potential C) equilibrium potential D) action potential

C) open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them

11) Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels _____. A) are always open, but the concentration gradients of ions frequently change B) are always closed, but ions move closer to the channels during excitation C) open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them D) open in response to stimuli, and then close simultaneously, in unison

D) D

12) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.

13 hox genes

B) B

13) The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

A) A

14) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

A) B

15) The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label _____. A) B B) C C) D D) E

D) E

16) The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

B) The membrane potential would increase.

17) If you experimentally increase the concentration of Na+ outside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would decrease. B) The membrane potential would increase. C) The membrane potential would be unaffected. D) The answer depends on the thermodynamic potential.

C) sodium-potassium pumps

18) The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to _____. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) sodium-potassium pumps D) symports and antiports

A) K+

19) Which of the following ions is most likely to cross the plasma membrane of a resting neuron? A) K+ B) Na+ C) Ca2+ D) Cl-

(EX 2/3) Which of the following traits do archaea and bacteria share? 1. composition of the cell wall 2. presence of plasma membrane 3. lack of a nuclear envelope 4. identical rRNA sequences

2 and 3

C) interneurons

2) Most of the neurons in the human brain are _____. A) sensory neurons B) motor neurons C) interneurons D) peripheral neurons

(EX 2/3) all arthropods_____. 1. undergo complete metamorphose 2. have jointed appendages 3. molt 4. have segmented bodies 5. have an exoskeleton or cuiticle

2, 3, 4, 5

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart

2,3,4,1,5

B) ion concentration gradient

20) The Nernst equation specifies the equilibrium potential for a particular ion. This equilibrium potential is a function of _____. A) hydrostatic pressure B) ion concentration gradient C) osmotic gradient D) temperature (thermal) gradient

B) hyperpolarization of the neuron

21) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the _____. A) depolarization of the neuron B) hyperpolarization of the neuron C) replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions D) replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions

D) +62 mV

22) Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to _____. A) -90 mV B) 0 mV C) +30 mV D) +62 mV

D) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

23) A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by _____. A) increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+ B) decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl- C) increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++ D) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

(EX 1).In an instance of sympatric, allopolyploid speciation, species "A" is a 2N of 10 and species "B" is a 2N of 14. The new species, species "C" (the hybrid of "A" and "B"), has a diploid number of

24

A) action potentials

24) Self-propagation and refractory periods (states) are typical of _____. A) action potentials B) graded hyperpolarizations C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials D) threshold potentials

C) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

25) The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the _____. A) lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce B) minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials C) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels D) peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential

C) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

26) Action potentials move along axons _____. A) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter B) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane C) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons D) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

27) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____. A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential C) prevent graded potentials D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules

A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels

28) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by _____. A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels B) a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions C) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump D) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels

B) sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

29) The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to _____. A) slow opening of voltage-gated sodium channels B) sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels C) rapid opening of voltage-gated calcium channels D) slow restorative actions of the sodium-potassium ATPase

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct?

3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles

3) The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _____. A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood D) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles

arrange the following in order from largest to smallest 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus

3, 2, 4, 1

Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

3, 4, 1, 5, 2

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

3,4,1,5,2

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1.sporophytedominance,gametophyte independence 2.sporophytedominance, gametophyte dependence 3.gametophytedominance,sporophyte dependence

3-->1-->2

D) thick, myelinated neurons

30) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in _____. A) thin, non-myelinated neurons B) thin, myelinated neurons C) thick, non-myelinated neurons D) thick, myelinated neurons

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

300 mosm/L.

D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

31) Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then _____. A) no action potential will be initiated B) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal C) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

32) Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction? A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction. B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon. D) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.

B) The membrane potential would become less negative.

33) If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would become more negative. B) The membrane potential would become less negative. C) The membrane potential would remain the same.

C) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon.

34) Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct? A) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude. B) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration. C) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon. D) Movement of ions during the action potential occurs mostly through the sodium pump.

C) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

35) Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons? A) because the Na+ concentration is much lower outside the cell than it is inside B) because the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell C) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior D) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell

C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

36) What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier? A) The action potential would be propagated nearly instantaneously to the synapse. B) There could be no action potential generated at the axon hillock. C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

B) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin.

37) A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation? A) The fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do. B) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin. C) There are more ion channels in the axons of the crab compared with fish axons. D) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin, and the fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do.

B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential

38) Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect? A) immediate loss of resting potential B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential C) slow decrease of resting potential and action potential amplitudes D) No effect; the substances counteract each other.

C) only I and III

39) Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I) Action potentials move faster in larger diameter axons. II) Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III) Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons. A) only I and II B) only II and III C) only I and III D) I, II, and III

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of all chordates? a) 4 chambered heart b) pharyngeal slits c) notochord d) dorsal, hollow nerve chord e) post-anal tail

4 chambered heart

C) synapse

4) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) cell body

mollusca

(snails, clams, squids, octopuses) have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell

apoda

*caecilians* -legless -nearly blind resembles earthworms

anura

*frogs* -lack powerful hind legs for locomotion on land -frogs with leathery skin are called toads

urodelas

*salamanders* -amphibians with tails -some aquatic, most live on land -Paedomorphosis, the retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms, is common in aquatic species

point mutation

*sickle cell anemia* *Can be hidden from selection in recessive alleles *A change in a single base that can be harmful if it effects protein production or it can be beneficial

gram positive bacteria

*tuberculosis and leprosy *anthrax and botulism

What are connective tissues?

- Tissues that support, connect and protect other tissues such as blood, bone, tendons, ligaments. - cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ex. bone ,cartilage)

What are epithelial tissues? what role do they play?

- layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces - covers, lines, protect and secrete

What is multicellularity?

- many have complex bodies - most have complex tissue structure -A condition or state of having or being composed of many cells or more than one cell performing differing functions.

brown algae

- mostly marine -multicellular -largest most complex algae -has tissues/organs analogous to those found in plants (holdfast=roots, stipe=stem, blades=leaves) -some multicellular algae has alteration of gen -NOT A PLANT

tiktaalik

-"fishapod" -shows both tetrapod and fish characteristics -fins, gills, lungs, scales -ribs to breath air and support -neck and shoulders -fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb

cercozoans

-CHROMATOPHORE: peptidoglycan cell wall derived from bacteria -large group of amoebozoans and flagelleted protists -feed with threadlike pseudopodia -most are predators/parasites -mixotrophic/autotrophic

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?

-Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. -Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates

red algae

-PHYCOERYNTHRIN: produces the color of red algae (photosynthetic) -absorbs wavelengths of light that penetrate into deep water (green/red in shallow, dark red/black in deep water) -usually multicellular (largest are seaweed)

proteobacteria

-alpha -beta -gamma -delta -epsilon

Unikonta

-amoebozoa -opisthokonts

land plants

-bryophytes -lycophytes -monilophytes -gymnosperms -angiosperms

slime molds

-called mycetozoans (once thought to be fungi) -resemblance between fungi and slime mold is a result of CONVERGENT EVOLUTION -extends pseudopodia through decomposing material, engulfing food by phagocytosis *cellular slime molds=multicellular; forms fruiting bodies

vertebrates

-capture food -evading predators -muscle attachment sites -inner ear bones are the only bones that don't have muscle attached to them

three lineages of jawed vertebrates

-chondrichthyans -ray-finned fishes -lobe-fins

lycophyte

-club mosses

golden algae

-color results from yellow/brown CAROTENOIDS -mostly unicellular & biflagellate members of freshwater plankton -photosynthetic (all), some mixotrophic -NOT A PLANT

archosaur

-crocodilians -pterosaurs -dinosaurs

gymnosperm

-cyads -gingkos -pines -conifers

radiolarians

-delicate symmetrical internal skeletons made of SILICA -use pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms though PHAGOCYTOSIS -pseudopodia radiate from central body

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

-develops into central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

stramenopile

-diatoms -golden algae -brown algae *tritomy*

alveolates

-dinoflagellates -apicomplexans -ciliates

excavata

-diplomonads -parabasalids -euglenozoans

tubulinids

-diverse amoebas -lobe pseudopodia -unicellular -heterotrophic (consume bacteria and other plants)

how bacteria combats antibiotics

-evolved pumps -enzymes that degrade antibiotics -fortifying cell wall

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

-excavata -SAR complex -archaeplastida -unikonta

archaea

-extreme halophiles -extremethermophiles -methanogens

advantages of seeds

-food supply -remain dormant for long periods -may be transported

rhizarians

-forams -cercozoans -radiolarians *sister taxa is foram and cerc*

tetrapods

-four limbs, feet with digits -neck which allows separate movement of the head -fusion of pelvic girdle to the backbone -absence of gills (except in aquatic species) -ears (and tympanic membrane) for detecting airborne sounds

lobe fins

-have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that they use to swim and "walk" underwater across the substrate -muscular nature that allows for the evolution of appendages where things can crawl

parabasalids

-hydrogenosomes (reduced mitochondria) -anaerobic (release H2) -lack plastids *Trichomonas vaginalis*

bryophyte

-liverworts -mosses -hornworts

notochord

-longitudinal rod between digestive and nerve cord -provides skeletal support -adult retains only remnants

dinoflagelletes

-make up most marine/freshwater phytoplankton -2 flagella between cellulose plates makes spinning movement -dinoflagellate blooms produce "red tides" that are often harmful -many heterotrophic

diplomonads

-mitosome (reduced mitochondria) -lack plastids -anaerobic -2 nuclei -multiple flagella *Giardia intestinalis*

green algae

-named for grass green chloroplasts -plants descended from green algae -paraphyletic group main groups: -charophytes: most closely related to land plants. rings of cellulose; ability to synthesize sporopollenin -chlorophytes: most live in fresh water (everywhere they can photosynthesize)

apicomplexans

-nearly all are animal parasites -most have complex life cycles -asexual and sexual stages as well as several host species -have tiny infectious cells called "sporozoites" specialized for invading host cell *Plasmodium vivax*

hardy weinberg is maintained by

-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -large population -no gene flow in or out

5 Characteristics of Chordates

-notochord -dorsal, hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal slits -post anal tail -endostyle

opisthokonta

-nucleariids -fungi -choanoflagellates -animals *nucleariids and fungi sister *choano and animal sister

entamoebas

-parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates -entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery

4 major nutritional catagories

-photoautotrophs -chemoautotrophs -photoheterotrophs -chemoheterotrophs

Kingdom Animalia

-porifera -cnidaria -platyhelminth -nematoda -mollusca -annelida -arthropoda -echinodermata -chordata

forams

-pourous tests (shells) made of calcium carbonate -pseudopodia extending through pores help swim/feed -obtain nourishment through symbiotic algae

euglenozoan

-predatory heterotrophs, autotrophs, and parasites -SPIRAL/CRYSTALLINE rod flagella -single, large mitochondrion containing "kinetoplastids" -EUGLENOIDS: photosynthetic euglena switch to heterotrophy in the absence of sunlight because of PIGMENTED EYESPOT (first primitive electroneg radiation detector) CHAGAS AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

benefits of amniotic egg

-prevents desiccation -gas exchange -nutrient storage

post anal tail

-propelling force (in aquatic) -skeletal elements and muscle -defense -nutrition -locomotion

diatoms

-quantities of fossilized diatom walls make up "diatomaceous earth" -"diatom blooms" are a part of a biological CARBON PUMP -responsible for about 80% of the oxygen production in the modern atmosphere -hydrated silica shells

hybrid zones

-reinforcement -fusion -stability

antibiotic targets

-ribosomal large and small subunits -super coil in genome -peptidoglycan -1 RNA polymerase

amoebozoans

-slime molds -tubulinids -entamoebas

SAR complex

-stramenopiles -alveolates -rhizarians

2 enzymes in aerobes

-super oxide distase -catalase can grow bigger and be on land

pharyngeal slits

-suspension feeding -gas exchange -develops into ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

genetic recombination

-transformation -transduction -conjugation

lepidosaurs

-tuataras -lizards -snakes -extinct mososaurs

reptiles

-tuataras -lizards -snakes -turtles -crocodilians -birds scales that make waterproof barrier lay shelled eggs on the land

amphibians

-urodela (salamanders) -anura (frogs) -apoda (caecilians)

ciliates

-use cilia to move and feed -2 types of nuclei: macronuclei(controls everyday function) micronuclei(exchanged in CONJUGATION) -reproduce asexually through binary fission -expels excess H2O to maintain an isotonic internal enviornment

derived characteristics of birds

-wings with keratin feathers

fundamental principles of science

-without data, one is just a loudmouth with an opinion -one time does not a pattern make -scientific thought and should be put forth for peer review

(EX 1).In a certain randomly-mating population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the dominant allele is .6. What percentage of the population does not express the dominant allele?

0.16

(EX 1).In a certain randomly-mating population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the homozygous recessive individuals constitute 64% of the population. What frequency of the dominant allele?

0.2

(EX 1).In population "X", there are currently 20 individuals of species "Y". 10 of the species "Y" members are heterozygotes, 7 are homozygous dominant and 3 are homozygous recessive. For population "X" at this time, what is the frequency of the dominant allele of/for species "Y"?

