Bio 105 Final Study Guide

What is the probability of a booby chick with a heterozygous genotype (Ww)? W=p= 0.8 w=q=0.2 A. 0.32 B. 1 C. 0.64 D. 0.04

A. 0.32

Which of the following behaviors would be unlikely to involve imprinting? A. a migrating mother gazelle leaves her calf hidden in the grass while she feeds and always returns to the correct patch of grass B. a songbird that engages in solitary migration using star navigation returns each year to the district where it was hatched C. a nestling male songbird raised in the nest of a different species grows up to sing the song of his foster species D. a migrating mother gazelle is always recognized by her calf when she calls to it E. a nestling male sparrow learns the "dialect" of song that is used in his native district

A. a migrating mother gazelle leaves her calf hidden in the grass while she feeds and always returns to the correct patch of grass

The geographic isolation of a population from other members of the species and the subsequent evolution of reproductive barriers between it and the parent species describes _____________ speciation. A. allopatric B. phylogenic C. punctuated D. sympatric E. biogeographic

A. allopatric

The evolution of Homo floresiensis is an example of A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation C. lack of fertility D. hybridization E. punctuated equilibrium

A. allopatric speciation

During the spring, male prairie chickens gather in open grassy areas and shuffle in a dance with their wings drooped, head erect, and tail feathers spread. The function of this dance is to A. attract the attention of females B. frighten off smaller birds from the territory C. teach courting behavior to younger male birds D. select the showiest females and mate E. imprint the younger male birds

A. attract the attention of females

Most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines, and thorns because the plants A. cannot run away from herbivores B. are relying upon Batesian mimicry C. are camouflaged into their surroundings D. feed on the organisms that try to eat them E. are adapted to attract herbivores

A. cannot run away from herbivores

The pattern of distribution for a certain species of kelp is clumped. We would expect that the pattern of distribution for a population of snails in this habitat that live on the kelp would be A. clumped B. absolute C. uniform D. random E. homogeneous

A. clumped

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? A. descent with modification occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics B. living species have arisen from earlier life forms C. species change over time D. modern species arose through a process known as "descent with modifications" E. descent with modification occurs by natural selection

A. descent with modification occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics

A newly mated queen ant establishes an ant nest in an occupied patch of suitable habitat rich in resources. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation will best describe the initial population growth? A. exponential B. logistic C. quadratic D. linear E. logarithmic

A. exponential

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of insect species that could interbreed except that one mates on goldenrod flowers and the other on autumn daisies that both blossom at the same time? A. habitat isolation B. temporal isolation C. behavioral isolation D. mechanical isolation E. gametic isolation

A. habitat isolation

If H. floresiensis were reunited with H. erectus at a much later date, but the two populations could no longer interbreed, it would be correct to conclude that H. floresiensis A. had evolved reproductive barriers B. is no longer fertile as a species C. has been isolated for more than 50,000 years D. has become less fit than H. erectus E. has experienced genetic drift

A. had evolved reproductive barriers

Mate-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from A. intersexual selection B. directional selection C. intrasexual selection D. stabilizing selection E. disruptive selection

A. intersexual selection

Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies? A. it is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi B. it is frozen in ice C. it gets trapped in sap D. it falls into an acid bog E. it is buried in fine sediments at the bottom of a lake

A. it is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi

Frequency-dependent selection, as seen in the case of the scale-eating fish in Lake Tanganyika, tends to A. maintain two phenotypes in a dynamic equilibrium of a population B. eliminate rare alleles and favor whichever allele is initially most frequent C. stimulate new mutations D. lead to heterozygote advantage E. produce random changes in allele frequencies

A. maintain two phenotypes in a dynamic equilibrium of a population

Natural selection A. results in evolutionary adaptions B. does not affect allelic frequencies C. prepares organisms for future changes in the environment D. is the result of sampling error

A. results in evolutionary adaptions

The baby bobcats watched as their mother stalked a rabbit and pounced, catching a meal that was shared by all. The next day, two of the young bobcats were seen stalking a field mouse, which quickly escaped from the inexperienced hunters. The young bobcats were learning how to hunt by the process of A. social learning B. associative learning C. imprinting D. cognitive map learning E. habituation

