Bio 103 Mod 9 Study Guide

___________ are amoebozoa with close affinities to amoebas and plasmodial slime molds.

Cellular Slime Molds

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

Cyanobacteria

Bacteriophages attach to the cell walls of bacteria by envelope proteins.

False

Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that form a significant portion of the nanoplankton?

Golden algae

At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?

Integration

Which is an anaerobic excavate that is an endosymbiont of animals?

Parabasilid

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea.

Actinopods are mostly marine plankton rhizarians with long, filamentous cytoplasmic projections called __________.

axopods

Polydnaviruses are particles that consist of multiple circles of _______________ encased in capsid proteins and an envelope.

dsDNA

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:

locomotion

Lactic-acid bacteria are used for:

producing sauerkraut.

Crenarchaeota are also called:

sulfur bacteria.

Cells that have a single flagellum or are amoebas with no flagella are _________.

unikonts

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

Bacteria form endospores.

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

Basal body

Which statement about biofilms is FALSE?

Biofilms are usually less than 2 μm thick.

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

Cow digestive tracts

Which of the following is true for exotoxins?

The effect on the host is similar for all.

What is the purpose of phage therapy?

To target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them

A virus is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host.

True

Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

True

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:

contains a certain prophage DNA.

When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called:

penetration

What does ssDNA stand for?

single stranded DNA

The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?

ssRNA

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

strands of RNA.

Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?

Regressive hypothesis

Which protist group typically consists of amoeboid cells surrounded by a hard outer shell through which cytoplasmic projections extend?

Rhizarians

Which protist group possess a crystalline rod in their flagella?

Euglenoids

Amoebozoans move by means of flagella.

False

Coccolithophorids are marine members of the brown algae.

False

Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?

Foraminiferans

_________ secrete many-chambered tests with pores through which cytoplasmic projections extend to move and obtain food.

Forams

An emerging virus is one that is not new to a population or that is rapidly increasing in incidence.

False

The nucleic acid core of the virus is not surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

False

What is a prophage?

It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA.

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

Lysogenic

Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

What are Koch's postulates?

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

I am characterized by having a test and axopods. Who am I?

Actinopods

______ are unicellular amoebozoa found in soil, fresh water, the ocean, and other organisms.

Amoebas

Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?

Bacilli

Horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes.

True

Most protists are:

aquatic

Which has an unusual characteristic in that their circular DNA does not have genes for making the proteins needed to replicate and produce new viruses?

Polydnaviruses

Protists have various means of locomotion; they move by all of the following means EXCEPT:

by mycelium.

Which of the following statements is correct in the context of golden algae?

Are mostly unicellular, biflagellate freshwater and marine stramenopiles

A bacterial cell wall is made up of ______________.

N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and amino acids

What is the correct unit of measurement for the size of most viruses?

Nanometers

Viral proteins can damage host cells by which process?

Overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses

What are subviral agents that depend on co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus?

Satellites

Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is chromosomal DNA.

True

Retroviruses have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate.

True

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

antibiotic resistance.

Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell.

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission.

Which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria?

Excavates

_________ are parasites that produce sporozoites and are nonmotile.

Apicomplexans

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule or slime layer.

Humans have __________ pairs of chromosomes.

23

What is commensalism?

A relationship between individuals of two species in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

Which statement about bacteria is TRUE?

Bacteria are cellular and are sometimes classified as life forms.

Bacteria protect themselves from bacteriophage infections by producing restriction enzymes that cut up foreign RNA of the phage.

False

Bacterial chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source.

False

Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane that contains lipids and peptidoglycans.

False

Parabasilids are excavates that lack functional mitochondria and lack a Golgi complex.

False

Red tides are caused by red algae.

False

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes.

False

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

_______________ are those that have been almost eradicated and then suddenly recur, causing an epidemic.

Re-emerging viruses

Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope.

True

Some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. This condition is known as:

coenocytic

Many green algae produce spores asexually by mitosis; if these spores have flagella and are motile, they are called __________.

zoopores

Which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitoes?

Apicomplexans

What commercial product is derived from the processing of red algae?

Carrageenan

_____________ are collared flagellates in the opisthokont clade, which also includes fungi and animals.

Choanoflagellates

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

Diatoms

What is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of the amoebas?

False feet

Coralline forms of which group of protists are ecologically important in the formation of coral reefs?

Red algae

_______________ are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate.

Retroviruses

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

Streptococci

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.

True

Botox is the marketed version of the botulism exotoxin, used to treat muscle spasms and for cosmetic purposes.

True

The immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an enveloped virus.

True

The stramenopiles include water molds, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.

True

Which statement about bioremediation is FALSE?

Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.

Which statement about viruses is FALSE?

Viruses can manufacture proteins.

Which of the following cause disease and often death?:

Viruses that have only a lytic cycle

According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic elements such as:

plasmids