0.6

(EX 2/3).Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins thus engaging in an "immune bait and switch"? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba

1 and 4

D) includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

1) A simple nervous system _____. A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision B) includes a minimum of twelve effector neurons C) has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating center D) includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

sequence of events under the influence of natural selection

1) change occurs in the environment 2) poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship 3) well adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 4) genetic frequencies within the population change

Oviparous (egg- laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. 1.The yolk of an animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms? 2.Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

1. endosperm 2. the trend toward a sporophyte dominated life cycle

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight- cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. 1. If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen? 2. Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by:

1.Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts. 2.ingesting it

A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

63) C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating reproduction, particularly egg-laying. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that this mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

A) slightly permeable to sodium ions

7) Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also _____. A) slightly permeable to sodium ions B) fully permeable to calcium ions C) impermeable to sodium ions D) highly permeable to chloride ions

(EX 2/3).how many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

8

D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

8) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____. A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

D) K+

9) In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____. A) Cl- B) Ca++ C) Na+ D) K+

Afferent neuronal systems include the A) sensory systems. B) peripheral nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system. E) sympathetic nervous system.

A

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that A) schizophrenia results in hallucinations. B) schizophrenia results in both manic and depressive states. C) schizophrenia results in decreased dopamine. D) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment. E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.

A

Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that researchers suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter A) dopamine. B) acetylcholine. C) norepinephrine. D) nitric oxide. E) ethanol.

A

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. A) astrocytesmetabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness B) oligodendrocytesproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system C) microgliaproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the central nervous system D) radial gliathe source of immunoprotection against pathogens. E) Schwann cellsprovide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons

A

Cranial nerves originate in the brain and are thus part of the A) central nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system. E) sympathetic nervous system.

A

If you were writing an essay, the part of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is the A) temporal and frontal lobes. B) parietal lobe. C) Broca's area. D) Wernicke's area. E) occipital lobe.

A

In the figure, which letter points to the thalamus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A

Learning a new language during adulthood alters activity in the brain's language processing locations by A) altering synaptic effectiveness in these locations. B) increasing the rate of mitosis in these locations. C) inhibiting synapses that work in the previously learned language. D) causing established neurons to produce different neurotransmitter molecules. E) forming electrical synapses between cells.

A

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system. A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) visceral E) parasympathetic

A

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with A) resting and digesting. B) release of epinephrine into the blood. C) increased metabolic rate. D) fight-or-flight responses. E) intensive aerobic exercise.

A

The blood-brain barrier A) is formed by tight junctions. B) is formed by oligodendrocytes. C) tightly regulates the intracellular environment of the CNS. D) uses chemical signals to communicate with the spinal cord. E) provides support to the brain tissue.

A

The cerebrospinal fluid is A) a filtrate of the blood. B) a secretion of glial cells. C) a secretion of interneurons. D) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells. E) secreted by the hypothalamus.

A

The establishment and expression of emotions involves the A) frontal lobes and limbic system. B) frontal lobes and parietal lobes. C) parietal lobes and limbic system. D) frontal and occipital lobes. E) occipital lobes and limbic system

A

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact A) spinal cord. B) hypothalamus. C) corpus callosum. D) cerebellum. E) medulla.

A

The motor cortex is part of the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) spinal cord. D) midbrain. E) medulla oblongata.

A

Wernicke's area A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended. B) is active during the generation of speech. C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation. D) is active when you are reading silently. E) is found on the left side of the brain.

A

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobedecision making B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobevisual processing D) cerebellumlanguage comprehension E) occipital lobespeech production

A

Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function? A) limbic systemmotor control of speech B) medulla oblongatahomeostatic control C) cerebellumcoordination of movement and balance D) corpus callosumcommunication between the left and right cerebral cortices E) amygdalaemotional memory

A

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) claws E) a four-chambered heart

A

Molluscs, arthropods, and annelids all show a) A complete digestive system b) An open circulatory system c) Spiral and determinate cleavage d) All of the above e) A and C only

A and C only

R plasmid

A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.

Which of the following statements comparing the mammalian respiratory system with the arthropod tracheal system is FALSE ? a) Both include a highly branched system of tubes b) A closed circulatory (blood transport) system is adjacent to the gas exchange surface in both systems c) The arthropod tracheal system is widely distributed throughout the organisms body, while the mammalian respiratory system is confined to a certain region pos the organisms body. d) Both are invaginated surfaces e) Both are adaptations for living in air and maintaining a moist gas exchange surface.

A closed circulatory (blood transport) system is adjacent to the gas exchange surface in both systems

protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

60) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (the RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways? A) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption. B) ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. C) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. D) ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.

A) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share a) A mantle b) A radula c) Gills d) Embryonic torsion e) Distinct Cephalization

A mantle

All of the following statements about the Kingdom Animalia are true EXCEPT: A) Terrestrial (land) habitats host the greatest diversity of animal phyla. B) Muscle tissue is unique to the Animal Kingdom (not found in other Kingdoms of life). C) Many animals have a larval stage that utilizes different resources than the adult stage. D) The cells of most animals are organized into tissues. E) Except for the production of gametes, animals are diploid organisms.

A) Terrestrial (land) habitats host the greatest diversity of animal phyla.

3) Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you observed them in the following solutions, at which sucrose concentration (in millimolars, mM) would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active? A) 0.05 mM sucrose B) 0.05 mM saline C) 0.08 mM sucrose D) 1.0 mM saline

A) 0.05nM sucrose

4) Sharks live in seawater. Their tissues are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. How is that possible? A) Urea and trimethylamine oxide contribute to intra- and extracellular osmolarity in shark tissues. B) Metabolic intermediates of sharks tie up intracellular chloride and potassium ions. C) Their blood is hypotonic to their tissues. D) They excrete large quantities of electrolytes.

A) Urea and trimethylamine oxide contribute to intra- and extracellular osmolarity in shark tissues.

34) The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____. A) a B) b C) c D) d

A) a

The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____. A) a B) b C) c D) d

A) a

55) If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes B) caffeinated beverages C) bottled water kept at room temperature D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. A) a filtrate of the blood B) a secretion of glial cells C) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells D) secreted by the hypothalamus

A) a filtrate of the blood

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. A) astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness B) oligodendrocytes — produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system C) radial glia — the source of immunoprotection against pathogens D) Schwann cells — provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons

A) astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness

The motor cortex is part of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) medulla oblongata

A) cerebrum

Which of these is the best description of pollenation in flowering plants? A) delivery of a pollen grain to a stigma B) joining of an egg and a sperm in a plant C) release of pollen grains from anthers D) growth of the pollen tube until it reaches an ovule

A) delivery of a pollen grain to a stigma

45) Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? A) filtration B) reabsorption C) active transport D) secretion

A) filtration

Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? A) filtration B) reabsorption C) active transport D) secretion

A) filtration

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobe — decision making B) occipital lobe — control of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobe — visual processing D) occipital lobe — speech production

A) frontal lobe — decision making

If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the _____. A) frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Broca's area D) occipital lobe

A) frontal lobes

Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception. (A) homospory (B) pollen (C) reduced gametophytes (D) seeds

A) homospory

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) epithalamus C) amygdala D) Broca's area

A) hypothalamus

Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? A) increased heartbeat B) constriction of airways C) constriction of pupils D) decreased heartbeat

A) increased heartbeat

Wernicke's area _____. A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended B) is active during the generation of speech C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D) is found on the left side of the brain

A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended

24) Ammonia _____. A) is soluble in water B) has low toxicity relative to urea C) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea D) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects

A) is insoluble in water

50) Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more _____. A) juxtamedullary nephrons B) urinary bladders C) ureters D) podocytes

A) juxtamedullary nephrons

19) Urea is produced in the _____. A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide B) liver from glycogen C) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids D) bladder from uric acid and water

A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

Urea is produced in the _____. A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide B) liver from glycogen C) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids D) bladder from uric acid and water

A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

16) The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____. A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure B) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse C) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis D) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation

A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

22) Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____. A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment C) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets D) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats

A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _____. A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) pituitary D) cerebellum

A) medulla oblongata

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) audition D) mechanosensation

A) olfaction

After eating a large meal, which nerves are most active in your digestive system? I) parasympathetic nerves II) somatic (motor) nerves III) sympathetic nerves A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

A) only I

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair the function of the _____. A) primary visual cortex B) thalamus C) sense of taste D) sense of touch

A) primary visual cortex

35) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of _____. A) protonephridia B) metanephridia C) Malpighian tubules D) nephrons

A) protonephridia

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____. A) resting and digesting B) release of epinephrine into the blood C) increased metabolic rate D) intensive aerobic exercise

A) resting and digesting

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that _____. A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines

A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. A) spinal cord B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum D) medulla

A) spinal cord

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _____ nervous system A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

A) sympathetic

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

A) the postsynaptic membrane

43) Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. A) the vasa recta B) Bowman's capsule C) the proximal tubule D) the collecting duct

A) the vasa recta

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. A) the vasa recta B) Bowman's capsule C) the proximal tubule D) the collecting duct

A) the vasa recta

Which of the following statements about seed plants is true:

All seed plant species are heterosporous

(EX 2/3).The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule

4, 1, 3, 2

A) the presynaptic membrane

5) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the presynaptic membrane B) axon hillocks C) cell bodies D) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) temporal summation

50) When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing _____. A) temporal summation B) spatial summation C) tetanus D) the refractory state

C) postsynaptic membrane

51) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the _____. A) axonal membrane B) axon hillock C) postsynaptic membrane D) presynaptic membrane

D) I, II, III, and IV

52) Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by _____. I) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II) causing molecular changes in the cells III) affecting ion-channel proteins IV) altering the permeability of the cells A) I and III B) II and IV C) III and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

53) The amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain is _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) acetylcholine

54) The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) acetylcholine

55) The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

C) nitric oxide

56) A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is _____. A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.

57) Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open. B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane. C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential. D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.

B) increase K+ permeability

58) How could you increase the magnitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated at a synapse? A) increase sodium-potassium pump activity B) increase K+ permeability C) increase the influx of calcium D) All of the listed responses are correct.

C) No action potential results.

59) What happens if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in close proximity? A) A stronger action potential results. B) A weaker action potential results. C) No action potential results.

A) the postsynaptic membrane

6) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation

60) Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? A) paralysis of muscle tissue B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation C) decrease in the frequency of action potentials D) no effect

B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission.

61) The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as multiple schlerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse transmission? A) Demyelination prevents the formation of an action potential in sensory neurons that transmit signals from the environment to the central nervous system. B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission. C) Demyelination prevents the uptake of neurotransmitters needed to propagate a message to the next neuron. D) Demyelination targets the central nervous system.

A) The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron.

62) What happens if a neuron is stimulated enough midway in an axon to trigger an action potential? A) The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron. B) Since neuron transmission is one-way, the nerve impulse would only be transmitted to the end of the axon and then through neurotransmitters to the next neuron. C) The nerve impulse could not be transmitted because it must be initiated at the dendrite end of a neuron. D) The nerve impulse would go both directions and the dendrite end would be stimulated to send a second message through this neuron.

Your friend finds a small invertebrate in his back yard. You suspect it is an insect. Which one question, if the answer is yes, will confirm that the invertebrate is indeed an insect?

Does it have wings?

Although an exact count is not available, it is likely that the human brain has as many as A) 10,000 neurons. B) 500,000 neurons. C) 1 million neurons. D) 10 million neurons. E) 100 billion neurons.

E

An amino acid neurotransmitter that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain is A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) endorphin. D) serotonin. E) gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA.

E

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because A) they cease breathing while sleeping and remain underwater. B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing. C) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep. D) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water. E) they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is awake.

E

Differentiation of teeth is greatest in A) sharks. B) bony fishes. C) amphibians. D) reptiles. E) mammals.

E

Failure of an embryonic neuron to establish a synaptic connection to another cell A) converts that neuron to an ependymal cell. B) causes the neuron to migrate to another part of the brain. C) converts that neuron to a glial cell. D) leads to Alzheimer's disease. E) results in the apoptosis of that neuron.

E

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to A) decreased heart rate. B) increased secretion by the pancreas. C) increased secretion by the gallbladder. D) increased contraction of the stomach. E) relaxation of the airways in the lungs.

E

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt A) short-term memory. B) coordination during locomotion. C) executive functions, such as decision making. D) sorting of sensory information. E) regulation of body temperature.

E

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

E

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

E

Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all chordates? A) pharyngeal clefts B) post-anal tail C) notochord D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord E) four-chambered heart

E

Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E

Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian rhythms? A) sleep cycles B) hormone release C) sex drive D) sleep cycles and hormone release only E) sleep cycles, hormone release, and sex drive

E

Fungi are easily distinguished from plants by the fact that: A) fungi have chitin in their cell walls. B) The cellular structure of a fungus body is a mass of tubular cells C) fungi do not have photosynthetic pigments. D) all fungi are absorptive heterotrophs E) ALL OF THE ABOVE

E) ALL OF THE ABOVE

To the best of our knowledge of plant evolutionary history, which of the following adaptations appeared AFTER all of the others? A) spores B) vascular tissue C) ovules D) pollen E) ovaries (only angios)

E) ovaries (only angios)

A jointed exoskeleton is the most striking characteristic of phylum a) Annelida b) Nematoda c) Porifera d) Molluska e) Arthropoda

Arthropoda

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?

