Bio 105 Lab FINAL
The transverse processes of vertebrae point ___, while the spinous process points ___
laterally and posteriorly
The spinal cord
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain
Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half
longitudinal fissure
The typical concentration of sodium is _______.
lower than potassium intracellularly.
Which of the following terms are NOT used interchangeably?
motor unit -motor neuron
A muscle fiber is
muscle cell
The white matter of the spinal cord contains
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
only motor fibers
which of the following is true about osmosis
osmosis is the flow of water across a plasma membrane
the cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the
outside, gray matter on the outside, and a dorsal sensory root
This bone is commonly called the kneecap.
patella
The diaphysis of a long bone is covered by
periosteum
membrane transport may be passive or active.Select the active process from the list below
phagocytosis
All of the following are short bones except
phalanges
Name the bone or bones of the forearm
radius and ulna
Which of the following can trigger a muscle twitch?
release of acetylcholine or electrical stimulation
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
This tissue can look like the hexagonal tiles of the bathroom floor.It also forms the air sacs of the lungs.
simple squamous epithelium
Which type of epithelium has the following characteristics:multiple layers,squamous cell shape,dead outer layers of cells,and keratin present in some cells?
stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
This strong, cord-like structure attaches muscles to bones.
tendon
A motor unit is defined as _______.
the axon terminals of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates
The two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle converge to insert onto ___
the calcaneus
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?
the dorsal root has a ganglion
When acetylcholine to its receptors,it results in ______.
the end plate potential,a graded depolarization,and a change in ion permeability
When wave summation occurs, _______.
the muscle force generated increases
Which of the following is proportional to the amount of tension produced by a skeletal muscle?
the number of motor units activated
The various types of epithelium are classified by
the shape of cells and number of cell layer
The dark band of skeletal muscle results from the alignment of
thick filaments
What is the minimum voltage needed to generate active force in the skeletal muscle?
threshold voltage
The spinal cord ends at the
2nd lumbar vertebrae
If a scanning objective (4X) is used, what is the total magnification of a microscope?
40X
How many extrinsic eye muscles are there?
6
Which of the following molecules is NOT thought to accumulate during muscle fatigue?
ATP
Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called __________.
Abduction
The names of these muscles tell you their actions.
Adductor magnus and extensor digitorum
You have lost the sensation, but not movement, in one of your hands due to a problem with your neurons. Based upon these symptoms, what type of neuron was most likely affected
Afferent neuron
During the check cells experiment, we added the following stain: methylene blue. Which part of the cell became more distinct or more visible.
All of the above (Nucleus, Cell membrane and Cytoplasm)
Which statement is true?
All of the above (The plasma membrane is basically two layers of phospholipids with cholesterol and proteins molecules wedged in between them. The phospholipids are structurally similar to triglycerides, with a phosphate group attached to one of the carbons at the glycerol "head" end., and two fatty acids "tails", the fatty acids "tails are non-polar, hydrophobic molecules that attempt to "hide" from water, while the glycerol/phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic ('water-loving")
Many different proteins are found in the membrane. The transport proteins are very important and help moving things (ions, particles, molecules etc..) across the membrane
All of the above (integral proteins, channel proteins, carrier proteins)
A synaptic cleft, or synaptic gap, can be found between a neuron and ____
All of these ( A gland, another neuron, and a muscle cell)
Which of the following occurs first
An action potential arrives at the axon terminal.
The study of normal body structures is called __________.
Anatomy (Body Structures)
The sternum (breastbone) is ___ to the vertebral column.
Anterior
A patient has a bruise on the ventral surface of the upper limb just distal to the antecubital region. It is located on the
Anterior Forearm
In Bulk Transport, exocytosis is the movement of macromolecules into the cell
Aquaporins
The anterior segment of the eye contains a fluid called
Aqueous humor
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
Arachnoid and pia
This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries.
Areolar
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic nervous system
This part of the neuron generates and conducts action potentials
Axon
The _____ forms synapses, or junctions, with other nuerons or effector cells
Axon terminal
Which of the following is NOT a pat of the appendicular skeleton
Bony Thorax
The pelvis consists of _____
Both hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum and coccyx
In comparing simple diffusion to facilitated diffusion, you note that ________.
