Bio 1011 - Chapter 3 Question
When a protein denatures the ___________ changes due to disruptions between the R groups.
shape
Plants store glucose in an energy-containing polysaccharide called
starch
The most widely used anabolic steroid, used to increase muscle mass, is a synthetic version of
testosterone
Identify the structures that are formed from cholesterol.
testosterone, estrogen
Fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated to make them solid at room temperature are ______ fats.
trans
A fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds s is called a __________ fatty acid
unsaturated
The basic building blocks of large biological molecules are referred to as:
Monomers
Proteins and amino acids contain the _________ functional group (-NH2)
Amino
What is the molecular formula for glucose, a monosaccharide?
C6H12O6
Which molecule is used for structural functions in plants and fungi?
Carbohydrate
____________ is the polysaccharide carbohydrate that functions as structural components of plant cells.
Cellulose
________ is a protein that leads to celiac disease
Gluten
Why do animals store glucose as glycogen instead of starch?
Glycogen is highly branched and easier to breakdown
Which molecule is required for a hydrolysis reaction?
H20
Which of these are classes of biological molecules forms our genetic material?
Nucleic acid
Cholesterol's functions include which of the following?
It acts as a precursor of other molecules such as sex hormones.
The functional group _______ is unique to ATP and nucleic acid.
Phosphate
Which type of molecule consists of many simple sugars joined together?
Polysaccharides
Which of these is a 5-carbon sugar found in the structure of RNA?
Ribose
What determines the final shape of the protein molecule?
The amino acid sequence
Which disaccharide is commonly found in milk?
Lactose
Which of the following characteristics do all lipids have in common?
They are all insoluble in water.
The purpose of a dehydration synthesis is which of these?
To construct larger molecules from smaller building blocks
The chemistry of carbon, with its four electrons in its outer shell, is what makes it able to form diverse organic molecules.
True
Phospholipids do not contain three fatty acid tails like triglycerides do. What do they contain instead?
Two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group
The disaccharide maltose is composed of which two monosaccharides?
Two glucose monomers
A dehydration synthesis reaction results in which two of the following?
Two molecules are combined Water is formed
Hydrogen bonds may form between the ______ of one amino acid and the amino group portion of another amino acid.
acid group
Proteins are long chains of
amino acids joined by dehydration reactions.
Select three typical functions of proteins.
as regulatory hormones act as enzymes support
The 'skeleton' of an organic molecule is comprised of chains of
carbon atoms
The functional group of an organic molecule helps to determine its __________ properties.
chemical
To form a peptide a ______ reaction is necessary.
dehydration synthesis
Biological molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes are called
lipids
A key feature to identify unsaturated lipids is that they are _____ at room temperature.
liquid
Simple sugars, like glucose or ribose, are monomers called
monosaccharides
Organic molecules that are universally used as an immediate source of energy are the
carbohydrates
Carbon may bond up to ______ different atoms at the same time.
4
Which type of functional group must be present for a molecule to be classified as a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
The addition of which functional group can make a molecule hydrophilic?
-OH
What are two common uses of fats in the bodies of animals?
1. Insulation 2. long-term energy storage
Select the choices that relate to monosaccharides.
1. Simple sugars 2. Single sugar molecules
Select the functions of carbohydrates
1. Structural components of organism 2. Immediate energy source
Identify the components of processed foods that are considered empty calories
1. Sucrose 2. High fructose corn syrup White starches
Which features make polysaccharides an ideal short term energy storage molecule?
1. They are large molecules 2. They are insoluble
Select the components of a fatty acid
1. a carboxyl group 2. a long hydrocarbon chain
Phospholipids orient themselves tail-to-tail in a bilayer. This is because they have _________ heads and ___________ tails.
1. hydrophilic, polar 2. hydrophobic, nonpolar
What are the most likely consequences of a protein having an incorrect amino acid sequence?
1. it will not function properly 2. It will have the wrong shape
What four types of effects are typical in athletes who use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass?
1. liver damage 2. psychological disorders 3. males have atrophied testes and develop breasts 4. kidney damage
There are 20 different amino acids used by living organisms.
20
How are peptide bonds formed?
Dehydration synthesis
What molecule consists of two monosaccharides bonded together?
Disaccharide
Carbohydrates can play a structural role in animal cells.
False
Two amino acids can have different R groups, but still have the same identity
False
Humans extract much of the energy available between the bonds of glucose in cellulose.
False - Humans cannot hydrolyze cellulose and thus do not derive energy from it.
Oils with unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.
False - unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature
Which biological molecules are composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl (COOH) group at one end?
Fatty acid
A fatty acid that contain double bonded carbon atoms are called a(n) __________ fatty acid
Saturated
Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?
Saturated fatty acids can pack together because they have no kinks in their chains.
The portion of an organic molecule that serves as the basic structural unit is called the _____ and is made up of _____.
Skeleton; carbon
Which disaccharide is commonly used as a sweetener?
Sucrose
Because of the double bonds in the carbon chain of an unsaturated fatty acid, there will be ____ hydrogens than those found in saturated fatty acids.
fewer
A steroid's structure is best described as _____.
four fused rings
Enzymes and hemoglobin are examples of ______ proteins.
globular
Cellulose is composed of monomers of ______.
glucose
Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide called _________
glycogen
Identify the structures formed by fibrous proteins.
hair, ligaments, tendons
A chemical reaction that adds water to a bond to break the bond and split a molecule in two is called a __________ reaction
hydrolysis
A molecule that is water-soluble is referred to as ______.
hydrophilic
Sugars are composed of a carbon skeleton with many attached ______ groups.
hydroxyl (-OH)
What type of lipid do plants use for long-term energy storage?
oils
The polar heads of the phospholipid molecule end up on the ______ of the plasma membrane, while the nonpolar tails are oriented to the ______ of the membrane.
outside; inside
Hydrogen bonds form between portions of different amino acids in a polypeptide because
oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.
Which of these might cause a protein to denature?
pH change and heat
The covalent bond that forms between an amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid is what kind?
peptide bond
What feature of phospholipids' structure allows them to form a bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane of a cell?
polar heads and nonpolar tails
A ________ is a biological molecule that is composed of many monomers linked together
polymer
Organic molecules composed of monomers of amino acids are called
proteins
What group of organic molecules function as carriers or channels within cell membranes, make motion possible, and help to defend the body against disease?
proteins
Simple sugars have a carbon backbone of ___ to ___ carbons.
3 to 7
Trans fats result from which of the following?
Hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of a C=C bond.
Why are humans unable to obtain nutrients from cellulose?
It provides fiber in the diet, which maintains digestive system health.
The glycerol molecule in a triglyceride has three fatty acids attached. In a phospholipid there are two fatty acids attached to the glycerol and in the place of the third fatty acid, which of the following is attached?
phosphate group
A _________ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration synthesis reaction.
disaccharide
High fructose corn syrup and sucrose are considered to provide ______ in the diet.
empty calories
Starch is polysaccharide used by plants for
energy storage
Proteins that act as catalysts in metabolic reactions are called
enzymes
Bacon, lard and butter are all forms of _____.
fats
What type of fatty acid has a hydrogen atom at every possible place along its carbon chain?
saturated
Males developing breasts, women growing facial hair, and damage to major organs are all symptoms of:
use of anabolic steroids
During a dehydration synthesis reaction, a peptide bond joins two amino acids which will give off
water