Arthropoda

(EX 1). Endosymbiosis is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotes adn suggests a specific order in which this might have occurred. ancestral cells engulfed and then began to use the metabolic processes of the smaller cells. based on shared core processes and features, which statement most accurately describes the order, the theory, adn the evolutionary implications for all organims with domain eukarya?

As Earth was becoming more aerobic, mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthetic eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell.

You turn over a rock in your garden and dozens of little animals may be seen squirming, crawling, or running around on top of or just underneath the soul. Which of the following groups are you LEAST likely to find represented there?

Echinoderm

You turn over a rotting log in a central Texas forest. Which of the following groups are you LEAST likely to find represented among all the animals you could find beneath this log? -Nematoda -Echinodermata -Annelida -Mollusca -Arthropoda

Echinodermata

starfish, sea lilies, feather stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars all belong to what phylum a) Nematoda b) Mollusca c) Allelida d) Echinodermata e) Arthropoda

Echinodermata

mycorrhizae

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants

How would a biological determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? a) look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragms b) Examine the teeth: reptilian teeth are conical and uniform in size, while mammalian teeth have a variety of shapes and sizes c) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin d) look for evidence of a placenta e) look for the presence of milk-producing glands.

Examine the teeth: reptilian teeth are conical and uniform in size, while mammalian teeth have a variety of shapes and sizes

The fossil skeleton given the name "Lucy" belongs to which of these taxa? Australopithecus Homo sapiens Homo habilis Ardipithecus Homo erectus

Australopithecus

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) prolongs embryonic development. D) provides insulation to conserve heat. E) permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

B

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac

B) 4,1,2,5,3

8) Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater? A) The rectal gland functions in the ocean water, and chloride cells function in freshwater. B) Different gill cells are involved in osmoregulation in freshwater than in salt water. C) Salmon in freshwater excrete dilute urine, and salmon in salt water secrete concentrated urine. D) Their metabolism changes in salt water to degrade electrolytes.

B) Different gill cells are involved in osmoregulation in freshwater than in salt water.

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in _____. A) cnidarians B) Planaria C) sea stars D) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry

B) Planaria

6) Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals? A) To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. B) Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. C) Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion. D) Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.

B) Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient.

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? A) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. C) The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. D) The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous waste away from the kidneys

31) Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport? A) Potassium transport is a passive process. B) Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. C) Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. D) Sodium ions will follow potassium ions.

B) movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

B) peripheral nervous system

The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. A) cartilage of the knee B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs C) hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs D) brain, the sensorimotor relay

B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs

57) After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as _____. A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) antidiuretic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide

B) renin

38) The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. A) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids C) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure D) expulsion of urine from the body

B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. A) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids C) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure D) expulsion of urine from the body

B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

36) Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) selective reabsorption C) secretion D) excretion

B) selective reabsorption

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) selective reabsorption C) secretion D) excretion

B) selective reabsorption

59) Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by _____. A) sleeping for one hour B) severe sweating on a hot day C) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni D) drinking several glasses of water

B) severe sweating of a hot day

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by _____. A) sleeping for one hour B) severe sweating on a hot day C) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni D) drinking several glasses of water

B) severe sweating on a hot day

29) African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. B) Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

B) small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia

56) Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. A) drinking lots of pure water B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity C) eating a small sugary snack D) blood pressure becomes abnormally high

B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. A) drinking lots of pure water B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity C) eating a small sugary snack D) blood pressure becomes abnormally high

B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are _____. A) motor and sensory systems B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

1) The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. A) the concentration gradient; ADP B) the concentration gradient; ATP C) transmembrane pumps; electron transport D) phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

B) the concentration gradient; ATP

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. A) the concentration gradient; ADP B) the concentration gradient; ATP C) transmembrane pumps; electron transport D) phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

B) the concentration gradient; ATP

What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts? A) lungs B) the jawless condition C) bony vertebrae D) their mode of feeding E) swim bladders

B) the jawless condition

46) What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. A) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes C) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein D) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus

B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. A) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes C) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein D) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus

B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the dendritic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

B) the presynaptic membrane

Urea is _____. A) insoluble in water B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

20) Urea is _____. A) insoluble in water B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

B) the primary nitrogenous water product of humans

33) Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? A) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. C) The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. D) The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

B) the renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys

44) A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that _____. A) they have membranes of varying permeability to water B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps C) they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients D) they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle

B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that _____. A) they have membranes of varying permeability to water B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps C) they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients D) they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle

B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

25) The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____. A) urea can be exchanged for Na+ B) urea is less toxic than ammonia C) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient D) less nitrogen is removed from the body

B) urea is less toxic than ammonia

Four of the choices below correctly match the name of a structure with its function. Select the choice in which the function listed is INCORRECT. A) radula-- feeding B)lophophore -- locomotion C) gills-- gas exchange D) cnidocyte-- capturing prey E) mantle-- secretes protective shell

B)lophophore -- locomotion

osteichthyans

Bony fish

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following except A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain. B) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain. C) formed from layers of connective tissue. D) functioning to cushion the brain. E) filling cavities in the brain called ventricles.

C

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) hippocampus. D) somatosensory cortex. E) primary motor cortex.

C

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems. D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems. E) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, decreased activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the enteric nervous system.

C

In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have A) a more advanced cerebellum. B) a cerebellum with several flat layers. C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei. D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area.

C

In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised from the vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs) are A) both excited and contracting. B) both inhibited and relaxed. C) excited and inhibited, respectively. D) inhibited and excited, respectively.

C

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except A) short-term memory. B) long-term memory. C) circadian rhythm. D) foot-tapping rhythm. E) breath holding.

C

The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the A) gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf. B) cartilage of the knee. C) quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs. D) hamstring, the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs. E) brain, the sensorimotor relay.

C

The system that modulates excitation and inhibition of smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems is the A) central nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system. E) sympathetic nervous system.

C

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the A) thalamus. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) corpus callosum. E) cerebrum.

C

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the A) basal nuclei. B) cerebral cortex. C) brainstem. D) limbic system. E) spinal cord.

C

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect A) olfaction. B) vision. C) speech. D) memory. E) hearing.

C

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would A) lose the ability to reason. B) lose all short-term memory. C) have greatly altered emotional responses. D) lose all long-term memory. E) lose their sense of balance.

C

7) What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons? A) They actively transport chloride into the gills. B) They mediate the movement of salt from seawater through their gills. C) They are involved in excretion of excess salt. D) They actively transport salt across the basolateral membrane of the rectal gland.

C) They are involved in excretion of excess salt.

17) Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? A) a vampire bat B) a salmon in fresh water C) a marine bony fish D) a shark inhabiting the Mississippi River

C) a marine bony fish

In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____. A) a more advanced cerebellum B) a cerebellum with several flat layers C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area

C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the _____. A) basal nuclei B) cerebral cortex C) brainstem D) limbic system

C) brainstem

Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the _____. A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface B) sequence of developmental specialization C) chemicals involved in brain communications D) nature of the blood-brain barrier

C) chemicals involved in brain communications

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____. A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____. A) both excited and contracting B) both inhibited and relaxed C) excited and inhibited, respectively D) inhibited and excited, respectively

C) excited and inhibited, respectively

2) To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____. A) excrete large quantities of electrolytes B) consume large quantities of water C) excrete large quantities of water D) take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

C) excrete large quantities of water

48) Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____. A) H+ pumping to control pH B) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries D) secretion along the distal tubule

C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries

23) Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____. A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints D) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging

C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____. A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints D) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging

C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. A) lose their sense of balance B) lose all short-term memory C) have greatly altered emotional responses D) have greatly increased long-term memory

C) have greatly altered emotional responses

52) In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water D) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water D) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

Which of the following structures are correctly paired? A) forebrain — cerebellum B) midbrain — cerebrum C) hindbrain — cerebellum D) brainstem — anterior pituitary gland

C) hindbrain — cerebellum

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata

C) hypothalamus

58) After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of _____. A) increased aldosterone production B) increased blood pressure C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of _____. A) increased aldosterone production B) increased blood pressure C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

12) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____. A) hyperosmotic B) hypoosmotic C) isoosmotic D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

C) isosmotic

11) The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment A) isoosmotic; freshwater B) hyperosmotic; saltwater C) isoosmotic; saltwater D) hypoosmotic; saltwater

C) isosmotic; saltwater

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) cerebrum

C) medulla oblongata

One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve _____. A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons B) changes in myelination of axons C) molecular and structural changes at synapses D) structural changes to ion channels in axons

C) molecular and structural changes at synapses

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV

C) only I, II, and III

26) In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____. A) starch and cellulose B) triglycerides and steroids C) proteins and nucleic acids D) phospholipids and glycolipids

C) proteins and nucleic acids

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system

C) radial symmetry

27) Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. A) is readily soluble in water B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass D) can be reused by birds as a protein source

C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) hearing

C) speech

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) glia

C) synapse

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

C) the movement of animals onto land

32) A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement? A) Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. B) The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement. C) There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. D) Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules.

C) there would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules

15) Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by _____. A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins C) tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells

C) tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty _____. A) generating speech B) recognizing faces C) understanding language D) experiencing emotion

C) understanding language

An organism that lacks integration centers _____. A) cannot receive stimuli B) will not have a nervous system C) will not be able to interpret stimuli D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons

C) will not be able to interpret stimuli

(EX 2/3)model organims in science labs that are used as a basis for genomic studies that we have discussed this semester in Biol. 112 is/are

C. elegans N. Crassa

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in except: A.seeds B.pollen C.ovaries D.ovules

C. ovaries

A lophophore is a structure used by brachiopods for -reproduction -feeding -sensory reception -locomotion -structural support

Feeding

A lophophore is a structure used by lophophorates for:

Feeding

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

cnidocyte

Capture the prey

homoplasies

Analogous structures that have evolved independently.

Convergent Evolution

Analogous traits; the same structure evolving in different organisms that are not homologous

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord. B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord. E) all areas of the brain and spinal cord.

D

Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving A) the degree of convolutions in the brain's surface. B) the evolution of the telencephalon. C) the sequence of developmental specialization. D) the chemicals involved in brain communications. E) the nature of the blood-brain barrier.

D

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty A) coordinating limb movement. B) generating speech. C) recognizing faces. D) understanding language. E) experiencing emotion.

D

Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the A) brainstem. B) medulla. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) cranial nerves.

D

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

D

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal A) develops as the neural tube differentiates. B) develops from the midbrain. C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates. D) gives rise to the cerebrum. E) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

D

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? A) an amniotic egg B) unpaired fins C) an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton E) lack of jaws

D

Which of the figures below represents countercurrent exchange? The arrows indicate direction of flow, and the numbers indicate temperatures in degrees Celsius.

D

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) mammals

D

Which of the following structures are correctly paired? A) forebrain and medulla oblongata B) forebrain and cerebellum C) midbrain and cerebrum D) hindbrain and cerebellum E) brainstem and anterior pituitary gland

D

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy

D

5) Hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhauts) are a jawless marine vertebrate that are isotonic with their environment and are considered to be osmoconformers. How might this interesting adaptation limit the habitat that the hagfish can tolerate? A) Hagfish are not limited by salinity. B) Osmoconformers do not face the same pressures as osmoregulators and can live in any marine environment. C) Individual hagfish will adapt to different salinities over their lifetime and, therefore, can inhabit any marine environment. D) Hagfish habitat is limited by the salinity of the environment.

D) Hagfish habitat is limited by the salinity of the environment

18) One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea A) only I and III B) only II and III C) only I and II D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? (A) Echinodermata—bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelomate (B) Nematoda—roundworms, pseudocoelomate (C) Platyhelminthes—flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate (D) Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelomate

D) Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelomate

54) Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species? A) a river otter B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest D) a mouse species living in a desert

D) a mouse species living in a desert

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which of the following would be observed? A) auditory hallucinations B) visual hallucinations C) an inability to regulate body temperature D) an inability to regulate heart function

D) an inability to regulate heart function

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? A) limbic system — motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata — emotional memory C) cerebellum — homeostatic control D) corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

D) corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

53) The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb B) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons C) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct D) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

D) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

40) Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal. A) metanephridium — flatworm B) Malpighian tubule — frog C) flame bulb — snake D) exchange across the body surface — marine invertebrate

D) exchange across the body surface - marine invertebrate

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____. A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon B) develops from the midbrain C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates D) gives rise to the cerebrum

D) gives rise to the cerebrum

Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the _____. A) brainstem B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus

D) hippocampus

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

D) hypothalamus

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

D) hypothalamus

One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place _____. A) is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons C) results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons D) involves two types of glutamate receptors

D) involves two types of glutamate receptors

Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. A) involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus B) and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters C) is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories D) is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

D) is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

42) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A) results from active transport B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A) results from active transport B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

41) An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the _____. A) flame bulb system of flatworms B) protonephridia of rotifers C) Malpighian tubules of insects D) kidneys of vertebrates

D) kidneys of vertebrates

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

D) medulla oblongata

If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are potential regions where pathology might exist? I) the brain II) the knee III) the spinal cord A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

D) only II and III

30) Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? A) An input of energy is required for transport. B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

D) only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? A) An input of energy is required for transport. B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

D) only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. A) decreased heart rate B) increased secretion by the pancreas C) increased contractions of the stomach D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs

D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs

13) The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____. A) distilled water B) plasma in birds C) plasma in mammals D) seawater in a tidal pool

D) seawater in a tidal pool

Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by _____. A) preventing temporal lobe seizures B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury C) replenishing missing ion channels D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) the left frontal lobe B) the right frontal lobe C) the left parietal lobe D) the right parietal lobe

D) the right parietal lobe

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because _____. A) they sleep for only thirty minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

21) Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? A) ammonia B) ammonium ions C) urea D) uric acid

D) uric acid

The brain reward system _____. A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction

D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

platyhelminth

Flatworms

The most common cause of gastric ulcers in humans is

Helicobacter pylori infection

Hfr

High frequency of recombination

pax genes are part of a larger more inclusive gene family called ______ genes. furthermore, Pax genes code for ____________ that help to facilitate tissue differentiation

Homeotic/homeobox; transcription factors

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about the evolution of humans? paleontologic and molecular genetic data support the conclusion that Homo sapiens is monophyletic and arose in Africa many features of human anatomy can be traced back to arboreal adaptations of early primates the genus Homo was preceded by an adaptive radiation of species of the hominid genus Australopithecus Homo sapiens evolved from chimpanzees there is fossil evidence that life existed on Earth for more than 3 billion years before the appearance of Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens evolved from chimpanzees

paralogous genes

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.