Both require a concentration gradient
Which region is visible only on the posterior/dorsal body surface?
Calcaneal
which of the following occurs during the latent period of the muscle contraction?
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex?
Cells, tissues, organ system, organism
You pick up a vertebra to identify it and note that the transverse processes contain foramina. This unique feature identifies the vertebra as coming from the _________ region of the vertebral column
Cervical
Which of the following structures is highly vascular
Choroid
Muscles are named based on all the criteria below expect____
Color of the muscle
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
Columns and the gray matter into horns
The ____ of the retina detect color and function only in ____ light.
Cones and bright
Which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest?
Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation
A nerve ___
Consists if axons wrapped in connective tissue in the PNS
Identify the incorrect statement regarding the vitreous body.
Consists of a thin, watery fluid
Coordination of skeletal muscle activity is one of the functions of the cerebellum. Another is __ _
Control of balance and equilibrium
Identify the structure that allows light to first enter the eye
Cornea
This part of the rib articulates with the appropriate vertebra
Costal End
While playing soccer yesterday, your friend told you he has been hit in the anterior surface of his leg, what is the name of this particular region?
Crural
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched
Dendritic Cells - activate the immune system
This tough, strong, connective tissue is found directly beneath the epithelial tissue of the skin. It is packed with collagen fibers that run in all different directions.
Dense Irregular
This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones.
Dense Regular
This region of the skin contains abundant elastic and collagen fibers
Dermis
This pair of muscles includes the prime mover of inspiration, and its synergist
Diaphragm and external intercostals
_____ controls the body by means of chemicals molecules called hormones
Endocrine
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
Epidural Space
Longitudinal bone growth occurs at this location in long bones
Epiphyseal plates
The cibriform foramina, through which the fibers of cranial nerve pass, are located in the ___ bone of the floor of the skull
Ethmoid
A muscle located on the the anterior surface of the thigh will ___ the knee, whereas a muscle on the posterior surface will ___ the knee
Extend and Flex
The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain
False
True or False: Children and guest are permitted in the lab
False
Each of the elements that make us a skeletal muscle is surrounded by connective tissue. Which are correctly paired? A. fascicle:perimysium B. entire muscle: epimysium C. functional group of muscles:endomysium D. muscle fiber: deep fascia
Fascicle: perimysium
What is the correct order of structures as you move from outside a muscle cell, to deep inside it
Fiber, myofibril, myofilament
This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.
Fibrocartilage
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except ___ tissue
Fibrous
Below are listed pairs of anatomical structures. The first is a layer of the wall of the eye, and the second is a structure that is a part of that layer. Select the pair that correctly matches layer with structure.
Fibrous Layer, Cornea
From outermost to innermost layers, the wall of the eye consists of these three layers.
Fibrous, Vascular and Sensory
In the body, filtration is important in moving ________.
Fluid and solutes out of the capillaries and into the kidney tubules
Which of the following bones is unpaired
Frontal
The central sulcus of each cerebral hemispheres separates the
Frontal and Parietal lobes
What is the microscopic study of tissues ?
Histology
this bone does not articulate with any other bone. Muscles of the neck and tongue attach to this
Hyoid
The urinary bladder, found in the __ region of the abdominopelvic cavity, is evenly divided between the two ___ abdominopelvic quadrants
Hypo-gastric and Lower
The diencephalic structure is involved in many functions including temperature regulation, water balance, and fat carbohydrate metabolism
Hypothalamus
Which of the following describes how increasing the duration of the rest period affected muscle tension?
Increasing the duration of the rest period increased the duration of the subsequent maximal tension
Which of the following would result in fused or unfused tetanus compared to a single muscle twitch?
Increasing the stimulus frequency
______ is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
Integumentary
What might be occurring on a molecular level during the rest periods?
Intracellular ADP and inorganic phosphate are decreasing
The precentral gyrus
Is a major motor of the brain
Does potassium permanganate diffuse more rapidly through water or through agar gel?