A. social learning

After many hours of observation, Jennifer noticed that a squirrel in her backyard seemed to retreat up a certain tree every time it was frightened. At the base of that tree was a wheelbarrow. Jennifer wondered how the squirrel found the same tree each time. Perhaps it simply knew to use the tree with the wheelbarrow. That night, Jennifer moved the wheelbarrow a few feet over and placed it against another tree. The next day, the squirrel retreated up the new tree, with the wheelbarrow resting at its base. This experiment suggests the squirrel was using A. spatial learning B. kinesis C. imprinting D. social learning E. habituation

A. spatial learning

Which of the following organisms belongs to the group represented in Box 1? A. tree B. decomposing bacteria C. earthworm D. leopard E. giraffe

A. tree

One mechanism that prey populations evolve to avoid predation is A. Secretion of digestive enzymes that hydrolyze glucose B. Camouflage C. Increasing the number of offspring produced D. Development of a short gestation period E. Secretion of enzymes that break down toxic plant compounds

B. Camouflage

Which of the following would be an example of agonistic behavior? A. fireflies flash in a species-specific pattern B. a dog raises its hackles, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening C. a honeybee does a waggle dance to indicate the direction of food D. ants mark their trails by releasing pheromones E. a male ruffed grouse spreads its trail and beats its wings to attract females

B. a dog raises its hackles, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening

According to the figure, which pair of organisms shares the most recent common ancestor? A. lungfish and amphibian B. birds and crocodiles C. crocodiles and lizard D. amphibian and mammal E. mammal and crocodile

B. birds and crocodiles

A series of reciprocal adaptions in two species defines A. interspecific competition B. coevolution C. competitive exclusion D. resource partitioning E. niche compartmentalization

B. coevolution

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl? A. mutualism B. competition C. commensalism D. predation E. parasitism

B. competition

Which of the following will likely decrease a population's size? A. increasing the size of its habitat B. decreasing the food supply available to the population C. improving the quality of its habitat D. harvesting populations below their carrying capacity E. practicing sustainable resource management in its habitat

B. decreasing the food supply available to the population

Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection? A. change in response to need B. differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics C. survival of the fittest D. inheritance of acquired characteristics E. a process of constant improvement, leading eventually to perfection

B. differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

The level of ecological organization that incorporates abiotic factors is the A. population B. ecosystem C. symbioses D. species E. community

B. ecosystem

What type of behavior is illustrated by the bird in this figure? A. mating behavior B. fixed action pattern C. foraging D. imprinting E. territoriality

B. fixed action pattern

Thirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light years away from Earth. The mission is successful and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and their gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population? A. bottleneck effect B. founder effect C. gene flow D. natural selection E. high rates of mutation

B. founder effect

A big difference between imitation (social learning) and imprinting is that A. imitation has a primarily genetic basis B. imitation is not limited it a sensitive period C. imprinting does not involve learning D. imprinting can only take place among members of the same species E. imprinting does not involve a reward

B. imitation is not limited it a sensitive period

Agonistic behavior A. increases the number of individuals who mate B. is used to establish dominance hierarchies C. usually causes serious injury to one or both of the combatants D. is rare among vertebrates E. is the result of habituation

B. is used to establish dominance hierarchies

An exotic organism is brought into your geographic region and the population explodes, out-competing the natural native organisms. It has spread beyond any ability to eradicate it and is now a permanent resident. However, it is not a problem back in its homeland where its numbers are minor. What can be done? A. the population of the invasive species will collapse within a few years. They may appear to be permanent residents, but without the presence of the appropriate parasitoids, the invasive species can not survive over any extend of time as it would be possible for a native species B. its success here may be related to having escaped natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. But only after very careful research has indicated that the parasite will not itself become a new problem for native organisms C. invasive species are not able to adapt to environmental conditions outside of their home land D. its success here may be related to having no natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. Parasites should be released immediately.

B. its success here may be related to having escaped natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. But only after very careful research has indicated that the parasite will not itself become a new problem for native organisms

Darwin found that some of the species on the Galapagos Islands resembled species of the South American mainland A. very closely; in most cases, the species from the mainland and the islands were identical B. more than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands C. less than they resembled animals from Australia D. less than they resembled animals from Europe E. less than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands

B. more than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands

A community is composed of A. living organisms and their nonliving environment B. potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organism C. several ecosystems on one continent D. the factors that constitute an organism's niche E. one species of organisms living in a specific environment on Earth

B. potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organism

Answers to questions about the immediate mechanism for a behavior are called A. habituation B. proximate cause C. cognitive mapping D. ultimate cause E. conclusions