Neurospora crassa (fungus) and c. elegans (nematode) are both model organisms for scientific lab research because I. reproduce quickly with elevated numbers of offspring II. genome is not sequenced III. cheap to maintain in lab IV. easy to produce crosses for experimentation V. offspring have short life spans VI. easy for researchers to facilitate crosses for experimentation

I, III, IV, V, VI

(EX 2/3).which of the following is not an evolutionarily significant trend associated with the plants? I- from heterospory to homospory II- from no xylem and phloem to having xylem and phloem III- from no seeds to having seeds IV- from pollen grains to not having pollen grains V- from no flowers to having flowers

I, IV and VI

insect taxonomic orders that have wings and undergo incomplete metamorphosis are: I. zygentoma II. Archaeognatha III. Hemiptera IV. Diptera V. Orthoptera VI. Coleoptera VII. Lepidoptera VIII. metallicaoptera!!!!!!!!!!!!!

III and V

(EX 2/3) put these fungal, sexually-derived spore-production processes in order after germination: I. spore production II. karyogamy III. Plasmogamy IV. hetero-or dikaryotic stage

III, IV, II, I

how does speciation happen?

Individuals vary > Too many individuals > Certain individuals reproduce more successfully and at a greater rate > Natural Selection > Descent with Modification > Speciation (maybe)

habitat isolation

Populations live in different habitats and do not meet

Digestive organs, circulatory system, and nerve cords are completely absent in:

Porifera

Which of the following taxa is not a eumetazoan? A) Porifera B) Cnidaria C) Lophotrochozoa D) Ecdysozoa E) Deuterostomia F) Both A & D

Porifera

Which of the following groups is INCORRECTLY matched with a feeding mode (i.e., mechanism of acquiring food) or structure? A) Nemertea - retractable proboscis B) Rotifera - ciliated crown C) Porifera ‑ lophophores D) Cnidaria ‑ tentacles armed with stinging cells E) Gastropoda ‑ radula

Porifera ‑ lophophores

Which of the following groups is INCORRECTLY matched with a mechanism of motility?

Porifera- weak contraction of muscle tissue distributed throughout the body

A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is

MSH

diapsids

Reptiles possessing a skull with two pairs of openings behind each eye socket; includes squamates, birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs -lepidosaurs -archosaurs

Which of the following is a CORRECT association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise ? a) Ectoderm - Lining of the digestive tract b) Mesoderm - outpocketings give rise to the liver and lungs of vertebrates c) Endoderm - forms the central nervous system in some groups of animals d) Endoderm - forms the animal's outer covering e) Mesoderm - forms the muscles and most internal organs

Mesoderm - forms the muscles and most internal organs

Which of the following is an INCORRECT association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? a) Endoderm- Digestive Tract b) Mesoderm- Nervous System c) Mesoderm- Muscle d) Endoderm- Liver and lungs e) Ectoderm- Outer covering

Mesoderm- Nervous system

Which of the following processes or structures helped to make the cycads and conifers more successful in the drier climate of the Mesozoic Era than the ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes which dominated the Paleozoic Era?

Pollination

Which process effectively eliminates the need for water in sexual reproduction of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

Pollination

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. It has a shell that increases gas exchange. It provides insulation to conserve heat.

It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment

Arthropods have an exoskeleton that benefits individual success in many ways. What is a disadvantage of an exoskeleton?

It must be shed if the animal needs to grow.

Arthropods have an exoskeleton that benefits individual success in many ways. What is a disadvantage of an exoskeleton? A) It deteriorates quickly in aquatic environments. B) It attracts the attention of predators. C) It makes movement much slower. D) It must be shed if the animal needs to grow. E) It is difficult to bend the appendages.

It must be shed if the animal needs to grow.

Arthropods have an exoskeleton that benefits individual success in many ways. What is a disadvantage of an exoskeleton? -It deteriorates quickly in aquatic environments. -It attracts the attention of predators. -It must be shed if the animal needs to grow. -It makes movement much slower. -It is difficult to bend the appendages.

It must be shed if the animal needs to grow.

gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates

Founder's Effect

a few individuals colonize a new area; unlikely to represent the parent population

basal lineage of vertebrates

hagfish and lamprey

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

haploid

(EX 2/3) As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms; and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making note of the following: which organism would you classify as an animal?

hard adn branched, mulicellular, covered in sticky coating attached to rocky surfaces traps insects in sticky coating and dissolves them no mating; releases winged young that fly off and affix to bare rocks

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in

a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.

A hermaphroditic animal:

has both male and female reproductive organs

oviparous

hatch outside of mothers body

Members of class Osteichthyes differ from those of both Agnatha and Chondrichthyes in that Osteichthyans a) have a bony skeleton b) lack a true jaw c) possess gills d) have amniotic eggs e) possess a notochord

have a bony skeleton

Endocrine glands that are sources of steroid hormones

have a very short latency between steroid synthesis and steroid release.

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

have plasma membranes of low permeability to water.

Gnetophytes like Welwitschia look very different from the Ginkgophyte Ginkgo biloba, but they both:

have seeds.

(EX 2/3)digitalin is a plant- derived drug that has AMA approval for usage upon humans. digitalin is a ___.

heart medication

C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating reproduction, particularly egg-laying. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that this mutation is most likely in which of the following?

a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey?

a radula

secondary endosymbiosis

a red or green algae was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote, leading to a new protist lineages

(EX 2/3)what is the driving force for the onset of the basidiomycete fairy ring production

heavy rainfall/soil saturation

spirochetes

helical gram negative heterotrophs *syphilis and lyme disease

(EX 2/3)horshoe crabs use _____ for gas exchange

hemocyanin

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can also add together, creating _____.

a spatial summation

A bony fish such as a tuna has an adaptation not found in sharks and rays. This is an endoskeleton a swim bladder gills a cranium two pairs of lateral fins

a swim bladder

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because

a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.

An animal that is diploblastic could not possibly have:

a true coelom

The fossil skeleton given the name "Lucy" belongs to which of these taxa? a. Australopithecus b. Homo sapiens c. Homo erectus d. Homo habilis e. Ardipithecus

a. Australopithecus

Which statement about vertebrate phylogeny is TRUE? a. Birds are descended from one of the lines of ancient reptiles. b. Snakes are descended from a group of legless amphibians. c. Amniotes include frogs, salamanders, turtles, crocodiles, snakes, and lizards. d. Mammals first arose from a group of small dinosaurs that evolved endothermic metabolism. e. The amniotic egg apparently evolved at least twice in the history of vertebrates.

a. Birds are descended from one of the lines of ancient reptiles.

Select the TRUE statement about animal development: a. Deuterostome development is indeterminate. b. Mesoderm in protostomes arises as outpocketings of the primitive gut. c. Radial cleavage is characteristic of protostome development. d. In deuterostomes, the blastopore ultimately becomes the mouth of the adult. e. All of the above are true.

a. Deuterostome development is indeterminate.

Two concepts that identify species as groups of reproductively isolated populations are the a. biological and recognition species concepts b. recognition and ecological species concepts c. genetic and evolutionary species concepts d. biological and phylogenetic species concepts e. morphological and biological species concepts

a. biological and recognition species concepts

You are able to able to inhale because a. contracting rib muscles and diaphragm muscles expand the volume of the chest cavity, reducing the air pressure within the chest cavity and drawing in air. b. chest muscles surrounding the alveoli relax, allowing passive expansion of the space inside each alveolus, so that air is drawn in. c. smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles contract, allowing the bronchioles to suck up air like a rubber bulb syringe. d. peristaltic contractions of the diaphragm pushes air through the bronchioles. e. the lung tissue is naturally elastic and tends to draw air back in after each exhalation.

a. contracting rib muscles and diaphragm muscles expand the volume of the chest cavity, reducing the air pressure within the chest cavity and drawing in air.

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of ALL chordates? a. jaws b. dorsal, hollow nerve cord c. postanal tail d. pharyngeal slits e. notochord

a. jaws

The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of _____.

acetylcholine

The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of _____.

acetylcholine

An example of ligand-gated ion channels is _____.

acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

which of the following groups of animals are gnathostomes?

actinistia, dipnoi, and actinopterygii

stabilizing selection

acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate forms

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.

adaptive radiation

The autonomic nervous system includes an endocrine gland known as the

adrenal medulla.

A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

After eating a large meal, which of the following is true?

all of the answers describe events that occur after eating a large meal

(EX 2/3).advantages of having a seed is/are ___. I- protects the embryo II- may be dormant for extended periods of time until conditions are favorable for germination III- transported long distances IV- provide nutrition for the developing embryo V- allows for double fertilization

all of them

The chorion, amnion, and allantois are structures found in. (choose the MOST inclusive taxon that applies) a) all reptiles b) all chordates c) all tetrapods d) all vertebrates e) all gnathostomes

all reptiles

What is the function of the pollen tube?

allows the sperm to reach the egg within the ovule

(EX 2/3).there are 6 species of entamoebas but only on E. histolytica is pathogenic to humans and other higher vertebrates. E. histolytica causes ___ which is the third leading cause of parasitic deaths among humans- malaria and schistosomiasis being the other two.

amebic dysentary

Includes salamanders, frogs, and toads. a) amphibia b) aves c) Chondrichthyes d) mammalia e) reptilia

amphibia

Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

an action potential reaching the end of the axon

(EX. 1)(image of phylogenetic tree with one branch breaking into 4 species (polytomy), the 4 branches are circled); What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above indicate at that time - NOT prior to?

an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation

Testosterone is an example of

an androgen.

chordata

an animal phylum in which all members have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits at some embryonic stage; includes the Cephalochordata and the Vertebrates

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of

an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal.

The body of a starfish is supported primarily by:

an endoskeleton

Estradiol is an example of

an estrogen.

(EX 2/3)the adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absoptive nutrition

The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is:

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X

an increase in A always produces an increase in X.

A fantasy movie features a caterpillar that never matures into an adult, but simply gets larger and larger with each molt. It might be possible that the caterpillar did not mature into an adult because of

an increased level of juvenile hormone.

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of

an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems.

An invertebrate with an exoskeleton and jointed appendages with CERTAINLY have -gills -an open circulatory system -antennae -mandibles -a tracheal system

an open circulatory system

One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to

an undersecretion of thyroxine.

(EX 1).The "Oxygen Revolution" of 2.7 to 2.3 billion years ago caused the extinction of many prokaryote obligate _____________ because those prokaryotes _________ have superoxide dismutase and __________ enzymes that synthesize H2O2 and break H2O2 down.

anaerobes; did not; catalase

(EX 1).The flagella of a human spermatozoan (made of a microfilaments) and the flagella of a bacterium (made of a non-microfilament "hook, rod and filament") that evolved into existence at very different time points on the "tree of life" are examples of

analgous traits convergent evolution

(EX 2/3).flagella are a(n) ___ trait across the living world. and if the flagellum has a "hook, a rod and a filament" then the flagellum is ___. Furthermore, flagella probably evolved from existing proteins to become an alternate structure with a new function- making flagella an example of a(n) ___.

analogous; prokaryotic; exaptation

(EX 2/3)the tardigrades or "water bears" have evolved a special "dormancy state" in much the same way certain plants have as well. this dormancy state is called

anhydrobiosis

The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the:

animals

Leeches are ____ that secrete a compound called ______________ that helps to prevent______

annelids; hirudin; blood coagulation

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

anterior pituitary gland.

During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____to the _____ .

anther; stigma

(EX 2/3)Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?

appearance of hard parts in fossils mutation and duplication of hox genes

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a cell would come from

applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.

(EX 2/3) which insect orders if any do not have wings

archaeognatha and zygentoma

Insect hormones and their receptors

are a focus in pest control research

all hormones

are carried to target cells in the blood.

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that _____.

