Bio 1011 - Chapter 3 Question

When a protein denatures the ___________ changes due to disruptions between the R groups.

shape

Plants store glucose in an energy-containing polysaccharide called

starch

The most widely used anabolic steroid, used to increase muscle mass, is a synthetic version of

testosterone

Identify the structures that are formed from cholesterol.

testosterone, estrogen

Fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated to make them solid at room temperature are ______ fats.

trans

A fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds s is called a __________ fatty acid

unsaturated

The basic building blocks of large biological molecules are referred to as:

Monomers

Proteins and amino acids contain the _________ functional group (-NH2)

Amino

What is the molecular formula for glucose, a monosaccharide?

C6H12O6

Which molecule is used for structural functions in plants and fungi?

Carbohydrate

____________ is the polysaccharide carbohydrate that functions as structural components of plant cells.

Cellulose

________ is a protein that leads to celiac disease

Gluten

Why do animals store glucose as glycogen instead of starch?

Glycogen is highly branched and easier to breakdown

Which molecule is required for a hydrolysis reaction?

H20

Which of these are classes of biological molecules forms our genetic material?

Nucleic acid

Cholesterol's functions include which of the following?

It acts as a precursor of other molecules such as sex hormones.

The functional group _______ is unique to ATP and nucleic acid.

Phosphate

Which type of molecule consists of many simple sugars joined together?

Polysaccharides

Which of these is a 5-carbon sugar found in the structure of RNA?

Ribose

What determines the final shape of the protein molecule?

The amino acid sequence

Which disaccharide is commonly found in milk?

Lactose

Which of the following characteristics do all lipids have in common?

They are all insoluble in water.

The purpose of a dehydration synthesis is which of these?

To construct larger molecules from smaller building blocks

The chemistry of carbon, with its four electrons in its outer shell, is what makes it able to form diverse organic molecules.

True

Phospholipids do not contain three fatty acid tails like triglycerides do. What do they contain instead?

Two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group

The disaccharide maltose is composed of which two monosaccharides?

Two glucose monomers

A dehydration synthesis reaction results in which two of the following?

Two molecules are combined Water is formed

Hydrogen bonds may form between the ______ of one amino acid and the amino group portion of another amino acid.

acid group

Proteins are long chains of

amino acids joined by dehydration reactions.

Select three typical functions of proteins.

as regulatory hormones act as enzymes support

The 'skeleton' of an organic molecule is comprised of chains of

carbon atoms

The functional group of an organic molecule helps to determine its __________ properties.

chemical

To form a peptide a ______ reaction is necessary.

dehydration synthesis

Biological molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes are called

lipids

A key feature to identify unsaturated lipids is that they are _____ at room temperature.

liquid

Simple sugars, like glucose or ribose, are monomers called

monosaccharides

Organic molecules that are universally used as an immediate source of energy are the

carbohydrates

Carbon may bond up to ______ different atoms at the same time.

4

Which type of functional group must be present for a molecule to be classified as a carboxylic acid?

-COOH

The addition of which functional group can make a molecule hydrophilic?

-OH

What are two common uses of fats in the bodies of animals?

1. Insulation 2. long-term energy storage

Select the choices that relate to monosaccharides.

1. Simple sugars 2. Single sugar molecules

Select the functions of carbohydrates

1. Structural components of organism 2. Immediate energy source

Identify the components of processed foods that are considered empty calories

1. Sucrose 2. High fructose corn syrup White starches

Which features make polysaccharides an ideal short term energy storage molecule?

1. They are large molecules 2. They are insoluble

Select the components of a fatty acid

1. a carboxyl group 2. a long hydrocarbon chain

Phospholipids orient themselves tail-to-tail in a bilayer. This is because they have _________ heads and ___________ tails.

1. hydrophilic, polar 2. hydrophobic, nonpolar

What are the most likely consequences of a protein having an incorrect amino acid sequence?

1. it will not function properly 2. It will have the wrong shape

What four types of effects are typical in athletes who use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass?

1. liver damage 2. psychological disorders 3. males have atrophied testes and develop breasts 4. kidney damage

There are 20 different amino acids used by living organisms.

20

How are peptide bonds formed?

Dehydration synthesis

What molecule consists of two monosaccharides bonded together?

Disaccharide

Carbohydrates can play a structural role in animal cells.

False

Two amino acids can have different R groups, but still have the same identity

False

Humans extract much of the energy available between the bonds of glucose in cellulose.

False - Humans cannot hydrolyze cellulose and thus do not derive energy from it.

Oils with unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

False - unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature

Which biological molecules are composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl (COOH) group at one end?

Fatty acid

A fatty acid that contain double bonded carbon atoms are called a(n) __________ fatty acid

Saturated

Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acids can pack together because they have no kinks in their chains.

The portion of an organic molecule that serves as the basic structural unit is called the _____ and is made up of _____.

Skeleton; carbon

Which disaccharide is commonly used as a sweetener?

Sucrose

Because of the double bonds in the carbon chain of an unsaturated fatty acid, there will be ____ hydrogens than those found in saturated fatty acids.

fewer

A steroid's structure is best described as _____.

four fused rings

Enzymes and hemoglobin are examples of ______ proteins.

globular

Cellulose is composed of monomers of ______.

glucose

Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide called _________

glycogen

Identify the structures formed by fibrous proteins.

hair, ligaments, tendons

A chemical reaction that adds water to a bond to break the bond and split a molecule in two is called a __________ reaction

hydrolysis

A molecule that is water-soluble is referred to as ______.

hydrophilic

Sugars are composed of a carbon skeleton with many attached ______ groups.

hydroxyl (-OH)

What type of lipid do plants use for long-term energy storage?

oils

The polar heads of the phospholipid molecule end up on the ______ of the plasma membrane, while the nonpolar tails are oriented to the ______ of the membrane.

outside; inside

Hydrogen bonds form between portions of different amino acids in a polypeptide because

oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.

Which of these might cause a protein to denature?

pH change and heat

The covalent bond that forms between an amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid is what kind?

peptide bond

What feature of phospholipids' structure allows them to form a bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane of a cell?

polar heads and nonpolar tails

A ________ is a biological molecule that is composed of many monomers linked together

polymer

Organic molecules composed of monomers of amino acids are called

proteins

What group of organic molecules function as carriers or channels within cell membranes, make motion possible, and help to defend the body against disease?

proteins

Simple sugars have a carbon backbone of ___ to ___ carbons.

3 to 7

Trans fats result from which of the following?

Hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of a C=C bond.

Why are humans unable to obtain nutrients from cellulose?

It provides fiber in the diet, which maintains digestive system health.

The glycerol molecule in a triglyceride has three fatty acids attached. In a phospholipid there are two fatty acids attached to the glycerol and in the place of the third fatty acid, which of the following is attached?

phosphate group

A _________ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration synthesis reaction.

disaccharide

High fructose corn syrup and sucrose are considered to provide ______ in the diet.

empty calories

Starch is polysaccharide used by plants for

energy storage

Proteins that act as catalysts in metabolic reactions are called

enzymes

Bacon, lard and butter are all forms of _____.

fats

What type of fatty acid has a hydrogen atom at every possible place along its carbon chain?

saturated

Males developing breasts, women growing facial hair, and damage to major organs are all symptoms of:

use of anabolic steroids

During a dehydration synthesis reaction, a peptide bond joins two amino acids which will give off

water