B. proximate cause

Speciation without geographic isolation is called ___________ speciation. A. punctuated B. sympatric C. diversifying D. allopatric E. incomplete

B. sympatric

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn? A. gametic isolation B. temporal isolation C. behavioral isolation D. mechanical isolation E. habitat isolation

B. temporal isolation

When building a nest, a female Fisher's lovebird cuts long strips of vegetation and carries them to the nest site one at a time in her beak. The female peach-faced lovebird cuts short strips and carries them to the nest tucked under back feathers. Hybrid female offspring cut intermediate-sized strips and attempt to tuck them under back feathers before carrying them in their beak. What does this demonstrate about behavior? A. lovebirds can be trained easily B. there is a genetic basis to behavior C. the smaller the strip, the easier it is to carry D. behavior can be learned from parents E. environment is important in forming behaviors

B. there is a genetic basis to behavior

You lose track of your friend in a store and start looking for her. Which of the following things that you could to represents the use of search image? A. you call your friends name B. you think about what color clothing she wore and look for that color C. you return to the last place you saw your friend D. you go to the department in the store where your friend most likes to shop E. you ask a women if she has seen anyone around this part of the store

B. you think about what color clothing she wore and look for that color

When a crocodile eats a fish, the interspecific interaction between the two could be expressed as __________ for the crocodile and _________ for the fish. A. +...+ B. --...++ C. +...- D. -...+ E. -...-

C. +...-

What is the probability of a booby chick with a homozygous recessive genotype (ww)? W=p=0.8 w=q=0.2 A. 0.64 B. 0.32 C. 0.04 D. 1

C. 0.04

According to this graph the population growth of fur seals, in what year did the population first reach its carrying capacity? A. 1930 B. 1920 C. 1945 D. 1910 E. 1925

C. 1945

Which of the following terms represents the frequency of heterozygotes in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. p-squared B. q C. 2pq D. p E. q-squared

C. 2pq

According to these graphs, that are assembled from data collected at two different forest sites - the Bear Wallow Diorite Complex (BWDC in black); and - the South Fork Mountain - mica-schist (SFM in grey) forest, researchers concluded that A. N content in leaves in BWDC locations is independent of the N content in rocks at BWDC locations B. N content in the leaves of trees in a forest location is independent of the N content in the rocks in that location C. N content in the rocks at one location with the N content of soil and leaves at that location D. N content in the soil of BWDC forests is generally much higher compared to SFM forests

C. N content in the rocks at one location with the N content of soil and leaves at that location

A population is A. all individuals of a species, regardless of location or time period which they live B. a group of individuals of different species living in the same place at the same time C. a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time D. a group of species that share a common characteristic E. a group of individuals of a species plus all of the other species with which they interact

C. a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

Broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by A. genetic drift B. speciation C. artificial selection D. natural selection E. inheritance of acquired characteristics

C. artificial selection

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of moth species that could interbreed except the females' mating pheromones are not attractive to the males of the other species? A. gametic isolation B. habitat isolation C. behavioral isolation D. mechanical isolation E. temporal isolation

C. behavioral isolation

Frequently, a group of related species will each have a unique courtship ritual that must be performed correctly for both partners to be willing to mate. Such a ritual constitutes a __________, _____________ reproductive barrier. A. temporal... prezygotic B. mechanical... postzygotic C. behavioral... prezygotic D. mechanical... prezygotic E. gametic... postzygotic

C. behavioral... prezygotic

The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called A. community size B. population growth C. carrying capacity D. density-dependent factor E. reproductive potential

C. carrying capacity

After a copper smelter begins operation, local populations of plants downwind of the plant begin to adapt to the resulting air pollution. Scientist document, for example, that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted areas. This is an example of a response to A. disruptive selection B. stabilizing selection C. directional selection D. genetic drift E. hetereozygote advantage

C. directional selection

Two populations of organisms belong to the same biological species when they A. use different types of behaviors or physical features to attract males B. have anatomical features that make it difficult for organisms from the different populations to mate C. encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions D. can't mate with each other, because mating occurs at different times E. mate with each other, but produce offspring that are vigorous (suffer reduced viability)

C. encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions

Territories are typically used for A. topography B. vegetation density C. feeding D. identification of kin E. migration

C. feeding

A survivorship curve is a A. model for population growth that incorporates the concept of carrying capacity B. graph that plots an individual's likelihood of reproducing as a function of age C. graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age D. graph that shows the effect of predation on a prey population E. model for population growth that incorporates reproductive rates

C. graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age

The three greatest threats to biodiversity, in order starting with the greatest, are A. the introduction of invasive species, overexploitation, and habitat destruction B. overexploitation, habit destruction, and the introduction of invasive species, C. habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species, and overexploitation D. habitat destruction, natural enemies, and the introduction of invasive species E. the introduction of invasive species, habitat destruction, and overexploitation

C. habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species, and overexploitation

When you successfully sleep through the night at home although trains are passing by all night that keep visiting friends up, you are demonstrating A. associative learning B. conditioning C. habituation D. imitation E. imprinting

C. habituation

Large antlers in male elk, which are used for battles between males, are a good example of a trait favored by A. intersexual selection B. directional selection C. intrasexual selection D. stabilizing selection E. directional selection

C. intrasexual selection

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species? A. a tendency on the part of females to mater with the healthiest males B. mutations that alter the gene pool C. little gene flow with surrounding populations D. a small population size E. frequent interbreeding with individuals from a second population with different values of p and q

C. little gene flow with surrounding populations

Which of the follow types of reproductive barriers separates two flowering plant species that could interbreed except that one has a deep flower tube and is pollinated by bumblebees, whereas the other has a short, narrow flower tube and is pollinated by honeybees? A. gametic isolation B. temporal isolation C. mechanical isolation D. behavioral isolation E. habitat isolation

C. mechanical isolation

Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in populations? A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. natural selection D. the founder effect E. mutation

C. natural selection

A group of individuals if a single species that occupy the same general area defines a A. subspecies B. species C. population D. community E. clone

C. population

In the logistic growth model, as population size increases, birth rates A. and death rates increase B. and death rates remain steady C. rates decline and or death rates increase D. remain constant and death rates increase E. decline but death rates remain steady

C. rates decline and or death rates increase

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation? A. a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic diversity B. a high rate of gene flow C. stabilizing selection D. a founder effect E. directional selection

C. stabilizing selection

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only ten birds remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true? A. the ten remaining birds will mate only with each other, and this will contribute to gene flow in the population B. this situation illustrate the principle of adaptive radiation C. the hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity D. this situation illustrates the effect of a mutation event E. assuming that no new birds come to the island and no mutations occur, future generations of this population will contain both green and yellow birds

C. the hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity

Blue-footed boobies have webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as A. a curiosity that has little to teach us regarding evolution B. an example of a trait that has not evolved C. the outcome of a tradeoff: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food D. an example of a trait that is poorly adapted E. one the the unsolvable mysteries of nature

C. the outcome of a tradeoff: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food

Squirrels on a bird feeder seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds no matter what people do to prevent it. Yesterday, Jeremy hung out a new bird feeder design, and sure enough, by the end of the day the squirrels found a way to get the seeds. The squirrels most likely figured out how to get the seeds through A. the use of cognitive maps B. habituation C. trial-and-error learning D. imprinting E. spatial learning

C. trial-and-error learning

Which of the following species shown is polyploid? A. T. tauschiii B. T. monococcum C. and AB sterile hybrid D. T. turgidun E. wild Triticum

D. T. turgidun

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's? A. Lamarck B. Lyell C. Mendel D. Wallace E. Aristotle

D. Wallace

The death by bubonic plague of about one-third of Europe's population during the fourteenth century is a good example of A. abiotic factors limiting population size B. a density-independent effect C. a time lag D. a density-dependent effect E. carrying capacity

D. a density-dependent effect

If the owl species in the question above is the major factor controlling rabbit populations, which of the following population effects could be expected in this rabbit-owl pair? A. an increase in the rabbits' food supply should not change the owl population B. an increase in the incidence of disease in the rabbit population should not change the owl population C. a fall in the rabbit population should cause an increase in the owl population D. an increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population E. a fall in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population

D. an increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population

In their 30-year studies of Darwin's finches, the Grants have discovered that while the ground finch and cactus finch occasionally form hybrids, these hybrids A. are unable to feed themselves and die soon after leaving the nest B. are unable to produce a song and are therefore unable to find a mate C. reproduce with the parent species, showing that ground finches and cactus finches are all one species D. can only survive during wet years when there are plenty of soft, small seeds E. usually die before hatching

D. can only survive during wet years when there are plenty of soft, small seeds

A Type II survivorship curve is the result of which of the following life history traits? A. infant mortality being much greater than adult mortality B. parents providing extended care for their young C. a short lifespan for most individuals D. death rates remaining constant over the lifespan E. large numbers of offspring being produced

D. death rates remaining constant over the lifespan

Which statement best describes the mode of selection depicted in the figure? A. stabilizing selection, changing the average color of the population over time B. disruptive selection, favoring the average individual C. stabilizing selection, leading to darker and darker populations over time D. directional selection, changing the average color of the population over time E. directional selection, favoring the average individual

D. directional selection, changing the average color of the population over time

A moth population consists of insects that are either very dark on top or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No moth shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might result from A. stabilizing selection B. random mating C. directional selection D. disruptive selection E. sexual selection

D. disruptive selection

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates two species of sea cucumbers, whose sperm and eggs often bump into each other but do not cross-fertilize because of incompatible proteins on their surfaces? A. behavioral isolation B. habitat isolation C. temporal isolation D. gametic isolation E. mechanical isolation

D. gametic isolation

Genetic difference between populations tend to be reduced by A. mutation B. the bottleneck effect C. natural selection D. gene flow E. the founder effect

D. gene flow

The sickle-cell allele produces a serious blood disease in homozygotes. Why doesn't natural selection eliminate this allele from all human populations? A. genetic drift tends to keep the allele present in human populations B. mutations keep bringing the allele back into circulation C. natural selection occurs very slowly, but elimination of the sickle-cell allele is expected to occur soon D. in populations where endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: they are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele E. natural selection is a positive force, so it does not eliminate alleles

D. in populations where endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: they are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele

In a particular environment, there are no fitness difference among individuals with dark hair and individuals with light hair. The term that best describes this situation is A. random mating B. natural selection C. random selection D. neutral variation E. differential reproductive success

D. neutral variation

Imagine that you are studying a very large population of moths that is isolated from gene flow. A single gene controls wing color. Half of the moths have white-spotted wings (genotype WW or Ww) and half of the moths have plain brown wings (ww). There are no new mutations, individuals mate randomly, and there is no natural selection on wing color. How will p, the frequency of the dominant allele, change over time? A. p will increase initially, then decrease until the W allele vanishes from the population B. p will increase; the dominant allele will eventually take over and become most common in the population C. p will decrease because of genetic drift D. p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described E. p will fluctuate rapidly and randomly because of genetic drift

D. p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described

Organisms that possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes are said to be A. allopatric B. haploid C. diploid D. polyploid E. hybrids

D. polyploid

Dinoflagellates are important to coral and coral-dwelling animals because they A. are toxic to species that prey on reef-dwelling fish B. produce CO2 and nitrogen for coral C. provide shelter for the fast-growing seaweeds associated with coral D. produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis E. maintain environmental conditions throughout the coral system

D. produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis

Deep branch points near the base, or trunk, of an evolutionary tree represent ______________, while branch points near the tips of the branches represent _____________. A. relatively recent common ancestors... relatively ancient common ancestors B. complex organisms... simpler organisms C. organisms that share homologous structures... organisms that do not share any homologous structures D. relatively ancient common ancestors... relatively recent common ancestors E. organisms with relatively simple traits... organisms with relatively complex traits

D. relatively ancient common ancestors... relatively recent common ancestors

A researcher measures plant growth after fertilization with 3 different concentrations of fertilizers compared to a control that does not receive any additional fertilizer. She records the data and plots her results in a graph. Where should she plot the independent variable and what is it? A. the independent variable should be plotted on the y-axis. It is the different fertilizer concentrations and control B. the independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis. It is the growth measured from the different plants C. the independent variable should be plotted on the y-axis. It is the growth measured from the different plants D. the independent should be plotted on the x-axis. It is the different fertilizer concentrations and control

D. the independent should be plotted on the x-axis. It is the different fertilizer concentrations and control

Which of the following is communicated by courtship displays? A. the males represent a threat to other males B. the individuals are not interesting in mating C. the individuals are of different species D. the individuals are fertile and of the opposite sex E. the individuals intended to hurt eachother

D. the individuals are fertile and of the opposite sex

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures? A. the feathers of a bird and the wing membrane of a bat B. the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird C. the wings of a bat and the scales of a fish D. the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale E. the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