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates

(EX 2/3) a symbiotic relationship between a __________ or cyanobacteria and a fungus is referred to as a lichen

ascomycete

(EX 2/3)ergotism of rye is caused by a member of which fungal phylum/clade

ascomycota

Due in great part to its characteristic of having a fixed number of cells in the adult, Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important model research organism in developmental biology. To which phylum does C. elegans belong? a) Annelida b) Nemertea c) Nematoda d) Arthropoda e) Platyhelminthes

b) Nematoda

A triploblastic animal in which the fluid‑filled body cavity is only partially lined (lined on one side) with mesodermal tissue is referred to as: a) protostome b) pseudocoelomate d) deuterostome e) coelomate f) acoelomate

b) pseudocoelomate

A bony fish such as a tuna has an adaptation not found in sharks and rays. This is a cranium a. two pairs of lateral fins b. a swim bladder c. an endoskeleton d. gills

b. a swim bladder

Several species of fish in the genus Astyanax occur only in the waters in completely dark underground caves. These blind cave fish have no external eyes, but have very tiny and functionless eyes under the skin. Genetic studies clearly indicate that the blind cave fish are evolved from surface-dwelling species with typical and functional eyes. The eyes of these blind cave fish are, therefore, an example of a. a discrete character b. a vestigial structure c. clinal variation d. inheritance of acquired characteristics e. hybrid breakdown

b. a vestigial structure

Which of these animals are BOTH endothermic amniotes? a. fish and salamander b. dog and bird c. snake and lizard d. salamander and lizard e. bird and lizard

b. dog and bird

You turn over a rock in your garden and dozens of little animals may be seen squirming, crawling, or running around on top of or just underneath the soil. Which of the following groups are you LEAST likely to find represented there? a. gastropod b. echinoderm c. annelid d. arthropod e. nematode

b. echinoderm

Food being digested in the stomach is in a highly acidic environment. When the food is released from the stomach into the small intestine, why is the environment no longer acidic?

Secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes? -true mesodermal tissue -free-living and parasitic forms -cephalization involving concentration of nerve ganglia -gas and water exchange is across the thin body wall -segmentation

Segmentation

annelida

Segmented worms

proglottid

Sexual Reproduction

Most fishes can live either in freshwater or in saltwater habitats, but not in both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed. When a salmon moves from the ocean to a freshwater environment, you would expect its urine volume to ________ and its rate of salt absorption to ________. a. increase ; remain the same b. increase ; increase c. decrease ; decrease d. decrease ; increase

b. increase ; increase

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

The main difference between the earliest evolved tetrapods and the most recently evolved tetrapods is that a. early tetrapods lack legs. b. later tetrapods produce milk to feed their young. c. later tetrapods have larger brains. d. early tetrapods lack a vertebral column.

b. later tetrapods produce milk to feed their young.

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one- seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should ______.

be nutritious to the dispersing organisms

Which of the following statements about fungi is TRUE?

Some fungi can release chemicals that are toxic to bacteria.

What happens if a neuron is stimulated enough midway in an axon to trigger an action potential?

The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron.

Which example is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants?

The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella

Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but NOT true of seedless plants?

The sporophyte is large, and the gametophyte is small and independent

(EX 1).Islands make for great "biological laboratories" because

The starting genetics of each island can be very different The environments of on each of the islands can be very different Adaptive radiation events can be more pronounced and or prevalent given that new niches may be inhabited by novel species.

f plasmid

The plasmid form of the F factor.

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus

paedomorphosis

The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.

bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Which of the following distinguishes the marsupials such as opossums and kangaroos from common European mammals like rats, deer, and horses?

The way their young develop

Which of the following distinguishes the marsupials such as opossums and kangaroos from common European mammals like rats, deer, and horses? The types of habitats they occupy The type of outer body covering they have The way they feed their young The way their young develop The types of food they eat

The way their young develop

Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons?

because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

(EX 1). Genetic mutations can be...

beneficial to an organism (an increase in overall fitness) and potential to a group of organisms detrimental to an organism (a decrease in overall fitness) and potentially to a group of organism. neutral to an organism (neither an increase nor a decrease in overall fitness) and potentially to a group of organisms.

Growth factors are local regulators that

bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

Acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles are described as being "ionotropic" receptors because _____.

binding of acetylcholine to the receptor protein converts the protein to an open ion channel

(EX 2/3)algal __________ are analagous to plant _____________

blades; leaves

porifera

Sponge Phylum. Asymmetrical organisms that lack tissues.

In humans, after a meal ____ rises, signaling the ____ to secrete ____. This travels through the bloodstream to the cells of the body and stimulates the ____ to produce and store ____. After a period of time, if the person exercises, there is an energy deficit, and the ____ secrete ____ into the blood. This causes the breakdown of glycogen and a resulting in a rise in blood sugar to maintain homeostasis

blood glucose, beta cells of the pancreas, insulin, liver, glycogen, alpha cells of the pancreas, glucagon

(EX 2/3) gas exchange in spiders is facilitated via "____________ lungs"

book

How are mycorrhizae and lichens similar?

both involve fungi and a photosynthetic partner

Cnidarian life cycles often include -both polyp and medusae. -both gametophyte and sporophyte. -production of gametes without meiosis. -spores as a dispersal stage. -ALL of the other answers are CORRECT.

both polyp and medusae

Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation to just reduce the weight of the bird and nothing else increase weight eliminate the functions that marrow performs. both reduce the weight of the bird and facilitate flight

both reduce the weight of the bird and facilitate flight

(EX 2/3)Bf1, Otx, and Hox3 are genes that play a major role in the development of the vertebrate

brain

(EX 2/3)which of the following are forms of asexual reproduction

budding, fragmentation, and fission

In the figure, which letter points to the olfactory bulb? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

c

Digestive organs, circulatory system, and nerve cords are completely absent in a) Annelida b) Ectoprocta c) Porifera d) Platyhelminthes e) Mollusca

c) Porifera

Which of the following is NOT a reason why prokaryotes are important to humans? a. they form mutualistic symbioses with agriculturally important plants b. they are used to produce antibiotics and vitamins c. all of the answers represent reasons why prokaryotes are important to humans d. they cause various diseases e. they are used in sewage treatment

c. all of the answers represent reasons why prokaryotes are important to humans

The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), a reduction in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by

calcitonin.

The osmolarity of human urine

can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma

(EX 2/3).on a flowering plant, the stigma, style, and ovary are collectively referred to as the ___.

carpel

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

complex tissue structure lacks what ?

cell walls

(EX 2/3)The neural tube in higher vertebrate embryos eventually develops into the

central nervous system

Evolution thoughts

characteristics acquired during an organisms lifetime are not generally passed on through genes

(EX 2/3).The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

charophytes

(EX 2/3).chlamydomonas is a chlorophyte that has cup-shaped ___.

chloroplasts

Which of the following is NOT functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

chloroplasts

**question on test**

chytrids cause a decline in yellow bellied frogs -habitat loss -climate change

(EX 2/3) sponges can produce___________ which is an anti-cancer and antibiotic compound

cibriostatin

The Chelicerates get their name from structures called chelicerae. The chelicerae are:

claw-like feeding structures

In animals, ________ of the zygote leads to the hollow ball stage called the _______.

cleavage; blastula

ectothermic

cold-blooded, absorbing external heat

(EX 2/3)which insect order or orders, if any, have wings and undergo complete metamorphosis?

coleoptora, lepidoptera (also diptera, hymenoptera, )

The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants?

They were homosporous

mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

oviparity

common in reptiles and some sharks

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

conidiophores

(EX 2/3).If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population in terms of actual bacterial numbers going up quickly over the course of generations is___.

conjugation

macroevolution

considers changes above species levels, such as origins of new taxonomic groups

nitrogen fixation

conversion of atmospheric oxygen to ammonia

Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen?

convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation

What do nervous tissues do?

coordinate movement

Locomotion in the Ctenophora is accomplished by:

coordinated rows of cilia

Which of the following is an INCORRECT match of a character and description? amnion - fluid-filled extraembryonic membrane that in amniotes encloses the embryo and protects it from desiccation ray fin - type of paired appendage characteristic of actinopterygian fishes viviparous - animal in which the embryo is retained within the uterus and is nourished by nutrients from the mother allantois - membranous outgrowth of the amniote embryonic hindgut, serves to isolate embryonic waste heterodonty - life history including both deciduous and permanent sets of dentition

heterodonty - life history including both deciduous and permanent sets of dentition

All fungi are:

heterotrophic

the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone

cortisol.

(EX 2/3).as stated in lecture, this group of bacteria are being genetically engineered to produce more lipids- by transgenically adding (transformation) the genes that aid in lipid biosynthesis- that can be harvested and later used as "biofuels"

cyanobacteria

Animals that actively move in a unidirectional fashion through their environment would be expected to exhibit which of the following characteristics? a) bilateral symmetry b) radial symmetry c) cephalization d) a and c e) b and c

d) a and c

Which of the following terms is INCORRECTLY defined? a) larva - a free-living, sexually immature form of an animal whose normal developmental process involves metamorphosis b) coelom - a body cavity formed from tissue derived from mesoderm c) blastocoel - fluid-filled chamber within a hollow ball of embryonic animal cells d) diploblastic - the pattern of germ layer development characteristic of all eumetazoans e) radial symmetry - animal morphology in which there is an oral (top) and aboral (bottom) surface and multiple planes of symmetry

d) diploblastic - the pattern of germ layer development characteristic of all eumetazoans

A population of 500 lizards vary in the color of their stripes, controlled by a single autosomal gene. The allele Y has incomplete dominance over the allele y. Lizards with YY have bright yellow stripes. Lizards with Yy have faded yellow stripes and lizards with yy have white stripes. A survey of the population yielded this data: bright-yellow striped: 300 lizards faded-yellow striped: 100 lizards white striped: 100 lizards What is the frequency of the Y allele in this population? a. 0.6 b. 0.8 c. none of the answers are correct d. 0.7 e. 0.3

d. 0.7

Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal?

high insulin, low glucagon

Vestigial Structures

historical remnants of ancestral structures will not get rid of unless maladaptive

What is one characteristic which separates chordates from all other animals? a) true coelom b) hollow dorsal nerve cord c) blastopore, which becomes the anus d) bilateral symmetry e) segmentation

hollow dorsal nerve cord

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

orthologous genes

homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation

The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by its_____.

degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

(EX 2/3).in the paraphyletic grouping referred to as the "protists", the apicomplexans and the ___ are phylogenetically sister taxa.

dinoflagellates

Are most animals haploid or diploid ?

diploid (2n)

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

direct cellular exchange marine invertebrate

Gas exchange (O2/CO2) in flatworms is made primarily through

direct diffusion across thin cell layers

Which method of gas exchange is NOT found in arthropods of any kind? -direct exchange with air across moist body surface -exchange with air with thin flaps of the book lungs -exchange with air inside the body tissues at the ends of tracheal tubes -ALL of these methods of gas exchange are found in arthropods (x) -exchange in water across feathery gills

direct exchange with air across moist body surface

Fruit primarily functions for:

dispersing seeds

(EX 1).Three spined stickleback fish show substantial heritable variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish?

disruptive selection

amoebocyte

distributes nutrients to other parts of the body

The beauty of biology

diversity of life and the evolution of mechanisms to maintain life.

(EX 2/3)with regards to modern medicine, pathogenicity and pharmacology, it is very important that one understand one fundamental concept. the concept is that researchers will look for and attack enzymes, polymers, and chemicals that the pathogen ______ and that the host _______.

does have; does not have

(EX 2/3).Which taxonomic domains have members that potentially have introns in their pre-mRNA sequences (prior to the spliceosome potentially removing the introns and splicing back together the exons)? the book states "introns in genes" but that is unfortunate given the introns are a post-transcriptional sequence (part of the "pre-mRNA sequence").

domain archaea, domain bacteria, and domain eukarya

In the beetle shown here crawling on the ground, the view of the beetle we can see in its entirety is the

dorsal side

The endosperm of the angiosperm seed is a direct result of:

double fertilization

birds in marine environment

drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands.

Atria contract _____.

during atrial systole

The lophophorate animals: a) are deuterostomes b) are not clearly protostomes or deuterostomes c) are directly ancestral to invertebrate chordates d) are psuedocoelomates e) are protostomes

e) are protostomes

Which of the following tissues or structures could NOT be derived from ectoderm? a) all but the digestive tract of a jellyfish b) the thin skin of a platyhelminth c) your epidermis (skin) d) your nervous system e) the muscles of a nematode

e) the muscles of a nematode

Given the phylogenetic tree shown above, which of the following sets of species (A-F) would constitute a monophyletic grouping? a. ABC b. ABCD c. ABCDE d. ABCDEF e. both choices b and d are sets of monophyletic taxa

e. both choices b and d are sets of monophyletic taxa

Which of the following matches an event in the history of animals with the correct geologic era?

earliest mammals-- Mesozoic Era

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by:

eating undercooked pork

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is

ecdysone.

If you are lucky enough, you may be walking one evening in a moist forest in the southern hemisphere and encounter a slug-like animal moving about on the forest floor. However, this is no slug, as it has a segmented body. It has multiple pairs of stubby legs along its body's length, but they are soft and unjointed, . It also has a body covering that is rather soft but reinforced with chitin, and it sheds as the animal grows. To which of these groups of animals does this animal belong? -annelida -ecdysozoans -nematodes -lophotrochozoans -arthropods

ecdysozoans

You stop in a forest to turn over a dead log. Which of the following invertebrate groups can you be confident will NOT be under the log?

echinoderm

Of these choices, neuronal communication between the brain and the muscles of the leg is best conceptualized as _____.

electrical and chemical signaling

viviparous

embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta through mothers blood

(EX 2/3).the cysts of giardia function most like the ___.

endospores of bacteria

Which of these features is NOT typical of the lizards & snakes?

endothermic

What is the term used for animals which generate their own heat? a) ectotherms b) endotherms c) ambulotherms d) biotherms e) metatherms

endotherms

Ribozymes

enzyme like RNA catalysts are not proteins

A chemical signal that has both endocrine and neural roles is

epinephrine.

