Bio 102 Ch. 22
what observations and evidence have jonathan lasos and his colleagues gathered to support the theory of natural selection? (3)
- DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types evolved independently on each of the four large caribbean islands - when lasos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations - on each of the four large caribbean islands, lasos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types
varieties of S. aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. (2)
- already existed in the population before methicillin was developed - were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections
darwin and wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusion (6)
- birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island - tortoises from different Galápagos islands have distinct shells - bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay archipelago and australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the america's - the bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon - the fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths darwin encountered - mockingbirds from different Galápagos islands had subtle, consistent differences
darwin and wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. What statements are true? (3)
- both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties - both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time - both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary with species
no two species of anole lizards living in the same geographical location have dewlaps of the same size, shape, or color. Why? (4)
- differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together - female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps - dewlap color is under strong selection. Dewlaps that contrast with a lizards environment are more effective for communication -male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females
Jonathon Losos and colleagues conducted experiments on small, hurricane-swept islands as "natural laboratories." Which of the following statements is true? (3)
- islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution - natural selection can lead to rapid changes. The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations - there are many small locations with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations
which of the following observations led to darwin's major inferences (2)
- members of a population vary in their heritable traits - although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive
What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? (3 things)
- natural selection acts on traits - natural selection favors some mutations - mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
which observation led darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals (2)
- the fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live - the bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils
in the lab Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical l. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
- two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype - there are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur - dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow - under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations
the theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because ____. (3)
-it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations -it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines -it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses
identify the 4 postulates of natural selection
1. individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess 2. some trait differences are heritable 3. survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population 4. individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection
A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.
what does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code
A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
What is the most important characteristic of anole lizard species that keeps members of one species from mating with members of another species
Different species living in the same habitat have different dewlaps.
When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?
If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.
Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?
In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.
which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection
Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits
Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?
Large hen, large rooster
which of the following statements best describes Linnaeus' method of classifying organisms
Linnaeus grouped organisms into increasingly more inclusive categories
What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?
Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals.
identify the pair of homologous structures
Maple leaf and oak leaf
When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?
Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.
which of the following statements about natural selection is true
Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.
the upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all 3 kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
does the ability of a mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug resistant phenotype
No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
in 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of S. aureus, but within 2 years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge?
S. aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common
which of the following observations helped darwin shape his concept of descent with modification
South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment
The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
what is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?
The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.
Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?
There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.
Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?
They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
True
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's
Wallace
Mutations are always
a change in an individual's DNA
an adaptation is
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
which term describes a trait that increases an individuals ability to survive in a particular environment
adaptation
which of the following observations most strongly supports the common origin of all life on earth
all organisms use essentially the same genetic code
which of the following factors would most likely cause an increase in population size of a prey animal
an improvement in eyesight
Given what we know about evolutionary biology, which of the following places would be the most likely to have the highest number of species that are unique to the area? Assume that the conditions have existed for at least a few million years.
an isolated group of ocean islands
which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"
antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person
which of the following statements best defines artificial selection
artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed
The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related species of wild ungulates. Which of the following best describes the process that led to differences between the domesticated/farmed cows and their wild relatives?
artificial selection resulted in changes in the lineage leading to domesticated cows because humans wanted animals with high milk output and high muscle content
post- (or postero)
behind
similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species
biogeography
the high concentration of marsupial species in australia
biogeography
of the following anatomical structures, which is most homologous to the bones in the wings of a bird
bones in the flippers of a whale
Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain which of the following ideas
both the unity and diversity of life
amphi-
both, double, two
what happened in the soapberry bug population in central florida when the bugs began to feed on the seeds from the goldenrain tree fruits which are much closer to the fruit surface
bugs with shorter brake had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should _____.
capture a group of males with long hair at random, and cut the hair very short in half of the males; then, compare the number of matings of males with their hair left unchanged vs. males with shortened hair
ploid
chromosomes
which of the following statements best describes darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
darwin's theory emphasized that populations vary and change over time
what is the meaning of darwin's expression "descent with modification"
descent with modification refers to the evolutionary change over time
development of drug resistance in bacteria
direct observation of evolutionary change
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____.
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
equi-
equal
which of the following statements about evolutionary trees is accurate
evolutionary trees are considered evolutionary hypotheses
pater (or patr)
father
prim-
first
proto-
first
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
flipper
-pod
foot
discovery of shells of extinct species
fossil record
discovery of transitional forms of horses
fossil record
which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring
heritability
which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection
heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of ____.
homology
same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants
homology
similarities in mammalian forelimbs
homology
vestigial pelvis in right whales
homology
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively common ancestor
which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection
individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime
a heritable trait is one that...
is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. Which of the following possible conclusions is best derived from this observation?
island forms are descended from mainland forms
which of the following statements is accurate about an organ described as vestigial
it must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor
arthr-
joint
which of the following is an example of an adaptation in anole lizards
long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trunks
poly-
many
Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?
microevolution
which of the following statements is most consistent with data obtained from the fossil record
older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms
From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
allo-
other
which of the following statements best describes evolution
populations change genetically from one generation to the next
Charles Darwin...
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
homo- (homeo-)
same
sym-
same
a biologist observes that a particular plant species is found in a forest but not in a nearby meadow. She hypothesizes that the plants could grow in the meadow but are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis?
scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
which of the following statements is most accurate in comparing scientific theories and scientific hypotheses
scientific theories are supported by, and make sense of, many observations, whereas scientific hypotheses are narrow, testable ideas
within 6 months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new S. aureus infections were caused by a resistant strain (MRSA). How can this best be explained?
some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of the treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency
currently 2 living elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elphas. Thus, which of the following statements would be accurate?
species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z
which of the following is an observation or inference on which natural selection is based
species produce more offspring than the environment can support
which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
in the US today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer
the corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than the non resistant corn borers
members of 2 different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to preform about the same function. Which of the following observations would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology rather than convergent evolution?
the embryological development of the two structures are similar
which of the following is an example of the PATTERN of evolution
the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans
DDT was once considered a ʺsilver bulletʺ that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead DDT is now largely ineffective against many insects. Which of the following possible actions would have had the best chance of preventing this evolution of DDT resistance?
the use of DDT should have been interspersed with the use of other pesticides that have a different mode of action
If the bacterium S. aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would be most likely to happen in environments that lack antibiotics?
these bacteria would be outcompetes and replaced by bacteria that have lost the antibiotic resistance genes
A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed growing once again in the fields. Which of the following statements best explains the return of pigweed to the farmers fields?
triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce than were non-resistant individuals
eu-
true, good
co-
with or together with