D. the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale

In England, at a time when milk was still delivered to doorsteps each morning in foil-capped glass bottles, a songbird called the great tit starting pecking through the caps and drinking the cream in the necks of the bottles. This behavior spread through the great tit population in a matter of years. The emergence and spread of this behavior probably depended on A. trial and error plus habituation B. habituation C. habituation plus imitation D. trial and error plus imitation E. trial and error plus imprinting

D. trial and error plus imitation

Which of the following conclusions is supported by this graph? A. wagtails get more calories per second of handling with larger flies than smaller ones B. wagtails get more calories per second of handling with smaller flies than larger ones C. wagtails get more calories per second from the largest and smallest flies within the 7-mm flies D. wagtails get more calories per second of handling with 7-mm flies than with either larger or smaller ones E. prey size does not affect the number of calories per second of handling by wagtails

D. wagtails get more calories per second of handling with 7-mm flies than with either larger or smaller ones

Which of the following would a biologist describe as microevolution? A. the extinction of a species B. the formation of a new species C. dramatic biological changes, such as the origin of flight, within a taxon D. the generation of biodiversity E. a change in the allele frequencies within the gene pool of a population

E. a change in the allele frequencies within the gene pool of a population

A biological species is defined as a group of organisms that A. are genetically similar B. are physically similar C. live together in a location and carry out identical ecological roles D. share a recent common ancestors E. have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

E. have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby's mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. habituation D. imprinted behavior E. innate behavior

E. innate behavior

The modification of behavior based upon specific experiences defines A. conditioning B. imprinting C. habituation D. associative learning E. learning

E. learning

Many rats were tested for their ability to learn a maze. The average number of errors for a total of 14 runs was 64 per rat. The rats that made the fewest errors were bred to each other, and the offspring were tested in a similar way. This process was repeated for seven generations, at which point the average number of errors for 14 trial was 36. This experiment demonstrates that A. learned behavior cannot be inherited B. maze-learning ability depends mainly on early contact with adept parents C. maze-learning ability increases with increasing homozygosity of the genome D. natural selection has a role in the evolution of fixed action patterns but not in the evolution of behavior involving learning E. maze-learning ability has genetic basis

E. maze-learning ability has genetic basis

The ultimate source of new alleles is A. chromosomal duplication B. natural selection C. any form of mutation, regardless of the cell type D. genetic drift E. mutation in parent cells (asexual organisms) or in cells that produce gametes (sexual organisms)

E. mutation in parent cells (asexual organisms) or in cells that produce gametes (sexual organisms)

When two different populations in a community benefit from their relationship with each other, the result is called A. partnership B. predation C. herbivory D. competition E. mutualism

E. mutualism

The sum total of a population's use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its habitat constitutes its A. evolution B. distribution C. environment D. range E. niche

E. niche

If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals for a given species, and 2000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population A. size will remain at equilibrium B. size will slowly increase C. will show a uniform dispersion pattern D. will show a clumped dispersion pattern E. size will decrease

E. size will decrease

Genetic drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called A. gene flow B. the founder effect C. nonrandom mating D. natural selection E. the bottleneck effect

E. the bottleneck effect

Tay-Sachs is inherited as an autosomal recessive allele. Homozygous individuals die within the first few years of life. However, there is some evidence that heterozygous individuals are more resistant to tuberculosis. Which of the following statements about Tay-Sachs is true? A. this situation is an example of directional selection B. this situation is an example of disruptive selection C. heterozygotes will be more fit than either homozygote regardless of environmental conditions D. the allele for Tay-Sachs is selected against E. this situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population

E. this situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population

The evolutionary explanation for behavior are called the A. adaptive motivator B. evolutionary schematic C. proximal causes D. selected advantage E. ultimate cause

E. ultimate cause

You drive through Iowa in the spring and notice that along a stretch of several kilometers, every third fencepost has a male redwing blackbird perched on it defending its nesting territory. This is an example of A. artificial dispersion B. clumped dispersion C. learned dispersion D. random dispersion E. uniform dispersion

E. uniform dispersion

Which of the following assumptions or observations contradicts Darwin's idea of natural selection? A. organisms complete for limited resources B. heritable traits that promote successful reproduction should gradually become more common in a population C. populations produce more offspring that their environment can support D. organisms vary in heritable ways E. whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random change

E. whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random change

An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. The very first step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine A. what habitats the rabbits and the owls occupy B. to which diseases the rabbit population is subject C. whether populations of the rabbit that live outside the range of the owl have higher population densities D. what food the rabbits eat E. whether the owls eat the rabbits

E. whether the owls eat the rabbits