BIO 111 CH. 4 Review: Mastering Biology

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

central vacuole; storage

The smallest cell structures that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is

chloroplasts

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

chloroplasts

What are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both contain their own DNA and ribosomes

Mitochondria are found in __________.

All eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells

Why is a bacterial cell's DNA found in the nucleoid region?

B/c they lack a nucleus

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

What correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell?

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?

The toy microscope has good magnification, but has low resolution and therefore poor-quality images

True/False: Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.

True

True/False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable

True

The nuclear lamina is a netlike array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence?

a change in the shape of the nucleus

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

any eukaryotic organism

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

What does the prefix "lyso-" mean?

decomposition

What may be found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria?

endoplasmic reticulum

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger host cell; the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

One advantage of light microscopy over transmission electron microscopy is that

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

lysosomes

What will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?

mitochondria

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

mitochondrion

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. Which eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

nuclear envelope

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

peroxisome

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

What are organelles found exclusively in plant cells?

plastids

When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?

primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole

What is the function of Golgi apparatus

produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

What is a function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

What correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus?

protein modification and sorting

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?

rough ER

What correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?

rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

A biologist wants to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-D characteristics. Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?

scanning electron microscopy

plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have ____ located throughout the cytoplasm.

several smaller vacuoles

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

smooth ER

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth ER

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

standard light microscopy

Comparison of samples from the liver of an alcoholic with samples from the liver of a non-drinker when examined by transmission electron microscopy would likely reveal that

the liver of the alcoholic has expansive smooth ER compared to the non-drinker's liver

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be defective in this condition?

the lysosome

In an animal cell, DNA may be found only in

the nucleus and the mitochondria

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a

transmission electronic microscope

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

vacuole

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes