BIO 111 CH. 4 Review: Mastering Biology
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?
central vacuole; storage
The smallest cell structures that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is
chloroplasts
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
chloroplasts
What are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Both contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Mitochondria are found in __________.
All eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells
Why is a bacterial cell's DNA found in the nucleoid region?
B/c they lack a nucleus
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
What correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell?
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?
The toy microscope has good magnification, but has low resolution and therefore poor-quality images
True/False: Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.
True
True/False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
The nuclear lamina is a netlike array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence?
a change in the shape of the nucleus
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
any eukaryotic organism
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
What does the prefix "lyso-" mean?
decomposition
What may be found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria?
endoplasmic reticulum
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger host cell; the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
One advantage of light microscopy over transmission electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
lysosome
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?
lysosomes
What will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?
mitochondria
Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
mitochondrion
One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. Which eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
peroxisome
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
What are organelles found exclusively in plant cells?
plastids
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?
primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
What is the function of Golgi apparatus
produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
What is a function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
What correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus?
protein modification and sorting
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?
rough ER
What correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?
rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
A biologist wants to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-D characteristics. Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?
scanning electron microscopy
plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have ____ located throughout the cytoplasm.
several smaller vacuoles
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
smooth ER
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth ER
What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?
standard light microscopy
Comparison of samples from the liver of an alcoholic with samples from the liver of a non-drinker when examined by transmission electron microscopy would likely reveal that
the liver of the alcoholic has expansive smooth ER compared to the non-drinker's liver
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be defective in this condition?
the lysosome
In an animal cell, DNA may be found only in
the nucleus and the mitochondria
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a
transmission electronic microscope
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
vacuole
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes