bio 102 tests 1, 2 and 3

transpiration in plants requires

1,2,3,5 (adhesion, cohesion, evaporation, transport through tracheids)

which of the following statements about bulk flow are correct

1,2,4 (bulf flow is driven primarily by pressure potential, depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink, may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential

which of the following are important components of the long-distance transport process in plants

1,2,4,5 (cohesion of water molecules, negative water potential, active transport of solutes, bulk flow from source to sink

as a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. the nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to 30 meters. about how many meters above the ground is the nail

1.5

which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide harold with future patients?

2 and 3 (defenses against herbivory and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following

2 or 3 (heterokaryotic cells and dikaryotic cells)

arrange the 5 events in order to explain the mass flow of materials in the phloem.

2,4,3,1,5 (leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis, sugar is transported, solutes are actively transported, water diffuses into sieve tubes, sugar moves down stem

how does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell

a flaccid cell has lower pressure potential

which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cyle

a large number of phages are released at a time

one important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from the roots

retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants

allows it to be noursihed by the parent plant

which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on earth

an anearobic archaen species

what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic

an epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global

a plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies woild be considered

annual

plant meristematic cells..

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae

are unicellular

according to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur...

at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change

active transport of amino acids in plants at the cellular level requires

atp, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

what do fungi and arthropods have in common

both groups use chitin for support

consider the following data: most ancient

capable of phagocytosis

which of the following primarily enters a plant somewhere other than through the roots

carbon dioxide

shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

cell elongation localized in each internode

when a mosquito infected with plasmodium first bites a human, the plasmodium

cells infect the human liver cells

you observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. to which of the following group does the fungus belong

chytrids

you are given an unknown organism to identify. it is unicellular...

ciliate

which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched

ciliates-red-tide organisms

which process in paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in pop size

conjugation

bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. which role typically does not involve symbiosis

decomposer

which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants

desiccation

which of the following is a producer

diatom

which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is correct

differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed

monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. this means that monocots

do not produce wood in annual rings

which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms

double internal fertilization

the driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

a water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. this living cell would be a part of which structure

endodrmis

in plant roots, the casparian strip

ensures that all water and dissolves ubstances must pass through a cell membrance before entering the stele

all protists are

eukaryotic

what is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree

evaporation of water through stoma

which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle

female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs

a snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of

foraminiferans

the closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

the most direct ancestors of land plants were probably

green algae

compared to a cel with few aqauporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will

have a faster rate of osmosis

based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycellium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

if a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another

many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to pnenolic secretions of plants like poison oak. these secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that

inhibit herbivory

most of the water taken up by a plant is

lost during transpiration

which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms

male gametophyte

archegonia

may contain sporophyte embryos

what are prions

misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause disease

stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all

modified leaves

which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem

movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant

a plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. what is the most probable cause of the deficiency

mycorrhizal fungi were killed

girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted trees by cutting a groove into the bark of a tree. the groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at leasr 1/2 inch on small trees, and 1-11/2 inches on larger trees. why does this procedure cause tree death

no sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots

will treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection

no; antibiotics work by inhibiting enzymes specific to bacteria. antibiotics have no effect on eukaryotic or virally encoded enzymes

given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots

stomata...

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature

phaeophyta (brown algae) - blade

which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens

photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hypahe

encouraging the growth of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because

photosynthetic protists for atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium

plantae

unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except

plants

in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

dinoflagellates

possess 2 flagella

if all fungi in an environment thar perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed

prokaryotes

in prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in poplulatons, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. the primary reasons for this are

prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes

it has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. what is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis

radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated

the best classification system is that which most closely...

reflects evolutionary history

which viruses have single-stranded rna that acts as a template for dna synthesis

retroviruses

which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil

root hairs

which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral mersitem activity

secondary xylem

which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances

sieve-tube elements

after cytokinesis occurs in building yeasts, the daughter cell has a

similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal- but are vastly different because

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

which of these are spore-producing structures

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

the vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

stele

photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because

stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf

phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. which of the following...phloem transports___ from the ____ source to the ____ sink

sugars; leaf; apical meristem

which of these is not an example of a parenchyma cell

support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems

why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low sprawling growth habit?

the ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air

according to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate

hiv is inactivated in the lab after a few minutes of sitting at room temp, but the flu virus is still active after sitting for several hours, what are the practical consequences of these findings

the flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than Hiv

fungi have an exteremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. what is the advtantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption

the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membraneq

which structure or compartment is seperate from the apoplastic route

the lumen of a sieve tube

if all prokaryotes on earth suddenly vanished, which of the following woild be the most likely and most direct result

the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially

which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

the various taxonomic levels of the hierarchial classification system differ from each other on the basis of

their inclusiveness

biologists sometimes divide living organisms into 2 groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. these 2 groups differ in...

their mode of nutrition

which of the following supports the argument that viruses are nonliving

they are not cellular

which of the following is a characteristic of ciliates?

they are often multinucleate

immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are...what dpes this indicate about their pollination

they are wind pollinated

when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis... this doesnt happen to plant cells because

they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the bryophytes. besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common

they require water for reproduction

why do most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy, with leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5 compared to leaves above and below

to allow maximum exposure to light and to reduce shading of lower leaves

which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system

tracheid-vascular tissue

which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity

tracheids and vessel elements

loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called

transpiration

a fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. the leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface...

tropical rain forest

ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree

very hot, dry, windy day

the movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by

water potentials

a plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. which of the following best describes the plant

woody eudicot