It diffuses more rapidly through agar, because there are channels in agar that help dye the solution to move
In this organ, filtration is the important first step in producing urine
Kidney
The source of energy for diffusion is
Kinetic energy
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
Lacrimal Bone
The mammary region is _______ to the sternal region.
Lateral
Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
Identify the structure that regulates the amount of light entering the posterior segment of the eye
Lens
you being your observations using the ___ lens and the ___ adjustment knob
Lowest- power and coarse
An exaggerated curvature of this region of the vertebral column causes lordosis
Lumbar
Which are of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata
The division of human cells consists of a series of events, collectively called ____, or nuclear division and ___, or division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis and Cytokineses
Internuerons (association neurons) in the brain are likely to be ___ neurons
Multipolar
In this activity, why did the muscle force decrease over time?
Muscle Fatigue Developed
Why does wave summation occur?
Muscle fibers are partially contracted when the next stimulus arrives.
From gross to microscopic, the parts of a muscle are ________.
Muscle, fascicle and fiber
Which bone is not a part of the orbit?
Nasal
All of the following are examples of connective tissue except: A. Bones B. Ligaments C. Neurons D. Tendons
Neurons
These structures are seen in the midsagittal section of the human
Nose, Umbilicus (navel)
These nervous system cells are highly specialized to transmit messages throughout the body.
Nuerons
In which lobe of the brain is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital
The foramen magnum is located in which bones of the skull
Occipital
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes"
Occiptal Bone - Atlas
Children are often told to keep this process off the table while eating.
Olecranon
Extension (or straightening) of the elbow stops when the proximal end of the ulna encounters the
Olecranon fossa of the humerus
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and coveys it to the opposite side?
Optic Chiasm
This muscle closes the eyes, allowing you to wink or blink.
Orbicularis Oculi
Which of the following is NOT the correct anatomical position
Palms facing hips
This part of the brain stem consists primarily of fiber tracts. It resembles a bridge.
Pons
Name the bone of bones of the forearm
Radius and Ulna
Identify the neuron layer
Retina
The actual contractile units of muscles extend from z disc to z disc. They are
Sarcomeres
acromial end of clavicle articulates with
Scapula
The plasma membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell and keeps undesirable substances out of the cell. It also allows wastes to pass out of the cell and keeps valuable cell proteins inside the cell. The property is called
Selective permeability
The formation of myelin in the peripheral nervous system is accomplished by these cells
Shwann Cells
____ provides support and levers on which the muscular system acts
Skeletal
establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the ___
Sodium-potassium pump
The hypophyseal fossa of the sell turcica, which surrounds the pituitary gland, is a part of the ___ bone
Sphenoid
These keystones bones of the face contact all other facial bones except the mandible
Sphenoids
Epithelial tissue can be classified according to the cell shape.________ epithelial cells are scale_like and flattened.
Squamous
A patient has been stabbed in the ventral surface of the abdomen in the epigastric region. Which organ is more likely to be punctured
Stomach
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
Stratum Basale
This layer of the epidermis contains translucent cells filled with keratin fibrils. It is found only in thick skin
Stratum Lucidum
From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thin skin are
Stratum basale, stratum spinosium, stratum granulosum, stratum conrneum
Connective tissue us separated into subgroups based on the
Structure of the extracellular matrix
The surface of the cerebral hemispheres consists of ridges and grooves. The shallows grooves are called
Sulci
Which of the following is not a function of the skin
Synthesizing Vitamin C
This structure, present in the cow eye but not in the human eye, is a special iridescent reflecting surface that helps animals to see in low light conditions
Tapetum lucidum
These are the ankle bones
Tarsals
The cranial bones that house the organs of hearing are the ______ bones
Temporal
Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
At a chemical synapse, the intensity of the stimulus is coded by ___
The amount of nuerotransmitter released and the amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal
A patient comes to the clinic and has been complaining of a pain in the lower abdomen with fever and period of vomiting for the last two days. When you ask him to show you where it hurts, he points to the right lower quadrant of his abdomen. Which organ is most likely the cause?
