bio 102 tests 1, 2 and 3
transpiration in plants requires
1,2,3,5 (adhesion, cohesion, evaporation, transport through tracheids)
which of the following statements about bulk flow are correct
1,2,4 (bulf flow is driven primarily by pressure potential, depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink, may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential
which of the following are important components of the long-distance transport process in plants
1,2,4,5 (cohesion of water molecules, negative water potential, active transport of solutes, bulk flow from source to sink
as a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. the nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to 30 meters. about how many meters above the ground is the nail
1.5
which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide harold with future patients?
2 and 3 (defenses against herbivory and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following
2 or 3 (heterokaryotic cells and dikaryotic cells)
arrange the 5 events in order to explain the mass flow of materials in the phloem.
2,4,3,1,5 (leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis, sugar is transported, solutes are actively transported, water diffuses into sieve tubes, sugar moves down stem
how does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell
a flaccid cell has lower pressure potential
which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cyle
a large number of phages are released at a time
one important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from the roots
retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants
allows it to be noursihed by the parent plant
which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on earth
an anearobic archaen species
what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic
an epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global
a plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies woild be considered
annual
plant meristematic cells..
are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae
are unicellular
according to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur...
at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change
active transport of amino acids in plants at the cellular level requires
atp, transport proteins, and a proton gradient
what do fungi and arthropods have in common
both groups use chitin for support
consider the following data: most ancient
capable of phagocytosis
which of the following primarily enters a plant somewhere other than through the roots
carbon dioxide
shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to
cell elongation localized in each internode
when a mosquito infected with plasmodium first bites a human, the plasmodium
cells infect the human liver cells
you observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. to which of the following group does the fungus belong
chytrids
you are given an unknown organism to identify. it is unicellular...
ciliate
which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched
ciliates-red-tide organisms
which process in paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in pop size
conjugation
bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. which role typically does not involve symbiosis
decomposer
which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants
desiccation
which of the following is a producer
diatom
which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is correct
differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed
monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. this means that monocots
do not produce wood in annual rings
which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms
double internal fertilization
the driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily
elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem
a water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. this living cell would be a part of which structure
endodrmis
in plant roots, the casparian strip
ensures that all water and dissolves ubstances must pass through a cell membrance before entering the stele
all protists are
eukaryotic
what is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree
evaporation of water through stoma
which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle
female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
a snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of
foraminiferans
the closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
the most direct ancestors of land plants were probably
green algae
compared to a cel with few aqauporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will
have a faster rate of osmosis
based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycellium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?
if a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another
many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to pnenolic secretions of plants like poison oak. these secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that
inhibit herbivory
most of the water taken up by a plant is
lost during transpiration
which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms
male gametophyte
archegonia
may contain sporophyte embryos
what are prions
misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause disease
stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all
modified leaves
which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem
movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant
a plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. what is the most probable cause of the deficiency
mycorrhizal fungi were killed
girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted trees by cutting a groove into the bark of a tree. the groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at leasr 1/2 inch on small trees, and 1-11/2 inches on larger trees. why does this procedure cause tree death
no sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots
will treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection
no; antibiotics work by inhibiting enzymes specific to bacteria. antibiotics have no effect on eukaryotic or virally encoded enzymes
given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely
nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots
stomata...
open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature
phaeophyta (brown algae) - blade
which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens
photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hypahe
encouraging the growth of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because
photosynthetic protists for atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium
plantae
unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except
plants
in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
pollen
dinoflagellates
possess 2 flagella
if all fungi in an environment thar perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed
prokaryotes
in prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in poplulatons, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. the primary reasons for this are
prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes
it has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. what is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis
radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated
the best classification system is that which most closely...
reflects evolutionary history
which viruses have single-stranded rna that acts as a template for dna synthesis
retroviruses
which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil
root hairs
which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral mersitem activity
secondary xylem
which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances
sieve-tube elements
after cytokinesis occurs in building yeasts, the daughter cell has a
similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell
spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal- but are vastly different because
spores are unicellular; seeds are not
which of these are spore-producing structures
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
the vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the
stele
photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because
stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf
phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. which of the following...phloem transports___ from the ____ source to the ____ sink
sugars; leaf; apical meristem
which of these is not an example of a parenchyma cell
support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems
why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low sprawling growth habit?
the ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air
according to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food
the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate
hiv is inactivated in the lab after a few minutes of sitting at room temp, but the flu virus is still active after sitting for several hours, what are the practical consequences of these findings
the flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than Hiv
fungi have an exteremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. what is the advtantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption
the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membraneq
which structure or compartment is seperate from the apoplastic route
the lumen of a sieve tube
if all prokaryotes on earth suddenly vanished, which of the following woild be the most likely and most direct result
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially
which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution
the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
the various taxonomic levels of the hierarchial classification system differ from each other on the basis of
their inclusiveness
biologists sometimes divide living organisms into 2 groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. these 2 groups differ in...
their mode of nutrition
which of the following supports the argument that viruses are nonliving
they are not cellular
which of the following is a characteristic of ciliates?
they are often multinucleate
immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are...what dpes this indicate about their pollination
they are wind pollinated
when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis... this doesnt happen to plant cells because
they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the bryophytes. besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common
they require water for reproduction
why do most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy, with leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5 compared to leaves above and below
to allow maximum exposure to light and to reduce shading of lower leaves
which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system
tracheid-vascular tissue
which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity
tracheids and vessel elements
loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called
transpiration
a fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. the leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface...
tropical rain forest
ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree
very hot, dry, windy day
the movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by
water potentials
a plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. which of the following best describes the plant
woody eudicot