The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of

epinephrine.

trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of

erythrocytes. (red blood cells)

mRNA

eukaryotes have introns and exons as a part of their mRNA yet only exons have the potential to be expressed

(EX 2/3)all protists are

eukaryotic

(EX 1) After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks, survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. If this hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides is the most abundant food for the next 1000 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.

evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time

Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via _____.

exocytosis

You are walking around the LSU campus after the Aggies crush the Tigers in their SEC match. You find an unusual tree with fan-shaped leaves. The presence of which of the following would immediately prove that this tree is, in fact a Gymnogperm?

exposed ovules

polyploidy

extra sets of chromosomes

Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from

fatty acids

Which of the following structures are possessed any birds ONLY ? a) a short tail and mammary glands b) light bones and a four-chambered heart c) enlarged pectoral muscles and a four-chambered heart d) feathers and a keeled sternum e) a large brain and endothermy

feathers and a keeled sternum

A lophophore is a structure used by lophophorates for A) feeding B) structural support C) respiration D) sensory reception E) locomotion

feeding

A lophophore is a structure used by lophophorates for A) sensory reception B) structural support C) feeding D) locomotion E) respiration

feeding

in the kingdom animalia gills can potentially function as

feeding/filtration structures gas exchange structures

(EX 2/3). a botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. after observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, no pollen, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. this plant is probably most closely related to a ___.

fern

monilophyte

ferns and allies

allopolyploidy

fertile polyploidy

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

filtration

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

filtration from the glomerular capillaries.

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ______.

flagellated protist

(EX 2/3).What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

flagellated sperm

All of the following have contributed to the success of angiosperms except:

flagellated sperm for more efficient fertilization

protonephridia

flatworms

angiosperm

flowering plants -monocots -eudicots

genetic drift

fluctuation in a population's allele frequencies from one generation to the next as a result of chance events **has greater effect on smaller populations**

Which of the following does not relate to nematodes?

flukes

Which of the following does not relate to nematodes? A) elegans B) trichinosis C) round worms D) flukes E) free-living or parasitic

flukes

transformation

foreign DNA is integrated into the chromosome by exchange of homologous DNA segments

behavioral isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding

Nitric oxide and epinephrine

function as neurotransmitters

prezygotic barriers

function before the formation of the zygote by preventing mating between members of different species or successful fertilization should gametes meet

The water vascular system of echinoderms:

functions in locomotion and feeding

The water vascular system of echinoderms

functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange, structure and support

many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

gain of water through food

The amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain is _____.

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Unique intracellular communication is also known as

gap junctions

Which of the following are you LEAST LIKELY to find as a sessile organism in a marine environment?

gastropod

During embryogenesis of diploblastic and triploblastic animals, the embryo becomes multilayered (i.e., the germ layers are differentiated) through the process of:

gastrulation

During embryogenesis of diploblastic and triploblastic animals, the embryo becomes multilayered (i.e., the germ layers are differentiated) through the process of: A) enterocoely B) cleavage C) blastulation D) coelom formation E) gastrulation

gastrulation

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

gastrulation

sister taxa

genomes of groups that are sister taxa to one another are most similar

(EX 1).in general genes that play a role in the embryological spatial position of segmetns and appendages within the embryo are categorically ________ genes

hox

Artificial Selection

humans intervening with natural selection (banana triploidy) (pugs having breeding problems because humans breed them for flatter faces)

types of postzygotic barriers

hybrid inviability hybrid sterility hybrid breakdown

hybrid sterility

hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults

(EX 1). Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies - parasitic forms that are not overly complicated. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

simple morphologies convey similar advantages in most parasites

Which of these animals has a gastrovascular cavity? a) birds b) hydra c) mammal d) insect e) annelid

hydra

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____.

hyperpolarize the membrane

The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of

hyphae

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

hyposecretion of TSH

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

hypothalamus.

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?

immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential

finches and environments

in dry environments, finches beaks become deeper to crack through larger seeds

The hypothalamus

includes neurosecretory cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary.

How could you increase the magnitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated at a synapse?

increase K+ permeability

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Dr. Shinya Yamanaka won the nobel prize for his work with ______________ which hold great promise in the field of medical research - specifically_________

induced plouripotent stem cell; regenerative neurological medicine

aspirin and ibuprofen both

inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of

inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

(EX 2/3).if an organism is a chemoautotroph, the it uses ___ as its energy source and ___ as its carbon source.

inorganic chemicals; CO2

Malpighian tubules

insects

uric acid

insects and birds

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is***

insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism.

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

insulin.

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?

insulinstimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver

microevolution

involves evolutionary changes in allele frequencies in a population

A chemical signal operating in a paracrine manner is one that

is active at a neuronal synapse.

Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates that prolactin

is an evolutionarily conserved hormone.

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.

ammonia

is soluble in water

(EX 2/3).You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.

is surrounded by a cuticle to prevent desiccation

The amniotic egg was a successful adaptation primarily because

it freed animal reproduction from dependency upon water.

The amniotic egg was a successful adaptation primarily because it freed animal reproduction from dependency upon water. it assured more successful fertilization many more offspring could be produced at one time its triploid endosperm is especially nutritious for the young embryo it promoted parental care of offspring.

it freed animal reproduction from dependency upon water.

can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma

it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps.

marine sea star die in regular water because

it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of ALL chordates?

jaws

To prevent insect pests from maturing into reproducing adults, pest controllers use synthetic agonists of

juvenile hormone.

water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more

juxtamedullary nephrons.

the most concentrated urine is excreted by

kangaroo rats

Which of the following is NOT characteristics of Amphibia ? a) two pairs of limbs b) lungs c) external fertilization d) keratinized skin e) three-chambered heart

keratinized skin

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the

kidney

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

kidneys of vertebrates

Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. round mouth has teeth like structure lacks segmentation has elongated body

lacks segmentation

the taxanomic mammalian order _________ includes the rabbits, hares and picas

lagomorphia

The process of metamorphosis transforms a ____ into a _____.

larvae; sexually mature adult

Ionotropic receptors found at synapses are operated via _____.

ligand-gated ion channels

endotoxins

lipopolysaccharides released from the outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria that have died *typhoid fever and salmonella

urea is produced in the

liver from NH3 and CO2 -the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. - is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.

Which of the following organisms is generally considered to be the closest extant phylogenetic relative of snakes?

lizards

coelacanth

lobe-finned fish thought to be extinct, but then found in deep water off Madagascar in 1938

Most people, lacking the benefit of having had an outstanding course in introductory biology, would be surprised to find out that the common terrestrial pill bugs are most closely related to (are in the same subphylum) as

lobsters and crabs

population

localized interbreeding group of individuals of a species

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

loops of henle

freshwater put into saltwater

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.

(EX 2/3)Kelps are ________ found within the ___________ and are examples of _____________. kelps can contain the unique pigment known as _______ and store their carbohydrates as ______

macroalgae; SAR supergroup; borwn algae; fucoxanthin; laminarin

endothermic

maintains body temperature through metabolism

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.

heterozygote advantage

maintains two or more alleles at a locus when heterozygotes have survival and reproduction advantage

Three major groups: egg-laying , pouched, and placental a) amphibia b) aves c) Chondrichthyes d) mammalia e) reptilia

mammalia

osmoconformers

marine animals, isotonic to the saltwater

(EX 2/3)archegonia______

may contain sporophyte embryo post fertilization

relative fitness

measure of the individuals contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

Winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears are cued by

melatonin from the pineal gland.

amniotes

member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles

Chondrichthyans

member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks, skates, and rays

(EX 2/3).use the diagram (malarial life cycle below), the specific cell that causes liver damage as the rupture out of the liver are called:

merozoites

The coelom is a fluid-filled cavity that develops within a) ectoderm b) endoderm c) mesoderm d) the hydrostatic skeleton e) the mesenteries

mesoderm

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on

metanephridia

(EX 2/3) the osmoregulatory organ found in many invertebrates- especially annelids, arthropods and molluscs - that pump toxins and metabolic wastes out of the organism is called a

metanephridium

the osmoregulatory organ found in many invertebrates - especially annelids, arthropods and molluscs- that filters toxins and metabolic wastes out of the organism is called a

metanephridium

gene flow

migration of individuals and transfer of gametes between populations

serial endosymbiosis

mitochondria evolved first because they or their genetic remains are present in all eukaryote

molecular clocks

models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time

autopolyploidy

more than two sets of chromosomes that all come from the same species

(EX 2/3)an organism that produces spores that germinate into protonemata is a

moss

most animals are mobile but what do they use in order to capture, detect and eat other organisms?

most animals use traits such as - strength - speed - toxins - camouflage

animal tissues

muscle and nervous tissue are unique to animals

(EX 1). genetic variation

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions,

negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion.

(EX 2/3) which of the following is not a member of the lophotrocozoan clade

nematoda

(EX 2/3)the heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudoelom, alimentary canal, no segments and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. to which phylum does the heartworm belong?

nematoda

Th human disease trichinosis is caused by the parasitic animal Trichinella which is a:

nematode

The human disease trichinosis is caused by the parasitic animal Trichinella (trichina worm) which is a -tapeworm -apicomplexan -nematode -annelid -fluke

nematode

What kind of animal would be best suited to a biology researcher who has these requirements: protostome development; small enough to rear offspring in petri dishes; body covering allows observation of internal organs of adults through a light microscope; no circulatory system; no appendages? -gastropod -sea star -fruit fly -nematode -velvet worm

nematode

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous-- mesoderm B) stomach -- endoderm C) muscular -- mesoderm D) skin -- ectoderm

nervous -- mesoderm

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins?

neurohormones

A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is _____.

nitric oxide

paracrine signal that relaxes smooth muscle cells is

nitric oxide (OH)

is nature teleological?

no, it has no plan or purpose, it just is

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

not sink

In the vertebrates, the vertebral column functionally replaces the _____________ during development.

notochord

chlamydias

obligate intracellular parasites of animals *chlamydia is the leading cause of blindness in the world and most common STD in the USA

directional selection

occurs during periods of environmental change when individuals on one end of the phenotypic range may be favored

Bottleneck Effect

occurs when a natural disaster or other factor reduces population size dramatically, decreasing genetic variation *Catastrophic event *small gene pool left over *Understanding this can increase how human activity affects other species *Humans have dramatic effects on populations Ex.) coyotes living in cities

disruptive selection

occurs when the environment favors individuals on both extremes of the phenotypic range

Freshwater flatworms form a urine that is typically

of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake.

Where are ovules found on pine trees?

on scales of cones

Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I) Action potentials move faster in larger diameter axons. II) Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III) Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons.

only I and III

In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? I) Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. II) Action potentials move more slowly along the axon. III) No action potentials are transmitted.

only II

mycoplasms

only bacteria that lacks a cell wall

The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that

only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors.

(EX 1).What is thought to be the correct sequence of events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?

origin of cyanobacteria (primitive prokaryotes) origin of mitochondria origin of chloroplasts origin of multicellular eukaryotes origin of fungal-plant symbioses

(EX 1).Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these is LEAST associated with the others?

orthologous genes

(EX 2/3)ephedra is often times found in diet pills or used as a supplement to help with weight loss because it is a thermogenic as well as being an_______________ which _____________________ urine formation. a person can take ephedra, see a decrease in weight but often times in actuality the person is _________.

osmotic diuretic; increases; dehydradted

DES is called an "endocrine disrupting chemical" because it structurally resembles, and interferes with, the endocrine secretions of the

ovaries.

which term suggests that the organism has eggs that hatch outside the mother's body

oviparous

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of

oxytocin.

allelic frequency

p + q = 1

hardy weinberg equilibrium

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Which of these characteristics of insects is LEAST related to adapting to land life? -cuticle with waxy coating -tracheal system -Malpighian tubules. (x) -paired antennae -paired wings

paired antennae

Linkage to membrane-bound receptor proteins on target cells activates the typical actions of the

pancreatic hormones.

(EX 2/3)monocots have ___ leaf venation patterns and stems that have ___.

parallel; scattered vascular tissue

(EX 2/3).if I told you that a particular organism/ organelle had a macronucleus, a micronucleus, a contractile vacuole and engaged in conjugation and fission, you would deduce I was referring to a ___.

paramecium

(EX 1).Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.) According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a ______________ grouping or a group

paraphyletic

The endocrine glands include the

parathyroid glands.