The appendix
In addition to supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton provides this function as well
The bones store fat, red marrow and calcium
Field of view is considered as the
The circular field you see when you look through the ocular lens
In a hyper-tonic solution
The concentration of water outside of the cell is greater than inside the cell
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:
The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
___ is found in the right hypochondriac region
The liver
Sternocleidomastoid is named for _______.
The location of their origin and insertion
As the stimulus voltage was increased in this activity, which of the following occurred?
The muscle force generated increased.
Which of the following does NOT describe tetanus?
The muscle relaxes fully between contractions.
You are a CNA on call tonight at a nursing home facility, the nurse instructed you to be ready to perform a perineal cleaning for a resident. Which part of the body is she referring to?
The region between the anus and the external genital organs
What effect did increasing the extracellular potassium have on the resting membrane potential?
The resting membrane potential became less negative
which of the following describes the relaxation phase?
The sarcomeres are increasing length,and the force generated decreses.
Which of the following is false?
The ventral root is formed by the axons of the neurons in the lateral and anterior horns
The frontal plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts
The release of neurotransmitter occurs
axon terminal
The skeleton is constructed of two types of tissue
bone and cartilage
The heel bone is called the
calcaneus
____ delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
cardiovascular
At the neuromuscular junction, the electrical signal of the nerve __
causes the axon terminal to release acetylcholine (Ach)
The pectoral girdle is composed of the ___
clavicle and scapula and humerus
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
Which of the following is matched correctly?
complete tetanus - fused tetanus
this type is very important in support,protection and strength
connective tissue
corpus callosum
consists of fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as
dorsal root
The thickest of the meninges is the
dura mater
A membrane transport process is active if it requires
energy provided by ATP
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _____ tissue.
epithelial
Which tissue type forms glands
epithelial
This bone of the leg bears no weight
fibula
The spinal cord begins at the
foramen magnum
During muscle fatigue, the ____________ decreases.
force of contraction
Bone and Cartilage are connective tissues that have ____
ground substance that is firm or hard
The quadriceps are the prime movers of knee extension. Which muscle group is antagonist to knee extension
hamstrings
The glenoid cavity of the scapula receives the
humerus
As the stimulus voltage increased, the resulting muscle tension _______.
increased to a point until it reached a plateau
Myelin is important in ________.
insulating axons and increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials
the conus medullaris
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
A nerve is ___
a bundle of axons
Treppe is the phenomenon that results in _______.
a progressive increase in the force generated with repetitive stimulation
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily. D) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
The minimum voltage that is required to generate an action potential is called the ____
Threshold Voltage
Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
The shape of this muscle gives it its names.
Trapezius
The name reveals the number of the muscles origins
Triceps Brachii
A solution contains solute (dye or other substance) and a solvent. Usually water is the solvent
True
All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain.
True
Bulk flow occurs when a solution or suspension is forced to move by some external force such as hydrostatic (water) pressure, blood pressure, or air pressure
True
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area where they are present at a high concentration to an area of lower concentration
True
Diffusion will continue as long as there is a concentration gradient. But will stop if the system reaches equilibrium.
True
Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particles tend to seperate. For example, flour and water form a suspension
True
T/F the filium terminal anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
True
T/F: Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
True
T/F: The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.
True
The hydrophobic part or tail of the phospholipid bilayer is composed of fatty acid
True
The material (solvent and particles that pass through the filter is called the filtrate
True
True or False: The mechanical stage knob controls the movement of the slide on the stage
True
True or False: the nose piece carries the objective lenses and rotates so that the different objective lenses can be brought into position over the specimen
True
cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles
True
epithelial cells may absorb,secrete,and filter.
True
the integral proteins span the membrane and make it possible for the cell to move things such as ions across the membrane that otherwise could not pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
True
______ rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
Urinary
When the frequency of stimulation of a muscle is great enough, __
Wave summation results and muscle twitches overlap
Which of the following describes the relationship between stimulus frequency and muscle tension?
When stimulus frequency increases, muscle tension increases to a maximum value
Functional classification of neurons is based on ___
Whether the signal carried is traveling toward or away from the CNS
In adults, ___ marrow fills the central canal of long bones and ____ marrow is found in the epiphyses of long bones
Yellow and Red
What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as cheekbones?
Zygomatic bones