Bio 110- Quiz 3

Atoms are held together by chemical bonds.

How are atoms held together?

Two atoms share a pair of electrons. Two types: 1) Nonpolar Covalent 2) Polar Covalent

How are covalent bonds formed?

Hydrogen bonds are technically NOT chemical bonds because: -They do not make atoms into molecules -They are individually weak -The stabilize larger molecules

Are hydrogen bonds chemical bonds?

In a nonpolar covalent bond, atoms share electrons equally. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally such that one end is slightly negative, and the other is slightly positive.

Compare and contrast nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond.

Measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. "Potential Hydrogen"

Define pH

1) Ionic bond -Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. 2) Covalent bond -Sharing of electrons between atoms. 3) Hydrogen bond -Does not involve the sharing of electrons, as in a covalent bond. -Instead, hydrogen bonds involve an attraction between the positive and negative poles of charged atoms.

How are electrons involved in each type of bond formation?

Strong association between a positive ion and a negative ion. The mutual attraction of opposite charges holds the two kinds of ions together.

How are ionic bonds formed?

Some trans fat is naturally found in small amounts in some animal products such as meat, whole milk, and milk products. However, artificial trans fats are created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. The primary dietary source for artificial trans fats is in processed food is "partially hydrogenated oils."

How are trans fats formed?

Form between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. Each pair separates into polar covalent bonds.

How is a hydrogen bond formed?

1st = 2 e 2nd = 8 e 3rd = 18 e

How many electrons can each ring in the Bohr Model hold?

a. Carbohydrates b. Fats c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids

Name the four main types of biological molecules

1) Saturated 2) Unsaturated 3) Trans Fat

What are the different kinds of fats?

1. Primary structure -Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds form a linear polypeptide chain 2. Secondary structure -Polypeptide chains form sheets and coils 3. Tertiary structure -Sheets and coils pack into functional domains 4. Quaternary structure -Many proteins (e.g. enzymes) consist of two or more chains

What are the four structural levels of protein?

1. Ionic bond 2. Covalent bond 3. Hydrogen bond

What are the three major chemical bonds?

Functional groups are groups of molecules attached to organic molecules and give them specific identities or functions. -Functional groups are collections of atoms that attach the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and confer specific properties. -Functional groups in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

What is a functional group?

M = moles/L

What is a molar unit?

Carbon. Carbon can bond with up to 4 other carbon atoms. Because Carbon has 6 electrons, its outer shell is -4 electronegative. That is, there is potential to add 4 electrons to the outer shell of Carbon. This explains why Carbon can only bond with up to 4 other atoms.

What is an important atom in each of the four types of biological molecules? How many bonds can form with this element and why?

Saturated fats are simply fat molecules that have no double bonds between carbon molecules because they are saturated with hydrogen molecules. Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature. Come mainly from animal sources, including meat and dairy products. Provide the body with unhealthy source of fat

What is saturated fat?

The pH scale ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic or alkaline) i. Low pH = More acidic ii. High pH = Less acidic iii. pH 7 = H+ and OH- concentrations are equal

What is the correlation between pH and acidity?

pH = -log10 [H+] when [H+] is expressed in molar units M. M = moles/L

What is the formula for pH?

Carbohydrates provide an instant energy source for the cell and also plays a role in structural material. -Transportable or storable forms of energy

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Major sources of energy and also plays a role in structural materials -The building blocks of biological membranes

What is the function of fats?

These molecules are responsible for all of our genetic information. -Nucleotides have major metabolic roles and are building blocks of nucleic acids -Two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, interact as the cell's system of storing, retrieving, and translating information about building proteins -Other nucleotides function as coenzymes or as chemical messengers.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

-Proteins do most of the work in cells (i.e., enzymatic functions) and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

What is the function of proteins?

1) High concentration of hydrogen ions = Low pH (more acidic) 2) Low concentration of H+ ions = High pH (less acidic)

What is the relationship between H+ and pH?

As pH increases, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases. Low pH = Higher H+ concentration, more acidic High pH = Lower H+ concentration, more basic

What is the relationship between pH and H+ concentration?

Type of unsaturated fat

What is trans fat?

Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature and are in the form of oils. They supply the body with a healthy source of fat. The most common sources of unsaturated fats include olive oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oils, peanut oil, avocados, seeds and nuts.

What is unsaturated fat?

a. Carbohydrates - simple sugars b. Fats - fatty acids c. Proteins - amino acids d. Nucleic Acids - nucleotide

What smaller molecules (building blocks) make up these larger biological molecules?

"Like dissolves like." Water is a polar molecule therefore, it will dissolve polar solutes such as, ionic compounds and polar molecular compounds.

What types of materials dissolve well in water? Why?

Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels. Eating trans fats increases your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It's also associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Why is trans fat bad?