The hypothalamus modulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary by means of

peptide hormones.

cyanobacteria

perform plant like, oxygen generating photosynthesis and are important producers in freshwater & marine ecosystems some have cells specifically for nitrogen fixation

polyphyletic

pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors

paraphyletic

pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by _____.

phagocytosis

Which of the following terms is NOT associated with the Kingdom Fungi?

phagocytosis

Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance EXCEPT

pheromone

(EX 2/3).organisms that are categorically mixotrophs can attain nutrition via ___.

photoautotrophic means and chemoheterotrophic means

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. i have no idea phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

nematoda

phylum of roundworms

(EX 2/3) below is a picture of janthina janthina a gastropod animal that is unable to move against the water current adn often times they will wash up on the shores of maui beaches. this animal would be categorized as a

plankton, mollusc, and protostome

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

plasma proteins

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed- producing plants?

pollen

(EX 2/3).look at the life cycle below. when the pollen grain lands on the ovulate cone, that process is called ___. when the sperm nucleus is transferred throughout the ___ and into the egg, the process is called ___.

pollination; micropyle; fertilization

which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle

post anal tail

Endocrine structures derived from nervous tissue include the

posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla.

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the _____.

postsynaptic membrane

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to _____.

potassium ions

what do muscle tissues do?

power locomotion

reproductive isolation

prevents individuals from different species from producing viable, fertile offspring, or hybrids

Which of these characteristics distinguishes mammals from ALL other animals?

produce milk for the young

endostyle

produces mucus to gather food particles

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are

prolactin and oxytocin.

Based on their effects, which pair below would not be expected to be active at the same time and place?

prostaglandin F and nitric oxide

nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

proteins and nucleic acids.

(EX 2/3).below is the life cycle of a the moss. the germinating spore of the sporophyte generation initially germinates into a ___ that then shortly thereafter becomes a "bud"

protonemata

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except a) protostome development b) bilateral symmetry c) pseudocoelom d) 3 embryonic germ layers e) true tissue

pseudocoelom

A triploblastic animal in which the fluid-filled body cavity is only partially lined (lined on one side) with mesodermal tissue is referred to as:

pseudocoelomate

A triploblastic animal in which the fluid‑filled body cavity is only partially lined (lined on one side) with mesodermal tissue is referred to as: A) deuterostome B) pseudocoelomate C) protostome D) acoelomate E) coelomate

pseudocoelomate

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Annelida?

pseudocoelomate body plan

echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers

(EX 2/3) which structures do sea slugs use to feed on their pray?

radula

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid.

A nerve poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would _____.

reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane

(EX 1).The production of STERILE MULES by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys is an example of ___________

reduced hybrid fertility

hox genes

related to homeotic genes, gene expression in embryonic development

you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

renin

sympatric speciation

reproductive barriers prevent gene flow in populations that share the same area

The amniotic egg first evolved in which of the following groups? a) Birds b) Egg- laying mammals (monotremes) c) reptiles d) amphibians e) fish

reptiles

Internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, evolved in late carboniferous. a) amphibia b) aves c) Chondrichthyes d) mammalia e) reptilia

reptilia

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass.

Compared to the seedless vascular plants, the seed plants:

retain the gametophyte generation within sporophyte tissue.

A _____________ is a complex series of arterioles, venules, and capillary beds, that utilize countercurrent exchangers to be able to regulate blood flow rapidly to various tissues associated with brid legs and renal structures in higher vertebrates

rete mirable

metanephridia

rids body of metabolic wastes and excess water

stromatolites

rocklike layers of prokaryotes and sediment

(EX 2/3).the brown algae have an anatomical structure that is consistent with certain botanical species. the holdfast of the brown algae would be analogous to the ___ of a plant.

root system

the bivalves started to die one by one via predation; only the undamaged shells remained. to keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the

sea star

highest osmolarity

seawater in a tidal pool

exotoxins

secreted proteins that cause diseases such as cholera and botulism

A pine seed is sometime described as containing "three generations under one roof". The three generations are represented in the mature pine seed by the:

seed coat, nutritive tissue, and embryo

(EX 2/3).the phyla lycophyta and monilophyta collectively make up the ____.

seedless vascular plants

Which of the following best states the advantages that seeds have over spores?

seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.

(EX 2/3)which morphological trait is an example of convergent evolution in animals according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above

segmentation

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

selective reabsorption

lateral line system

sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by

severe sweating

(EX 1).In a certainly randomlly mating population of peacocks, the male has very long tail feathers intended to be a secondary sexual characteristic differentiating his phenotype from the female peacock's phenotype. the males typically do not fight and the females decide which males are allowed to breed. this is an example of:

sexual dimorphsm; intersexual selection

most species in the animal kingdom exhibit what type of reproduction?

sexual reproduction - Haploid egg and sperm unite -> diploid zygote

sex pili

sexual-like structure that can join 2 bacteria to exchange DNA

postzygotic barriers

should a hybrid zygote form, these may prevent it from developing into a viable fertile adult.

Scyphozoans, Cubozoans, Hydrozoans are all members of the taxonomic domain ___________ and many have stinging cells called ____________ that have a special barbl-like harpooned organelle called __________

Eukarya; cnidocytes; nematocysts

Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list? a) Bilateria b) Deuterostomes c) Coelomates d) Eumetazoa e) Protostomes

Eumetazoa

(EX 1).MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. In our lifetime - within the last 20 years - this bacterial strain (specifically USA300) has mutated the ability to be resistant to VERY powerful antibiotics - methicilin for instance. The fact that his bacterial strain is here and arrived relatively recently is an indicator of:

Direct observation of evolution

taxonomy

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

(EX 2/3).which of the following are prokaryotic defenses against antibiotics?

Evolution of thicker bacterial capsules and cell walls Bacteria pumps that remove antibiotics Evolution of bacterial enzymes that degrade antibiotics

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?

Gastropods

A blastopore is a structure that is evident in the a) Egg and Sperm b) Zygote c) Eight-cell stage d) Blastula e) Gastrula

Gastrula

The embryonic blastopore is formed during which embryonic stage? A) Blastulation B) Blastagation C) Gastrulation D) Neurelation E) Archenteron F) Metallication!!!!!

Gastrulation

nucleariids

Group of uniucellular protists that contain amoebas that feed on alge and bacteria

(EX 2/3) phyla that include avascular seedless plants are___________. I. hepatophyta II. Anthocerophyta III. Anthophyta IV. Monilophyta V. Bryophyta

I, II, V

hybrid breakdown

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation?

Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin.

Archaeplastida

Red Algae Green Algae Land Plants

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

a mouse species living in a desert

Which endocrine disorder is correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?

diabetes insipidus and the posterior pituitary gland

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to

gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.

During a stressful interval

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla.

39) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of _____. A) protonephridia B) metanephridia C) Malpighian tubules D) nephrons

B) metanephridia

With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? (A) egg—n (B) megaspore—2n (C) microspore—n (D) zygote—2n

(B) megaspore—2n

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? (A) dependent gametophytes (B) ovules (C) pollen (D) alternation of generations

(D) alternation of generations

B) only II

40) In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? I) Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. II) Action potentials move more slowly along the axon. III) No action potentials are transmitted. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

D) exocytosis

41) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via _____. A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) exocytosis

B) a ligand-gated sodium channel

42) Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it. This is an example of _____. A) a voltage-gated potassium channel B) a ligand-gated sodium channel C) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel D) a chemical that inhibits action potentials

A) potassium ions

43) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to _____. A) potassium ions B) sodium ions C) ATP D) all neurotransmitter molecules

C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

44) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct? A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 B) 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5

D) degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

45) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by its_____. A) diffusion across the presynaptic membrane B) active transport across the postsynaptic membrane C) diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane D) degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

A) ligand-gated ion channels

46) Ionotropic receptors found at synapses are operated via _____. A) ligand-gated ion channels B) electrical synapses C) inhibitory, but not excitatory, synapses D) excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses

B) acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

47) An example of ligand-gated ion channels is _____. A) the spreading of action potentials in the heart B) acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction C) cAMP-dependent protein kinases D) action potentials on the axon

D) hyperpolarize the membrane

48) Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____. A) act independently of their receptor proteins B) close potassium channels C) open sodium channels D) hyperpolarize the membrane

B) a spatial summation

49) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can also add together, creating _____. A) a temporal summation B) a spatial summation C) a tetanus D) the refractory state

in advanced/higher vertebrates, there are ________ main types of tissues (groups of cells with similar form and function) with tissues in combination making up organs and organ systems. Also noteworthy is the _____________ which is the largest human organ

4; integument

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

f factor

A piece of DNA that confers the ability form a sex pili.

hybrid inviability

A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity

conjugation

A primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

gram positive

A prokaryote that has a large amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and is stained violet during Gram Staining

operculum

A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes *analogous to peristome

endospores

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ reabsorption.

In a cnidarian life cycle, A) polyps grow from ciliated larvae B) medusae bud off from polyps C) medusae have gonads and produce gametes D) polyps bud off from other polyps E) ALL of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

The earliest fossils that are clearly animals:

ALL OF THE ABOVE

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

Which, if any, of the following is NOT TRUE of the gastrovascular cavity? -it is the type of digestive compartment in cnidarians -it is a digestive compartment with a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus -it is the type of digestive tract in the flatworms that have a digestive tract -it is a type of digestive tract in which digestion is both extracellular and intracellular -ALL of the other answers are true statements about gastrovascular cavities

ALL of the other answers are true statements about gastrovascular cavities

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Echinoderms? -ALL of these are characteristics of the Echinoderms. -water-vascular system -tube-feet -endoskeleton -radial symmetry as adults

ALL of these are characteristics of the Echinoderms

Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?

Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon.

amniotic egg evolutionary adaptation

Amnion contains the amniotic fluid until the kidneys are formed

heterochrony

An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events

cnidaria

Animalia, phylum that includes animals with specialized stinging cells used to capture food. Jellyfish and coral

In what way does the angiosperm life cycle DIFFER from the gymnosperm life cycle?

Angiosperm pollen grains must grow pollen tubes through styles and ovary tissue.

(EX 2/3)gymnosperms and ___________ are phylogenetically sister taxa.

Angiosperms

On a scuba diving trip to the Caribbean, you pick up a creature crawling around on the coral reefs. It has a soft, elongate, worm-like body with many identical segments. It locomotes (moves along) with the help of pairs of skin-flaps and tufts of bristles on each segment. This creature is most likely a member of -Phylum Ectoprocta -Phylum Annelida -Phylum Platyhelminthes -Phylum Mollusca -Phylum Rotifera

Annelida

Which is not characteristic of all mammals? A) a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood B) giving birth to live young (viviparous) C) having hair during at least some period of life D) having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring E) having a diaphragm to assist in ventilating the lungs

B

Which one of these chordate groups lacks a post-anal tail and a notochord as adults? A) lancelets B) tunicates C) amphibians D) mammals E) reptiles

B

(EX 2/3)after the terrorism attacks of 9/11/01, washington dc was hit by a bioterorrism attack of ____________ which is caused by ___________ which is a _________. the terrorist used _____ on envelopes and sent the pathogenic agent to key government personnel in DC

Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Gram +rod; endospores

homeotic genes

Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.

An animal has these characteristics: endothermic, 4-chambered heart, amniotic egg. Given only this information, to which taxa could it POSSIBLY belong? a) Reptilia or Amphibia b) Amphibia or Chelonia c) Aves or Mammalia d) Aves or Reptilia e) Reptilia or Mammalia

Aves or Mammalia

According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of A) scales of the lower lip. B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C) one or more gill slits. D) one or more of the bones of the cranium. E) one or more of the vertebrae.

B

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebrum. D) cerebellum. E) thalamus.

B

Exercise and emergency reactions include A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system. B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic branches. C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches. D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system. E) reduced heart rate and blood pressure.

B

Hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

B

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the A) central nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system. E) sympathetic nervous system.

B

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the A) corpus callosum. B) medulla oblongata. C) thalamus. D) pituitary. E) cerebellum.

B

Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.

B

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have A) a complete gut. B) bilateral symmetry. C) radial symmetry. D) a closed circulatory system. E) excitable membranes.

B

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

B

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are A) motor and sensory systems. B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. D) forebrain and hindbrain. E) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

B

The endogenous nature of biological rhythms is based on the observations that animals isolated from light and dark cues A) continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration. B) continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more rapid, some slower. C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them. D) cease having any rhythms. E) are independent of any genetic determinants.

B

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about A) gustation. B) olfaction. C) vision. D) audition. E) mechanosensation.

B

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) epithalamus. D) amygdala. E) Broca's area.

B

What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? A) true coelom B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord C) blastopore, which becomes the anus D) bilateral symmetry E) segmentation

B

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant animals? A) a hinged jaw B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a gizzard

B

C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating nervous system development with all 302 of its neurons and their effectors categorized. Interesting control mechanisms have been investigated with reproduction, particularly with egg-laying in the nematode. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that the mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

B) cerebellum

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) primary motor cortex

B) cerebral cortex

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) cerebellum D) spinal cord

B) cerebrum

Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. A) continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration B) continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them D) cease having any rhythms

B) continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower

9) Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss? A) wet rain forest B) desert C) prairie D) chaparral

B) desert

47) The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____. A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____. A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

14) A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____. A) thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life B) excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion C) develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload D) risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours

B) excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. A) pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) cerebrum D) thalamus

B) hypothalamus

49) If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would _____. A) decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma B) increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma C) increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma D) decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

B) increase, and the urine would be isosmotic compared to plasma

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system

B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions

37) Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in _____. A) flatworms B) insects C) jellyfish D) sea stars

B) insects

10) A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _____. A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions B) it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate C) its contractile vacuoles ruptured D) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize

B) it was so hypertonic to the freshwater that it could not osmoregulate

28) Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. A) frogs B) kangaroo rats C) humans D) freshwater bass

B) kangaroo rats

51) Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. A) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids C) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons D) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. A) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids C) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons D) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

In bivalve molluscs, the ________________ secretes the shell and the ____________ muscles help keep the two halves sealed shut/together. A) gills; abductor B) mantle; adductor C) siphons; abductor D) mantle; abductor E) umbo; adductor

B) mantle; adductor

Members of which of the following groups is LEAST likely to show a significant degree of cephalization? -cephalopods -planarians (x) -gastropods -bivalves

Bivalves

An organism that lacks integration centers A) cannot receive stimuli. B) will not have a nervous system. C) will not be able to interpret stimuli. D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons.

