Bio 1 Chapter 5 USF
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
Chaperonins
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. (Concept 5.1)
Covalent
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.
DNA
Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them? (Concept 5.3)
For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do.
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
Lipids
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? (Concept 5.2)
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________. (Concept 5.3)
Phospholipids
In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? (Concept 5.2)
Starch
Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates
The peptide bond is __________.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process water is __________. (Concept 5.1)
a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed
Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.
a single amino acid change; primary structure
Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.
adenine and guanine
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.
amino acid molecules
Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________. (Concept 5.3)
are not truly polymers
Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.
carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)
Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least? (Concept 5.2) - protein (in the bacon bits), sugar (in the dressing), cellulose (in the lettuce), starch (in the croutons), oil (in the dressing)
cellulose (in the lettuce)
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
chiitin
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________. (Concept 5.2)
chitin
The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.
cholesterol
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
cis double bonds; liquids
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
covalent
What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers? (Concept 5.1)
dehydration reaction
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
double helix; running antiparallel
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.
energy storage and release
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________. (Concept 5.2)
energy storage and release
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
glycogen
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.
glycosidic linkages
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________. (Concept 5.2)
glycosidic linkages
The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.
hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet
The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.
molecules called chaperonins
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
phospholipids
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.
primary
The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________. (Concept 5.2)
starch
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.
they are all disaccharides
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________. (Concept 5.2)
they are all disaccharides
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.
water
__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.
water