C

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebrum. D) cerebellum. E) spinal cord.

C

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in A) Hydra. B) cnidarians. C) Planaria. D) sea stars. E) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry.

C

Which of the following groups is INCORRECTLY matched with the common names of representative organisms?

Cephalopoda- snails and slugs

Sponges are called "basal metazoans" because their phylogenetic position is closest to the common ancestor of all animals. What feature of sponges is visible evidence of the ancestral relationship?

Cheanocytes

What is the term used for the specialized head structures used by spiders for grasping prey ? a) chelicerae b) pedipalps c) spinnerets d) mandibles e) prostomium

Chelicerae

Some members have a cartilaginous endoskeleton a) amphibians b) aves c) Chondrichthyes d) mammalian e) reptilian

Chondrichthyes

You are walking a beach and find a dead creature washed up on the shore. It is about as long as your forearm, fishlike with paired lateral fins. You notice the teeth in its mouth but the gill openings are merely slits along the side of the pharyngeal area. A quick dissection reveals an internal skeleton made of cartilage. There is no swim bladder. With this information, which of the following is the smallest phylogenetic group that includes this specimen?

Chondrichthyes

You are walking a beach and find a dead creature washed up on the shore. It is about as long as your forearm, fishlike with paired lateral fins. You notice the teeth in its mouth but the gill openings are merely slits along the side of the pharyngeal area. A quick dissection reveals an internal skeleton made of cartilage. There is no swim bladder. With this information, which of the following is the smallest phylogenetic group that includes this specimen? Chondrichthyes Gnathostomes Osteichthyes Tetrapods Actinistia

Chondrichthyes

A certain fungus species is attaching your corn crop, turning ears into great packets of nasty-looking spores. Which phylum is this species LEAST likely to belong to?

Chytridiomycota

binomial

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

choanoflagelletes

Closest common ancestor to animals (sister taxa to animals)

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?

Cnidaria

Which of the following are NOT found in sponges? a) Cnidocytes b) Spicules c) Amoebocytes d) Spongocoela e) Choanocytes

Cnidocytes

Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except A) endothermy. B) descent from a common amniotic ancestor. C) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. D) teeth specialized for diverse diets. E) the ability of some species to fly.

D

Which of the following groups is INCORRECTLY matched with a characteristic or attribute? A) Animalia ‑ holotrophic B) Anthophyta ‑ flowers and fruits C) Ctenophora - extensive cephalization D) Cnidaria ‑ dimorphic life cycle in some species E) Gastropoda ‑ asymmetrical growth during development results in 180o rotation of the visceral mass

Ctenophora - extensive cephalization

After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) the left frontal lobe B) the right frontal lobe C) the left parietal lobe D) the right parietal lobe E) the corpus callosum

D

Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the A) presence in osteichthyans of a skull. B) presence in osteichthyans of a lateral line system. C) presence in condrichthyans of unpaired fins. D) absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs. E) absence in chondrichthyans of paired sensory organs.

D

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

D

In the figure, which letter points to the amygdala? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D

In the figure, which letter points to the hippocampus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D

In the figure, which letter points to the hypothalamus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D

The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse transmission?

Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission.

Evolution

Descent with modification

Select the TRUE statement about animal development: A.) Deuterostome development is indeterminate. B.) Mesoderm in protostomes arises as outpocketings of the primitive gut. C.) Radial cleavage is characteristic of protostome development. D) In deuterostomes, the blastopore ultimately becomes the mouth of the adult. E) All of the above are true.

Deuterostome development is indeterminate.

Are somatic cells haploid or diploid ?

Diploid

(EX 1).______________ are potentially expressed within a pre-mRNA, ________________ sequence wheras ___________ are removed from the pre-mRNA sequence prior to translation of the mRNA transcript.

Exons; eukaryotic; introns

parareptiles

First major group of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in the late Triassic period

Cell Walls of different Kingdoms

Fungi=chitin plants=cellulose animal=none bacteria=peptidoglycan

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.

(EX 2/3).Histones are basic proteins that are embedded in to DNA strands typically as octets (groups of 8). DNA wraps around histones thus facilitating a space conservation mechanism. which taxonomic domains have histones? I- archaea II- eukarya III- bacteria IV- SAR clade

I and II

(EX 2/3)Asexual fission is found in which of the following? I. mitochondria II. Paramecium spp. III. Bacteria IV. Anthocerophytes V. hepatophytes VI. Gymnosperms

I, II, III

Tiktaalik had which of the following, if any? I - GILLS, II- LUNGS, III- RIBS, IV- SHOULDER BONES/ JOINT, V- FINS , VI- WRIST BONES/JOINT A) I,II AND VI B) I,II,III,AND VI C) I,III,V, AND VI D) II,III,IV, AND VI E) I,II,III,IV,V, AND VI F) NONE OF THE ABOVE

I, II, III, IV, V AND VI

sponges: I. have no true tissues II. have no discernable symmetry III. have three distince body plans (asconoid; synconoid; and leukonoid) IV. have amoeboxytes and choanocytes V. are filter feeders VI. have no true tissues VII. Have cells that are totiopotent

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII

Tartigrades or water bears I. have a chitinous cuticle II. can enter anhydrobiotic states III. can enter cryptobiotic states IV. can suspend their metabolic activity for years V. are resistant (able to survive) many different challenging and inclement environments VI. are arthropods VII. are ecdysozoans

I, II, III, IV, V, and VII

(EX 1).Put the following events in sequential order in terms of the interaction of living organisms with the natural world and the evolution of those organisms I. Genetic variation/individuals vary/ environmental stressors II. There are too many individuals in a population for all members to survive III. Certain individuals have greater reproductive success based on environmental stimuli IV. Natural selection V. An overall evolution of the organism over time VI. Descent with modification

I, II, III, IV, VI, V

(EX 2/3).an algae can (could) contain, possess or be the following (characteristics): I- pigments for photosynthetic activity II- eukaryotic III- multicellular IV- roots and stems V- unicellular

I, II, III, V

Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by _____. I) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II) causing molecular changes in the cells III) affecting ion-channel proteins IV) altering the permeability of the cells

I, II, III, and IV

similarities between both mildews and molds include: I. can produce spores asexually via mitosis II. production of different distinctive odors III. same coloration IV. produce visible mycelia while growing on substrate surface V. cause of certain human ailments and medical conditions VI. unicellular

I, II, IV, and V

Where can unique intracellular communication be found?

In the complex tissue structure

fungi

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter -chytridiomycota -zygomycota -ascomycota -basidiomycota

which group is the sister taxa to the ecdysozoans

Lophotrochozoans

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Annelida? -closed circulatory system -complete digestive tract -mantle -setae (bristles) -segmentation

Mantle

mechanical isolation

Morphological differences prevent fertilization.

Due in great part to its characteristics of having a fixed number of cells in the adult, Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important model research organism in developmental biology. To which phylum does C. elegans belong?

Nematoda

Which of these phyla is NOT in the Lophotrochozoan clade?

Nematoda

____________ caused by ______________ is a nematode that certain higher vertebrates will acquire through consumption of _____________.

Neurosporosis; neurospora crassa; fungal infected water.

What happens if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in close proximity?

No action potential results.

which group of genes code for tissue-specific transcription factors

Pax genes

Myxini and ______________ are phylogenetically sister taxa. A. Cephalochordata B. Chondrichythes C. Urochordata D. Petromyzontida E. OFOchordata F. Cowboys beat the eagles!!!!!!

Petromyzontida

Which of these is a correct match of animal group and the habitat and life-cycle of a representative of that group?

Phylum Nematoda-- terrestrial decomposer

Wandering along the stream at Research Park one spring day, you furn over a rock in the stream. A small wormlike oeature only 1 cm long is clinging to the rock with its own slime. Its triangle-shaped head has two eyespots but no mouth. Its body is dorsoventrally flattened, instead of round. There are no appendages and no segments. It body surface is soft and slimy, Th-ese observations alone are enough to determine that this animal belongs in:

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Actinopterygii

Ray finned fish

If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen?

Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose.

Which class of the phylum Cnidaria occurs ONLY as a medusa? a) Hydrozoa b) Scyphozoa c) Anthozoa d) Only A and C are correct e) Only A and B are correct

Scyphozoa

Which of the following is most closely related to the jellyfish?

Sea anemone

plasmids

Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells and used in genetic engineering

totipotent

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

spicule

Support of the body

A direct consequence of indeterminate cleavage is a) Formation of a coelom b) The ability of cells isolated from the early embryo to develop into viable individuals c) The arrangement of cleavage planes perpendicular to the egg's vertical axis d) The unpredictable formation of either a schizocoelous or enterocoelous body cavity e) A mouth that forms in association with the blastopore

The ability of cells isolated from the early embryo to develop into viable individuals

Look at the graph for Cormocephalus morsitans in the figure above. What is the best interpretation of these results?

The centipede had its spiracles open when carbon dioxide (CO2) emission peaked and closed when CO2 emission was low.

A pearl results from calcium carbonate layers being layed down around a foreign particle. These layers of calcium carbonate are produced by a) The mesoderm b) The cnidocyte c) The endoderm d) The mantle e) The visceral mass

The mantle

If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential?

The membrane potential would become less negative

What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier?

The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps, fusions of different organisms.

Cnidarians and Ctenophores are ALIKE in the following way: -some members of both groups secrete supportive exoskeletons. -they are both diploblastic -they are scavengers and parasites. -they both alternate between bilateral and radial forms. -both groups move with simple contractions of the bell.

They are both diploblastic

Which of the following is NOT true of tapeworms? -they lack a digestive system -they are acoelomate -they are diploblastic -they have a "head" segment, called a scolex, which is specialized w/ suckers and often hooks -they are parasitic flatworms

They are diploblastic

What would BEST explain why sponges do not have terrestrial species?

They are suspension feeders

All following correctly characterize nematodes EXCEPT that a) They both have circular and longitudinal muscles b) They are often parasitic c) They have a complete digestive system d) They play an important role in decomposition e) They have a pseudocoelom

They both have circular and longitudinal muscles

Members of the Phylum Porifera can be distinguished from all other animals by which of the following characteristics?

They do not have true tissues

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

They have only longitudinal muscles

Sponges are considered basal animals because -they lack true tissues -they have a gastrovascular cavity -they are the only group with a pre-Cambrian fossil record -they are acoelomate -they are diploblastic and have radial symmetry

They lack true tissues

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria?

They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have:

WINGS

temporal isolation

When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.

actinomycetes

Which of the following organisms are common soil decomposers that grow in colonies of branched chains of cells that superficially resembles a fungus?

Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful? a) internal fertilization b) jointed appendages c) wings d) chewing mandibles e) exoskeleton

Wings

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

You see a mouth, but not an anus

Animals that actively move in a unidirectional fashion through their environment would be expected to exhibit which of the following characteristics? A) bilateral symmetry B). radial symmetry C). cephalization D) a and c E) b and c

a and c

(EX 1).Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

Epinephrine is an example of

a catecholamine.

(EX 1).An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experiences during the earthquake?

a genetic bottleneck and directional selection

At the neuromuscular junction, the arrival of acetylcholine on the muscle most immediately causes _____.

a graded depolarization

What represents the female gametophyte generation in a gymnosperm?

a group of haploid cells enclosed within the ovule

During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of

a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop.

Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it. This is an example of _____.

a ligand-gated sodium channel

Which of the following animals is a tetrapod, an amniote, and an ectotherm?

a lizard

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share

a mantle

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

a marine bony fish

The red cherries on the wild cherry tree function primarily as:

a means of seed dispersal

ovoviviparous

develops within uterus but nourished by egg yolk

allopatric speciation

geographic isolation interrupts gene flow between two subpopulations

In fungi, a spore:

germinates to grow into a new mycelium

Which is NOT characteristics of all mammals ? a) have glands to produce milk to nourish their offspring b) a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood c) have a diaphragm to assist in ventilating the lungs d) give birth to live young (viviparous) e) have hair during at least some period of their life

give birth to live young (viviparous)

During short-term starvation, most available fuel molecules are catabolized to provide energy for metabolism rather than being used as building blocks for growth and repair, a trade-off that is hormonally regulated by

glucagon

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of

glucagon.

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____.

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

Where may an ovule be found?

on the scale of a cone

which of the following if any are relevant hypotheses associated with the cause of the cambrian explosion adaptive radiation?

the mutation/duplication of hox genes new predator - prey relationships rise in atmospheric oxygen

During development of chordates, the ectodermal layer of cells on the dorsal side of the embryo folds into itself, forming a tube that extends from anterior to posterior. This structure develops into

the nerve cord

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

the pancreas